The Evolution and Impact of Rock and Roll Music: Culture, Radio, and Social Change - Prof., Study notes of Music

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Blues music from Mississippi migrated because of jobs, segregation etc. Blues songs have a distinct form- 12 bars and set of 4 beats - write A - repeat A - rhyme B Chord- set of notes for blues it is I IV V A I I I I A IV IV I I B V IV I I Antoine “Fats” Domino - Born February 26, 1928 - New Orleans, Louisiana - Began playing piano at age 9 - Factory worker by day, performer by night Imperial records - established by Lew Chudd in LA 1945 - signed “Fat Man” debut sold one million copies - 1949-1962 43 records make the Billboard o One of the earliest to crossover racial lines o Covered by Elvis Presley, Ricky Nelson, and Charles Pat Boone - “I’m Walking” optimistic, sounds “white” o Syncopates percussion o Rolling piano o Guitar accompaniment o Sax solo o Up-beat, clean Pop/Rock as Social History - Rock’s first audience was the baby boom generation - The 60s was known for protest music - The 70s was a period of glam rock as the baby boomers became wealthy Rock and the Economy: American affluence and poverty When there is no money, people are angry and listen to angry music Rock and Race: - importance of African Americans in the origins and development of rock - Rock and civil rights: the 60s movement had an important role because music broke down barriers between races - Women in rock reflects the role of women in society - Technology: instruments, recording, dissemination - The music industry: gatekeepers decide which music should be recorded and shared HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Bo kH ol de rs .c om Bu y a nd S el l T ex tb oo ks Pop/Rock music as music: The 50s (rock and roll)- everything else is just rock - serious album oriented music is rock - ephemeral, singles-oriented music is pop - rock or pop music is: American, fusion of black (blues/gospel) and white (folk/country) musical styles. Its also an attitude (rebellion) Rock came from the Blues - a feeling The Blues: - a style of performance - a poetic (AAB) and musical (12-bar) form - influential blues artist Bessie Smith 1894-1937 - signed with Columbia records in 1923 and launched their race relations record - influential blues man Robert Johnson - Sweet Home Chicago 1936 Radio: Rock and Roll - national vs. regional culture Radio: - first radio broadcasts 1920 - first national broadcast: NBC in 1928 - clear channel vs. network - networks played music directed at a white, middle class audience: Andrew Sisters, Bing Crosby etc. - radio used live music, not records - early 50s radio audience moves to television - rock n’ roll: originally an African American euphemism for sexual intercourse Rock n’ roll - Rock n’roll perhaps began when white artists started playing R&B - The term defined the music of a new generation “Tutti Frutti” 1955 Little Richard: Richard Perriman - screaming vocals, nonsense lyrics, wild piano banging - established Little Richard’s style: a pure strain of rock; sheer physical energy - a flamboyant artist: mascara, pompadour etc. - He embodied the new music’s sexuality and spirit of rebellion - Little Richard and The Upsetters: the rock and roll lifestyle o Other Little Richard Hits  Long Tall Sally  Lucille - country and R&B his main influences Chuck Berry - ex) Maybelline 1955: his first hit a country song made R&B HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Bo kH o de r .c om Bu y a nd S el l T ex tb oo ks o Original members of Elvis’s band - mostly against sexuality Reactions against Presley - RCA, Parker, and Elvis react by toning it down (Elvis goes to Hollywood) - returns and concentrates on a long series of awful movies 1958-1960 Elvis in the army: - 1968 comeback special - Then to Las Vegas - became a recluse: last years were a sad story Fame and the Tabloids - 1 Elvis’s Legacy st - 1954-1955: Sun Records period was most acclaimed rock and roll superstar: brought rock to white people - One of the nest known American products The Icon Rockabilly, Dick Clark - Phillips looked for a way to present African American music through white performers Sun Records and Sam Phillips - He found it with a series of poor white boys - immense and original talent, outrageous persona Jerry Lee Lewis ( The Killer) - joins Sun 1956: hits 1957 thanks to TV - ex) Whole Lotta Shakin Goin on o boogie woogie piano style - ex) Great Balls of Fire o passionate performance - career slams when he marries his 13 year old cousin Myra - he later becomes a country star - instrumentation: slap bass, electric guitar, and piano straddles R&B and country The Rockabilly Sound - Sam Phillips also important for his sound: echo, distortion etc. - Ex) Jackie Brenston, Rocket 88 1951 - Rock Around the Clock 1955 Bill Haley and his Comets o Used in film Blackboard Jungle 1955 o Big-band like arrangement o Craze for rock and roll films - Bill Haley was the first white rocker to top the charts before Elvis - Rock around the clock was one of the first rock and roll hits - Late 50s was a time of prosperity The Market - Record sales tripled from 1954-1959 - Rock had a large share of that growth: o 1955: 8/51 top ten records - the 50s: Little Richard, Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Elvis Rock’s first golden age HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM B ok Ho ld er s.c om Bu y a nd S el l T ex tb oo ks - Producers: Chess Borthers, Sam Phillips - DJ Alan Freed - The Next Phase Lost Idols: Rock’s crisis in the late 