RD Exam Study GuideRD Exam Study Guide, Exams of Biology

Download RD Exam Study GuideRD Exam Study Guide and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! RD Exam Study Guide CDC - ✅Centers for Disease Control and Prevention An org under DHHS (dept of health and human services) child labor laws - ✅under fair labor standards act regulate work hours and duties of children "Child labor provisions under FLSA are designed to protect the educational opportunities of youth and prohibit their employment in jobs that are detrimental to their health and safety. FLSA restricts the hours that youth under 16 years of age can work and lists hazardous occupations too dangerous for young workers to perform." Enforcement of the FLSA's child labor provisions is handled by the Department's Wage and Hour Division. Class 1 recall - ✅strong likelihood that the product will cause serious adverse effects or death A Class I recall is the most urgent and serious of the three types of FDA recalls. Class I recalls usually pertain to defective products that can cause serious health problems or death. An example would be an over-the-counter medication that has contamination from a toxin. If a Class I recall takes place, the FDA will oversee the recall process and ensure the manufacturer takes sufficient steps to protect the public. An FDA "Class II Recall" is an intermediate threat level recall.A Class II recall is issued where there is no immediate danger of death or other serious injury linked to the product, but the risk of death or a serious injury is still present. A Class II recall is more preventative in nature, but there are still health and safety risks involved. As in a Class I recall, the FDA will work with the manufacturer to help get the word out about the recall, as well as to create a plan to make sure that all of the recalled items are pulled from the market as quickly as possible. An FDA "Class III Recall" is the least serious of all recalls.A Class II recall is typically issued where there is no immediate or perceived danger of any health issues, but where items have been released that are in violation of FDA regulations. An example of a Class III Recall is the 2010 recall of children's medicines that were potentially contaminated with small pieces of plastic during the manufacturing process. Correlation vs. Causation - ✅correlation does not equal causation dependent variable independent variable - ✅dependent: the outcome or effect of the independent variable in research (the y axis) independent: variable that is exposed to the experimental group in research (x axis) ex. fat is independent while weight gain is dependent all are measures of central tendency from frequency distribution descriptive test - ✅used to summarize and describe data mean, median, mode, range, variance, SD duo trio test - ✅Difference test in which two samples are judged against a control to determine which of the two samples is different from the control A Duo-Trio Test is an overall difference test which will determine whether or not a sensory difference exists between two samples. This method is particularly useful: 1. To determine whether product differences result from a change in ingredients, processing, packaging, or storage 2. To determine whether an overall difference exists, where no specific attributes can be identified as having been affected EBM Grading Evidence (Evidence Based medicine grading) Grade I - ✅Good—The evidence consists of results from studies of strong design for answering the question addressed. The results are both clinically important and consistent with minor exceptions at most. The results are free of serious doubts about generalizability, bias, and flaws in research design. Studies with negative results have sufficiently large sample sizes to have adequate statistical power. EBM Grading Evidence (Evidence Based medicine grading) Grade II - ✅Grade II: Fair—The evidence consists of results from studies of strong design answering the question addressed, but there is uncertainty attached to the conclusion because of inconsistencies among the results from different studies or because of doubts about generalizability, bias, research design flaws, or adequacy of sample size. Alternatively, the evidence consists solely of results from weaker designs for the questions addressed, but the results have been confirmed in separate studies and are consistent with minor exceptions at most. mortality rate - ✅incidence of death non-response error - ✅a systematic bias that occurs when the final sample differs from the planned sample nutrition facts labeling rules - ✅Per food labeling guidelines, a food cannot be labeled as "healthy" unless it meets the standards for low fat and saturated fat of less than 3 g of fat per serving. Food labeling laws require that a food have no more than 140 mg sodium per serving in order to be identified as a low-sodium food. observational - ✅no control group paired comparison - ✅judges are asked to determine which sample has the target sensory attribute. placebo - ✅something which has a positive mental effect, but no physical effect positive predictive value - ✅The probability that subjects with a positive screening test truly have the disease. PPV = TP / (TP + FP) negative predictive value - ✅the probability that subjects with a negative screening test truly don't have the disease. NPV = TN / (FN + TN) prevalence - ✅The total number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time. qualitative - ✅Data in the form of recorded descriptions rather than numerical measurements. quantitative - ✅relating to, measuring, or measured by the quantity of something rather than its quality. reliability - ✅describes the degree that repeated measurements give the same response; measure of consistency responsibilities of state or local regulatory authorities - ✅enforces safety in restaurant State and local regulatory authorities inspect operations, enforce regulations, and investigate complaints and illnesses mandatory standards developed by the FDCA for products shipped across state lines (food, drug, cosmetic act) - ✅Standard of Identity, Standard of Quality, Standard of Fill of Containers sampling error - ✅an error that occurs when a sample somehow does not represent the target population screening - ✅To test or examine for the presence of something (as a disease when there are no symptoms ) specificity - ✅Specificity = TN / (TN + FP) ability of a test to correctly identify people without the disease. sensitivity - ✅Sensitivity = TP / (TP + FN) the ability of a test to correctly identify patients with a disease. statistical significance - ✅The condition that exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low. usually expressed as a "p-value," and the lower the p-value, the less likely the results are due purely to chance standard deviation - ✅a measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean triangle test - ✅Difference test in