50s o Businessmen Dick Clark and Kirshner - American Bandstand: first broadcast in August 1957: a national hit, a clean cut image for rock and roll Dick Clark - Promoted new stars: white Italian- American teen idols - He became a star himself - teen crooners The Philadelphia Sound: - image counts for all, music is secondary o ex) Fabian “Tiger” - a white, middle class face on rock Schlock-Rock - energy, rebellion sex disappear - The Twist 1960 Chubby Checker - White suburbanites latched onto the twist - Early 60s was an era of dance crazes: twist, jerk, limbo, fish, mashed potato etc. - payola: pay for play Payola o pay to et records played - payola investigations 1959-1960 use as a means to attack rock - Dick Clark unscathed; Alan Freed’s career was damaged Charles Buddy Holly - born September 7, 1936 in Lubbock, TX - listened to R&B o Muddy Waters, Little Walter, Lightnin’ Hopkins - listened to country o Hank Show, Hank Williams - started playing “Western Swing” - Then met and backed Elvis - Formed The Crickets o Joe B. Maudlin (bass) and Jerry Allison (drums) - discovered by Decca in 1956 - Rock and studio pionerring o Clean controlled double tracking o Played a Apollo in Harlem, NY - first hit in 1957 “That’ll Be the Day” - clean sound for its time - Elvis influenced voice o More hits: Peggy Sue, Maybe Baby, Rave On, Oh Boy, Not Fade Away HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Bo ok Ho ld er s.c om Bu y a nd S el l T ex tb oo ks - February 3, 1959: plane crash in Mason City. Iowa The Day the Music Died - Holly, Big Bopper (JP Richardson) and Richie Valens killed - Commemorated by Don McClean’s “American Pie” - Holly recorded for only 2 years but influence lasts far beyond o The Rolling Stones, The Beatles, the Hollie, Bob Dylan Doo-Wop, Girl Groups - gospel based, urban, black, male 1950s-early 60s Doo Wop - sound: tenor lead, deep bass, soaring falsetto - nonsense syllables - intricate harmonic arrangements o ex) The Chords “Sh-Boom” 1954 o jazz flavor: scat singing, sax solo, backup vocals rhythms - Doo Wop characterized by one hit wonders o Ex) The Penguins “Earth Angel” 1954  Garage recording  One of the most popular oldies today o Ex) Frankie Lymon and The Teenagers “Why do fools fall in love” 1956 - Doo Wop groups were often named after cars, birds - Doo Wop is a form of a capella singing popular on college campuses A Capella - Bobby McFerrin - 1960-1963: professional songwriters become important in rock Don Kirshner - Publisher and producer behind this movement - A Tin Pan Alley approach- people performed the new hits on pianos as people walked by - from upper class urban music to working class rural music Basic shift in music industry at mid century o from sheet music to records o from the majors to independent record companies o from written to oral traditions - songwriting teams The Brill Building o Sedaka o King & Goffin o Barry Manilow & Cynthia Well - Kirshner and Brill Building writers build Doo Wop Girl Groups - 100s of songs were sold - Innocent songs of adolescent romance for teen girls - Most popular were African American o Ex) The Chiffons “He’s so Fine” o Ex) The Shirelles “Will you love me tomorrow” 1961  1st number oe hit by a girl group HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Bo ok Ho ld er s.c om Bu y a nd S el l T ex tb oo ks - White and middle class - Optimistic, upbeat music (The Kennedy presidency) - Surf as subculture: no parents allowed - Surf as a metaphor for a lifestyle that celebrates consumption Folk, Dylan, Folk-Rock - folk denotes music in an oral, tradition, rural, relatively simple, performed by non- professionals Folk Music - In 20th century America, folk became urban as well - protest always part of American music: inequality, poverty, war Songs of Social Protest - Woody Guthrie: Pete Seger continues tradition - Woody Guthrie “This land is your land” Late 40s early 50s protest music was strong but the singers fell into disrepute with the McCarthy hysteria Pete Seger: 1940 formed The Weavers - folk revival: The Kingston Trio Folk Revival - commercial folk boom led to rediscovery of traditional folk music: fans explored its roots - folk music craze across the country (coffeehouses etc.) - the growing demand of African Americans for civil rights Civil Rights o Woolworth’s counter sit-in o Freedom rides o March on Washington DC Aug 1963 o MLK “I have a dream” o John F. Kennedy o Newport Folk Festical 1963 - arrived in time to take advantage of this convergence of musical and political developments Bob Dylan - influenced particularly by Woody Guthrie The Freewheelin’ 1963 by Dylan (2nd - politicized the 60s folk music with his 2 album) nd - ex) Blowin’ in the wind- a civil rights anthem album o evocative o lyrics:: 3 questions (all the answers are “blowin’ in the wind”) o “Oxford Town” “Hard Rain’s a gonna fall” deal with similarly important issues o This music is for adults- differs from early rock o Freewheelin’ established Dylan as the voice of his generation - 3 The Times They are a changing rd - Ex) title song: a battle cry for reform album continues with protest - Nov 22, 1963: JFK assassinated- folk music scene unravels Disenchantment HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Bo ok Ho ld er s.c om Bu y a nd S el l T ex tb oo ks - Dylan moves away from political activism: writes personal, complex, cryptic songs - abandons folk protest for electric rock Bringing it all Back Home 1965 - bring the two traditions (folk and rock) together - ex) Subterranean Homesick Blues- his first top 40 hit - his next album: impressionistic, beat inspired poetry Highway 61 revisited 1965 o ex) Like a Rolling Stone o 6 minutes long (a landmark recording) and a top 10 hit - July 1965 unveils his new electric sound at Newport folk festival : booed Newport folk festival - But overall he attracted a wider audience - That new sound inaugurated folk-rock - album: Bringing It All Back Home 1965: the crucial year - Like a Rolling Stone - Newport - The Byrds cover Dylan’s “Mr. Tambourine Man” - the most influential white American pop musician of the 60s Dylan Summarized - many styles, the repercussions of each are still being explored - prolific songwriter - great poet - inaugurated 60s folk rock with electric sound - suggested 70s country rock with albums - The Byrds added vocal harmonies (inspired by the Beatles) to Dylan’s Folk Rock: The Byrds - 1st - Ex) 8 miles high 1966 hit Mr Tambourine Man o Unearthly sound (vocal harmonies) o John Coltrane influence o Banned for alleged drug references - also important for sound - 1965: a big year for folk rock - began in 1957 with an Everly Brothers sound Simon and Garfunkel - Album: Wednesday Morning 3 AM 1964 Dylan like folk music but no success - The Sounds of Silence taken from that record now dressed up as folk rock reaches #1 in 1965 - 1966: Sounds of Silence and Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme: commercial and critical successes - Their music appealed to both teens and adults - Ex) Mrs. Robinson from soundtrack of film The Graduate 1968 - Bookends 1968 - Bridge Over Troubled Water 1970: Simon and Garfunkel split at their peak - The Concert in central park 1981 HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Bo ok Ho ld er s.c om Bu y a nd S el l T ex tb oo ks The British Invasion - begins February 7, 1964 when the Beatles land in NY - Feb 9 on Ed Sullivan show - In 9 days 2 million records sold - Radically transformed the sound and meaning of rock: new sounds, structures, seriousness - Beatles began as a skiffle band in 1957 Early Beatles - Skiffle: English variety of blues, often using homemade instruments - Played in Hamburg from 1960 and at Liverpool’s Cavern Club - Influences: R&B, rock n’ roll, rockabilly - Ex) Long Tall Sally - 1961 Brian Epstein (manager) tells them to clean up tough image and puts them in suits and gets them iconic haircuts - Producer: George Martin and Ringo Starr joins the band - She Loves You no. 1 in Britain 1963: England - Beatlemania hits Britain first - ex) I want t hold your hand hits #1 in U.S. in January 1964 1964: America - Capitol had remarkable ad campaign- stickers with “The Beatles are Coming!” - Beatles dominated the charts in 1964 - Beatles “Good Clean Fun” - soundtrack to their second movie 1965: Help - ex) Yesterday (with string quartet) - George Martin “the fifth Beatle” through of bringing in the string quartet and did most of the arrangement - Other great songs “ticket to ride” “I’ve just seen a face” They had mastered rock’s roots and paid their dues Star personas Songwriting skills: soon come to write all their own songs - Rubber Soul 1965 The Beatles Middle Period - Music complexity, lyrical sophistication - Idea of album as a unified entity, each song is a part of bigger picture - John and Paul move in different directions in their songwriting o John: more about the message, lyrics, bringing in current events o Paul: more pop, harmonies, perfecting music o Ex) In my life  Reflective lyrics  Keyboard solo played by George Martin illustrates studio effects so characteristic of the Beatles - with Rubber Soul the lyrics still concern love - Beatles last live concert August 29, 1966 HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Bo ok Ho ld er s.c om Bu y a nd S el l T ex tb oo ks o Holland, Dozier and Holland (HDH) lots of hits o Ex) Martha and the Vandellas “Heat Wave” 1963  Numerous repetitions of the hook - ex) Reach out I’ll be there (Aug 1966) The Four Tops - ex) standing in the shadows of love (nov 1966) - basically the same song so…HDH just kept making similar songs - if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it - extends to the songwriters friendly competition - finishing school (Maxine Powell) The Artist Development ITMI (international talent management inc.) - choreography (Cholly Atkins) - in-house band among the best R&B musicians of the 60s The Funk Borthers - Particularly noteworthy is James Jamerson, bass - Music created as collaboration - the biggest Motown act in mid 60s The Supremes - slow starters but in 1964 temaed with HDH - ex) Where did our love go? - three lead singers, remarkable choreography The Temptations - 38 top 40 hits - Ex) My Girl 1965 written by Smokey Robinson - lyrics avoid social issues Motown sells out? - artist development for whom? Aleatory - a term applied to music whose composition and/or performance is to a greater or lesser extent, undetermined by the composer - use random procedures to generate a fixed composition - allow choice to performers among options given by the composer - methods of notation John Cage 1912-1992 - American composer/sonic innovator - Extended reach of music to include “unmusical” sounds o Prepared piano: putting objects in the piano o Installations: hitting random things - possibly most influential American composer of 20th - ex) music of changes century o for piano o tossed coins and consulted the I-Ching to determine pitches, durations, intensities - ex) 4’33” o most infamous piece HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Bo ok H ld er s.c om Bu y a nd S el l T ex tb oo ks o no sound/music only natural sounds o influence on the Beatles  Being For the Benefit of Mr. Kite Psychedelic (Acid) Rock Ex) Jefferson Airplane “The Ballad of you and me and Pooniel” - a new kind of rock Mid 60s San Francisco - a new mission for rock - roots of hippie movement Beat and Beatniks - ex) Jack Kerouac, Neal Cassady, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Allen Ginsberg - Beat: a counterculture philosophy (beat of jazz) - San Francisco: Haight Ashbury - Early events o Trips festival 1965, 1966 Ken Kesey hosted it o Acid tests o Human Be-in 1967 - migration of young people to San Francisco - hippies were young, middle class, educated, poor - rejected middle class values such as materialism, sexual taboos (birth control) The Hippie Culture (Counterculture) - embraced eastern and native American philosophies - back to nature, communal living - drugs: LSD defined the movement and gave the music its name - Ken Kesey and Dr. Timothy Leary responsible for getting LSD out into society (CIA experiments) - Drugs used to expand consciousness - Drugs would eventually lead to a new world order Drugs and Rock - musicians explored LSD and music - ex) Jefferson Airplane “White Rabbit” Alice in Wonderland ideas, Bolero rhythm - music and philosophy shaped by LSD The Grateful Dead - anti-commercial - committed to community (communal living) - developed their psychedelic sound in live performance (Beatles sound was from in studios) - experimental, improvisational, long jams - John Coltrane showed how o No holds barred group improvisations o Variation over a single chord or drone o Adapted the principles of Indian and Arabic music (Beatles just used color of Indian music) - ex) The Grateful Dead “Dark Star” HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Bo ok Ho ld er s.c om Bu y a nd S el l T ex tb oo ks - country music also an important part of their style - Deadheads- group of followers/fans - light shows Other Aspects of Acid rock o evoke the psychedelic experience - venues: The Fillmore, Avalon Ballroom - poster art, underground comics - R. Crumb work :cartoons - Bill Graham: manager/businessman for concerts/events - Tom Donahue and a new format: albums played on FM format Soul - of relating to or characteristic of black Americans and their culture What is Soul - an attitude: African American pride - a term of authenticity and sincerity - a style of music - African American protestant sacred music Gospel - Vocal style: singers shout, growl, moan etc. - A simple hymn tunes elaborately embellished - Use of formulaic phrases “Can I get a witness” - Dancing or clapping accompany the music - The sound of black church - Important artists: Mahalia Jackson, Dixie Hummingbirds - Ex) Clara Ward “How I got over” - most soul singers began in the church Soul Music - soul music is gospel based R&B (secular gospel) - Ray Charles brought the vocal techniques and passion of gospel to R&B - Ex) Ray Charles “I got a woman” 1954 - wide ranging talents: songwriter, arranger, pianist, singer Ray Charles (The Genius) - master of al American popular music styles - genius for synthesis - ex) Georgia on my mind - takes Tin Pan Alley to another level - ex) I can’t stop loving you - merge of country, gospel blues, Tin Pan Alley, even jazz (in the piano) - Atlantic and Stax (in Memphis) were the major soul labels Soul developed in the south - Booker T and MGs o House ban helped create the Stax sound o Racially integrated o Ex) Green Onions1962 - soul was created by whites and blacks working together in the south HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Bo ok Ho ld er s.c om Bu y a nd S el l T ex tb oo ks - sabbatical to Paris in 1971 Jim Morrison “The End” - died July 3rd - becomes even more popular of a heart attack age 27 Janis Joplin - born in Jan 19, 1943 in Port Arthur Texas - listened to blues o Leadbelly and Bessie Smith - leaves and returns - settles in San Francisco in 1966 - blues based Big Brother and the Holding Company - breakthrough performance at 1967 Monterey Pop Festival - ex) Ball and Chain o raspy, bluesy, screaming o powerful, gripping - Kozmic blues band, full-hit boogie band=later groups - rockstar Janis Joplin - drugs and alcohol - died Oct 4, 1970 o heroin and alcohol OD 27 years old - 1st o Music and personality over looks woman to reach rock star - jazz musician John Coltrane 1926-1967 - tenor sax player, composer - worked with and influenced by Miles Davis - 1940s: few chords-kind of blue - 1950s: lots of chords, complex progressions - 1960s: one chord o Eatern music and heroin habit - ex) Love supreme o influence on acid rockers o Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane - late 60s: university students protesting the Vietnam war Campus Unrest - May 1968 Columbia University - Anti-war demonstrations - Peace Rally 1967 - Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, Youth International Party (Yippies) Democratic National Convention Chicago Aug 1968 - Led to a police riot Psychedelic blues? HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Bo ok Ho ld er s.c om Bu y a nd S el l T ex tb oo ks - music for a darker time - blues always was an important element in acid rock o ex) Janis Joplin - Late 60s saw a blues revival: Canned Heat, Jeff Beck, 10 years After Cream - the first “supergroup” - 3 virtuosos: Ginger Baker, Jack Bruce, Eric Clapton - Ex) Sunshine of Your lOve 1967 o Riff based tune - double album, one studio, one live Wheels of Fire 1968 - ex) White Room (wah wah pedal) - long improvisatory jams - ex) Crossroads - 1 Cream’s Influence st - Extended onstage improvisations of the power trios - A standard of impeccable musicianship - Extremely loud, riff based songs provided a prototype for heavy metal The Electric Guitar: from acoustic to solid body Late 40s: Leo Fender and Les Paul develop solid body guitar Ex) Gibson Les Paul guitar - musician, engineer, inventor Les Paul - pioneered multi-track recording, echo, delay etc. in the 1940s and 1950s - ex) How High the moon with Mary Ford 1951 - an essential element of rock from the start Fuzz/distortion - sax, and later, guitar emulated the growl of blues singers - radio and vinyl records added noise - weak amplifiers overdriven - accidental (later deliberate) damage to amps also contributed (Link Wray, Rumble 1958) - fuzz box invented 1962 - Rolling Stones “Satisfaction” brought fuzz wide attention - Many guitar effects followed (MXR effects units) Jimi Hendrix: The Experience: debut album 1967 American breakthrough- Monterey Pop festival - June 1967: Monterey Pop festival - Launched a number of important careers: Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix - songs inspired by psychedelic experience Jimi Hendrix - titles reflect this - blues master HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Bo ok Ho ld er s.c om Bu y a nd S el l T ex tb oo ks - ex) Purple Haze o tritone opening (diabolus in music) o explicit drug references o frenzied solos, distortion, fuzz pedal o a shift in the balance of power: guitar more important than the voice - Classic: extended improvisations, original use of the studio etc. Electric Ladyland 1968 - ex) And the Gods made love o experiments here with tape effects - Hendrix was an original explorer of sound - Ex) All Along the Watchtower o Fusion of Dylan’s lyrics and Hendrix’s guitar o Great psychedelic solo: note the ending “howl”- tone painting Led Zeppelin - extended the heavy blues of Cream and Hendrix - the first heavy metal band - songs built on riffs Debut Album 1969: Led Zeppelin - new interpretations of traditional Chicago blues tunes - ex) How many more times- Howlin Wolf’s How Many More Years o used as basis for live improvisations - Ex) Whole Lotta Love Led Zeppelin II 1969 - Definitive hard rock style - Illustrates Plant’s vocal range - broad approach Led Zeppelin IV (ZOSO) 1970 - ex) Stairway to Heaven o marketing strategy o never sold singles, only albums o joins the two main aspects of their style: bone crushing rock, the softer folk side o lyrics explore myth, mysticism o never had a #1 because of marketing strategy o sectional structure; a grand crescendo (density, volume, speed) - mid 70s Led Zeppelin the top rock act in the world - broke up in 1980, popularity has not diminished since - Page’s guitar style, Bonham’s thunderous drumming, Plant’s leather lung vocals Led Zeppelin Legacy - Jimmy Page the architect: unsurpassed - Led Zeppelin Remasters: nice and tidy Heavy Metal - audience What does the term denote? - social practices HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Bo ok Ho ld er s.c om Bu y a nd Se ll Te xt bo ok s - Malcolm X spoke to these dispossessed people: separation vs. integration - Watts 1965 Detroit 1967 South Central LA 1992: all reflect same frustration - Black power a political manifesto: time for blacks to take control of their own destiny - founded 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale Black Panther Party - advocated armed insurrection - Sly Stone an innovator: joined various musical syles (jazz, soul, funk, acid rock, socially conscious folk) to create an original sound Sly and the family Stone - Ex) Everyday People 1969 o Classic song about race o Lyrics of tolerance and inclusion: “different strokes for different folks” - Ex) Hot Fun In the Summertime 1969 o Illustrates Sly’s original approach to form - funk mixed with rock Goerge Clinton (Parliament, Funkadelic) - or funk on acid - spectacular live shows - innovative concept albums - Clinton’s big sound: many layers of riffs - Ex) Give Up the Funk The 70s: Jazz Rock Classical (Art or Prog) Rock - Aug 15-17 1969 Woodstock o The counterculture’s finest hour - Altamont Dec 1969 and Kent State May 1970 crushed that sense of unity and hope The 70s: new musical directions - After Kent State rock became a political cerebral form - rock is fusion Jazz Rock - Miles Davis, the jazz rock innovator - Bitches Brew 1969 and In A Silent Way 1969 pioneered jazz rock - Mixed acoustic jazz improvisation with rock accompaniment - both groups fused blues and rock with big band jazz horns and arrangements Blood Sweat Tears and Chicago - Ex) Chicago “Does Anybody Really Know what Time it is?” 1970 o Apolitical music o Big band sound accomplished musicians - added Latin percussion and rhythms to the jazz rock sound Santana - Ex) Evil Ways 1970 - helped popularize jazz rock in the 70s Steely Dan - Pop hooks, jazz harmonies, complex arrangements HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Bo ok Ho ld er s.c om Bu y a nd S el l T ex tb oo ks - Originally a quintet but soon became a trio - Early hits: Do It Again, Reeling in the Years, Rikki Don’t Lose That Number - Jazz phrasings and chords expand rock’s vocabulary o Ex) Hey 19 1980 o Typical of Steely Dan are cynical lyrics and great guitar playing (Mark Knopfler on this song) - set an example of professionalism and studio perfection that many aspired to The 70s: Technological developments - 8, 16, 64, track machines - environment The 70s: Social developments - sexual politics: women’s rights, right to choose, gay rights - venues: clubs and ballrooms (the Fillmore) give way to arenas and stadiums (sound systems) Rock’s infrastructure - FM radio allowed progressive radio to be heard but became commercial as AM radio - Rock press and the birth of rock criticism Rolling Stone founded by Jann Wenner Rock as Art - journalistic respect, seriousness of the musicians gave rock status of art - Sgt. Peppers the signal eent in this evolution - From that point on every cut had to be polished to perfection The Synthesizer - revolutionary instrument - uses electrical currents to simulate sound - 1954: RCA music synthesizer (punched paper rolls) - 1964: Dr. Robert Moog announces new type, using voltage control - 1968: Walter Carlos “Switch on Bach” generates much interest - Minimoog 1971 portable synthesizer, Prophet 5 1977 - 1972: Wendy Carlos, Clockwork Orange soundtrack - 1977: Prophet 5 (polyphonic) Emerson, Lake and Palmer - Tarkus 1971 - Concept album, sophisticated use of synthesizers - Ex) “Eruption” exotic time signatures (5/4) - Also illustrates progressive rock’s interest in fantasy lyrics and classical forms such as the suite Pink Floyd - drums: Nick Mason - keyboards: Richard Wright - bass/vocals: Roger Waters - guitar/vocals/songwriters: Syd Barrett HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Bo ok Ho ld er s.c om Bu y a nd S el l T ex tb oo ks - 1966 The Pink Floyd Sound o Acid rock o Fantasy filled lyrics o Long improvisational freakouts o 1st o 1 quadraphonic PA system (in Britain) surround sound st - Ex) See Emily Play liquid light show (Britain) o From Piper at the Gates of Dawn 1967 o #6 in the UK - LSD Syd Barrett is the driving force - Mental illness? Started going kind of crazy which creates problems o David Gilmour is added to help pick up areas where Syd was losing it o David Gilmour-guitar/vocals - Syd Barrett is dropped because he causes too many problems Pink Floyd - Known for freat artistic album covers - Meddle 1971 o “Echoes” 23 ½ minutes long - elaborate state of the art Live Shows - film projection and light shows and 3D sound - continuous play- always transitions The Dark Side of the Moon 1973 - heart beat- ticking clock-typewriter-cash-register-gunfire-voices speaking - theme of fear and anxiety in contemporary life - #1 in US for a week - On billboard charts for 14 consecutive years o Album reached #1 in 2001 o 2006-1500 weeks on billboard charts - Ex) Money o Cash register and money sounds: early use of sampling o Time signature 7/8 (7 beats) o Guitar solo- switches to 4 beats - 3 songs and a 2 part 26 minute “Shine on You Crazy Diamond” Wish You Were Here 1975 - Syd Barrett’s shadow still looms - anti-industry, anti-capitalism Animals 1977 - Roger Waters’ creation The Wall 1979 - “Comfortable Numb” - “Another Brick in the Wall” part II - #1 for 15 weeks HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Bo ok Ho ld er s.c om Bu y a nd S el l T ex tb oo ks - Ex) Fame - his biggest commercial success Let’s Dance 1983 - ex) Modern Love - significant impact on punk: provided an outrageous model for punk rockers; revived careers of Iggy Pop and Lou Reed Thoughts on David Bowie - great success with dance music from 1975 on - Bowie’s genius for constructing, re-inventing himself as an ever changing media icon - glam/hard/heavy metal Queen - one of the most popular bands of all time - lavish and theatrical live shows - hard rock anthems (we will rock you) - intricate compositions produced by multi-tracking - Ex) Bohemian Rhapsody 1975 o Pathbreaking 6 minute single in 3 movements o 1st o One of the 1 single whose success was connected with video st conceptual videos (no performance) Punk Rock - the first “alternative” music: less commercial, more authentic - mid 70s: rock is corporate and safe - punk and disco changed that angry minimalist- back to basics born in NYC CBGB club Iggy Pop Prehistory: The Velvet Underground and Nico 1967 - ambitious writing ex) Heroin Andy Warhol promoted The Velvet Underground - comes from Detroit Iggy Pop - 1st - Ex) Search and Destroy: angry, pessimistic music, guitar noise album produced by John Cale of Velvet Underground 1969 - Richard Meyers: television, not trained musicians, learned music on the job Punk: New York - 1st maxim of punk: DIY do it yourself - new role for women in rock Patti Smith - Horses 1976: one of the 1st great punk albums ex) Gloria Back to basics, stripped down rock, fast/short songs The Ramones - debut album: The Ramones 1976 - influential in England, everyone took their template Mid 70s: hard economic times- conservatism (new right) Punk: London HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Bo ok Ho ld er s.c om Bu y a nd S el l T ex tb oo ks - punk=desperate anger - lasted little more than a year Sex Pistols - ,manager: Malcolm McLaren, mythology of political and musical revolt - Only guitar, bass, drums - God Save the Queen- banned despite being #1 in England 1977 Disco - a funk based style of dance music popular in the 2nd - DJs played non-stop dance music with thumping beat ½ of the 70s - Disco and punk compared - Diametrically opposed styles (Attitude, sophistication, styles, fashion) - Similarities: (both shunned by radio, both a reaction to 70s rock) - discotheques (dance clubs using recorded music) around since early 60s The Disco Scene - 70s=light shows - Cocaine and poppers (amyl and butyl nitrate) - Disco was about communal ecstasy - DJs became as important as musicians - Disco reflected opulence (shiny, gold clothes/accessories) - arose from gay New York dance culture Origins - DJs created smooth transitions - Ohio Players, Tower of Power etc. The Funk Connection - elements of disco: funk guitar/bass, soul horns, Latin rhythms, strings, vocal harmonies Earth Wind and Fire - message of racial unity Gloria Gaynor “Never can say goodbye” 1974 (the first hit) Early disco - one of the first records specially mixed for club play - Van McCoy and The Soul City Orchestra “The Hustle” 1975 - 3 number one singles in 1975 and 1976 KC and the Sunshine Band - Ex) Get down tonight - That’s the way I like it - Shake Your Booty - disco’s 1st diva Donna Summer - ex) Love to love you baby 1975 produced by Giorgio Moroder - Moroder created extended symphonic mixes (did DJ’s work for them) - One line hook - Disco initially promoted by independent labels - popular in 1978-1979 Village People - 6 gay men in costume HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Bo ok Ho ld er s.c om Bu y a nd S el l T ex tb oo ks - Songs were gay jokes for those who got them; disco novelties for those who didn’t - trademark falsetto sound The Bee Gees: Saturday Night Fever 1977 - crossover media aspect (Robert Stigwood) - film wed “nice” bee gees music to John Travolta’s straight macho image: made disco safe and widely popular - huge commercial success: biggest selling record ever at the time - 1979: disco was an enormous commercial success Disco’s success - anti-disco campaigns from the hard rock/metal axis (young white males) Reaction: Disco sucks - homophobic, racist, musical/aesthetic reaction Reggae, New Wave - a mix of Carribean folk music and American R&B - the first rock style to originate in the so-called 3rd - born in Kingston, Jamaica world - popular dance music between 1960 and 1965 Origins of reggae - used R&B vocal styles and instrumentation (piano, bass, guitar, drums, horns) - fast tempos, piano and guitar emphasize the backbeat - The Skatalites - Ex) Don Drummond “Man in the street” 1965 - appears ca. 1965, a slower version of ska Rock Steady - folk steady supported by the Rude Boys, urban, lower class youth who opposed the system - ex) Derrick Morgan “Tougher than tough” 1967 - in the late 60s comes reggae, created under the influences of Rastafarians and Rude Boy Street politics Reggae - word “reggae” derived from “raggay” a Kingston slang term meaning “raggedy, everyday stuff” - musical characteristics include emphasis on offbeat (rhythm guitar) heavy bass, interlocking rhythms - Rastafarianism - A political music: attacks racism, capitalism - Ex) Jimmy Cliff “The harder the come” 1972 - Early figures: Toots, Maytals, the Wailers, Burning Spear - made reggae international in 70s Bob Marley - 6 gold LPs between 1975 and 1980 - Marley is an icon for oppressed people everywhere - Ex) Stir it Up - film and soundtrack for The Harder They Come 1973 introduced reggae to the US Reggae International HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Bo ok Ho ld er s.c om Bu y a nd S el l T ex tb oo ks - Synthesizer reflects the digital age - one of the most successful early MTV acts Duran Duran - pop sensibility, visual, fashion conscious, attractive - synth-pop sound - ex) Rio 1982 - Human League Other acts that hit with electro-pop through MTV - Flock Seagulls - Spandau Ballet - Soft Cell - Eurythmics - Depeche Mode - David Bowie MTV’s color barrier - Jackson 5: huge crossover success Michael Jackson - Solo albums o Off the Wall 1979 (8 million copies sold) o Thriller 1982 (40 million sold) o Both produced by Quincy Jones - Jackson and MTV a perfect fit: visually stunning videos, remarkable choreography - Unheard of sales (Jackson on commercial par with Elvis and The Beatles) - Michael Jackson’s legacy o Broke down racial barriers on MTV (Beat It and Billy Jean) o Great dancer, choreographer o Record sales o Helped lead charity rock movement in the U.S. - women’s voices Women and MTV - Cyndi Lauper “Girls just wanna have fun” - Pat Benatar “Love is a Battlefield” - begain as disco diva, then used music video to make herself a star Madonna - Bowie-like chameleon - Consistency pushes buttons: sexuality, religion, abortion, so forth - Sells sex (Like a Virgin) but is in control of her own career - Ex) Material Girl, Papa don’t preach Served as a kind of national radio station, reaching millions if a video was in heavy rotation- many would see it (marketing) MTV placed emphasis on things other than good writing, singing, playing (Milli Vanilli, Ashlee Simpson etc) MTV was critical in the 80s The mid and later 80s, Punk Underground - economy down, the rich got richer, the poor much poorer The mid-and-late 80s HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Bo kH ol de rs .c om Bu y a nd S el l T ex tb oo ks - disillusionment - a new idealism surfaced in the mid 80s - music and image evoked rebellious rockers of the 50s and socially conscious folkies Bruce Springsteen - born in the U.S.A (1984-85) 7 top ten singles - sang about Americans experiencing hard times - committed himself to action: benefits, donations etc. - remarkable live performances - becomes more concentrated on just a few artists who provide a significant portion of total revenue The Industry - albums filled with carefull crafted quality material - synergy: closer association between the music industry and Hollywood - satellite transmission Technology - portable sound transmission (walkmen) - Bob Geldof Benefits (charity rock) o Do They Know It’s Christmas 1984 o We are the World 1985 o Benefits to aid the starving in Africa - Live Aid 1985: with satellite broadcast, one of the largest events in human history - Other followed Farm Aid, Amnesty International - Sun City concert and video: the fight against apartheid - These mega-events crossed a broad range of audience demographics - the seminal worldbeat album Paul Simon, Graceland 1986 - recorded with South African musicians including Ladysmith Black Mambazo - political controversy - true artistic collaboration - a global album recorded in 5 locations on 3 continents - ex) Homeless - leaders in the 60s-style protest revival U2 - Ethereal guitar sound - “Sunday Bloody Sunday” 1982 - Suzanne Vega The Late 80s folk rock - Lyrics matter once again - introduced late 1982 Compact disc - replaced vinyl LP in remarkably short time - huge boost for the industry (back catalogs) - market becomes dominated by a few multinational corporations Other developments - radio stations devoted to classic rock and addressed to boomers explode HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Bo ok Ho ld er s.c om Bu y a nd S el l T ex tb oo ks - historical pattern of improved sound quality and increased consumer of the music Tech and rock - digital downloading: Napster issues parallel earlier ones - hardcore: a faster, angrier version of punk Punk Underground - begain in Los Angeles and other centers 1978 with bands such as Black Flag, X - DIY: bands promoted themselves, financed their own records - Ex) Black Flag “Revenge” - created own label Dead Kennedys - overly political - ex) California Uber Alles 1979 The Continuing History of Heavy Metal - live performances becomes more visually spectacular 1970s - twin lead guitars Judas Priest - extravagant stage shows - short, catchy tunes point the way to 80s pop metal - British steel 1980: first album to chart in U.S. - Ex) You’ve got another thing coming - a part of the first wave of American metal, formed in 1970 Aerosmith - Rolling Stones parallels - “The Toxic Twins” decline in the late 70s - Permanent vacation 1984: comeback kids - Ex) Sweet Emotion. Janie’s got a gun - shorter catchier songs, more sophisticated production 80s metal becomes mainstream with bands like Def Leppard, Van Halen, Bon Jovi - emphasis on virtuosity, classical music is a source - ex) Van Halen “Eruption” - hair bands 80s metal continued - metal categories o traditional o pop/lite, glam o thrash/speed o death - the main genres were pop and thrash - MTV promoted pop metal (Van Halen, Bon Jovi etc.) and made it big - Ex) Van Halen “Jump” 1984: video was important for the mainstreaming of metal - underground: sought to maintain the “true” metal tradition Thrash/Speed Metal - form hardcore punk comes faster tempos, hostile posture, fanzines, indie labels etc. - the “father” Lemmy Killmister of Motorhead HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Bo ok Ho ld er s.c om Bu y a nd S el l T ex tb oo ks The 90s: A New Generation - high unemployment, low income - divorce: single parent/families - child abuse on the rise - violence a part of life o culture of violence in TV o gangs, guns - their music- metal/punk/grunge and gansta rap - term used for music seen as less commercial an mainstream, more authentic and uncompromising Alternative music - rock- art rather than product or profit - associated with local music scneces o Athens, Georgia (B-52s REM) o Minneapolis o Boston/Amherst - commercial success Altenative: A marketing category - a distinct alternative scene in late 80s Seattle - Green River, Sub Pop records - DIY again: taking control of their own culture - Significant bands: Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden - TV and film bring more attention to Seattle - blend of hardcore punk, heavy metal, and pop Grunge - refried Black Sabbath - a look/style - a reaction against hair bands - Nevermind (1991(: huge success Nirvana - Kurt Cobain influences include Beatles, Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath, Black Flag, Pixies - All can be heard in the Nirvana sound - Ex) Smells like Teen Spirit - Seattle bands dominate charts in 1992, 1993 - Grunge reflects anger, frustration, disillusionment of new generation - chronicled the violence if the inner city Gangsta rap - reality rap “Black America’s CNN” NWA - Ex) Fuck the Police - straight Outta Compton 1988- gangsta style - Dr. Dre and Ice T: members who moved on to have greater success - Body Count 1992: includes controversial song “Cop Killer” (censorship) Ice T - Merge of rap and thrash metal HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Bo ok Ho ld er s.c om Bu y a nd S e l T ex tb oo ks - with Arrested Development, Queen Latifah, KRS-one and other delivered message of black pride Public Enemy - 1987-1992: redefined role of rappers in contemporary culture - Mix of parties, noise - 1988: It Takes a Nation to Hold us Back - Ex) Bring the Noise (with Anthrax) - Yo! MTV Raps pushes wall between rock and hip hop Crossover - Fusion of rap and rock/thrash metal=sales - rebellious, noisy Rap and Rock-Common - alienated youth - commercially dominant form of pop music Hip Hop in the 90s - hip hop in now national - hip hop is corporate - from the street to the executive suite Puff Daddy (P. Diddy) - Bad Boy Entertainment: a business empire - Producer - literary skill, rhythm Notorious BIG - ex) Big Poppa - The Chronic 1992 introduces G-funk: slower, laid back, bottom heavy, rich with funk samples Dr. Dre - Also introduces Snoop Doggy Dogg - Ex) “Nuthin but a G-Thang” HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Bo ok Ho ld er s.c om Bu y a nd S el l T ex tb oo ks HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Bo ok Ho ld er s.c om Bu y a nd S el l T ex tb oo ks