which three samples (two of which are the same) are presented, and the odd sample is to be identified USDA - ✅United States Department of Agriculture validity - ✅The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure 3 Key Management Skills - ✅technical skills: most important for lower levels of management, need to know how it works/ how to fix it human skills: important for lower levels of management, ability to work as a group member conceptual skills: important increases at higher ranks of management (NOT lower level), ability to see the organization as a whole affective learning domain - ✅changes in attitudes and the development of values by influencing what learners feel, think, and value andragogy - ✅Study of how adults learn. broker vs manufacturer vs representative vs wholesaler - ✅broker: an independent sales representative who contracts to represent certain manufacturers, processors, or prime source producers to sell and market their products to foodservice operators and wholesalers. The broker does not take title to goods being sold (he or she doesn't keep an inventory) and is paid on commission. manufacturer: representative: wholesaler: bureaucratic vs autocratic - ✅bureaucratic: by the book autocratic: demands control, most responsibility, most control Campinha-Bacote Model - ✅Cultural awareness: self-examination and exploration of one's own cultural and professional background Cultural knowledge: seeking and obtaining a sound educational foundation about diverse cultural and ethnic groups; integration of health-related beliefs and cultural values, disease incidence and prevalence, and treatment efficacy. Cultural encounters: directly engaging in cross-cultural interactions with clients; will help refine or modify one's existing beliefs about a cultural group and help prevent possible stereotyping Cultural desire: the motivation of the health care provider to want to, rather than have to, engage in the process of becoming culturally aware, culturally knowledgable, culturally skillful, and familiar with cultural encounters Cultural skill: the ability of health care providers to conduct an accurate and culturally relevant health history and physical examination. Providers collect culturally relevant information from clients and perform culturally relevant assessments and interventions **According to the Campinha-Bacote model, culture competence originates in the individual. can cuttings - ✅analyze value of different products allows you to evaluate different products to determine what has the best quality leadership style - autocratic - ✅demands obedience, most control, needed during a crisis autocratic --> consultative --> bureaucratic --> participative --> laissez-faire leadership style - consultative - ✅asks for input, but makes final decision alone. Gives up a little control but still in full charge of making decisions. autocratic --> consultative --> bureaucratic --> participative --> laissez-faire leadershipstyle - bureaucratic - ✅Bureaucratic - by the book, follows procedures to the letter autocratic --> consultative --> bureaucratic --> participative --> laissez-faire leadership style - participative - ✅Participative - emerging trend in management. Encourage workers to participate in decision-making. Uses quality circles: small group of employees who meet regularly to identify and solve problems. Sharing power with your team, currently thought to be the best autocratic --> consultative --> bureaucratic --> participative --> laissez-faire leadership style - laissez faire - ✅free rein (laissez faire), least control autocratic --> consultative --> bureaucratic --> participative --> laissez-faire line authority - ✅authority that entitles a manager to direct the work of an employee ex. an administrative Dietitian in a 600 bed hospital linking processes - ✅the linking processes of_decision making, communication,& balance are needed to coordinated the characteristics of the system in the transformation from inputs to outputs. make or buy decision - ✅Make-or-buy decisions involve making a strategic choice between producing an item in-house or buying it from an outside supplier. management functions - ✅most time consuming from top to bottom directing - Determining what needs to be done in a situation and getting people to do it. controlling - Checking current outcomes against forecast plans and making adjustments when necessary so that goals are achieved organizing - Implementing a pattern of relationships among workers and making optimum use of the resources required to enable the successful carrying out of plans. planning - basic management function. Deciding what needs to happen in the future (today, next week, next month, next year, over the next five years, etc.) and generating plans for action management of objective - ✅management process which employs precise, measurable objectives marketing - ✅ marketing mix - ✅Product, price, place, and promotion—the controllable set of activities that a firm uses to respond to the wants of its target markets. master schedule - ✅an overall plan; days on and off, vacations, basis for developing weekly schedules organizational chart - ✅shows the employee how he fits into the organization mission statement - ✅philosophy or creed, the "reason for being" motion economy - ✅reduce motions and time required. Use shortest and straightest routes to move materials. Movement should be: simultaneous, symmetrical, natural, rhythmic, habitual. participatory management - ✅usually has a circular management chart patient views of healthcare - ✅affected PDSA - ✅Plan, Do, Study, Act PERT - ✅program evaluation review technique used for effective planning and controls functions of management process chart vs pareto chart - ✅process chart - A graphic representation of the separate steps in a procedure using symbols pareto chart - bar chart of issues; tackle the biggest issue first process evaluation - ✅determines whether a program is being implemented as intended and resulted in certain outputs procurement - ✅first functional subsystem, function of acquiring material for production purchasing process - ✅1) Request for Quotation 2) Negotiations 3) Requisition 4) Purchase Order 5) Receiving 6) Accounts Payable requisition - ✅First document used in purchasing process, internal form used to request items from the purchasing manager psychomotor domain - ✅The domain involved in the learning of a new procedure or skill; often called the doing domain. queing theory - ✅the mathematical study of waiting lines resources used in management principles - ✅ responsibility - ✅the state or fact of having a duty to deal with something or of having control over someone. ability - ✅the power or skill to do something accountability - ✅Willingness to take credit and blame for actions. capability - ✅the aptitude or fitness to do something authority - ✅the power or right to give orders and make decisions robbery - ✅burglary with force theft - ✅premeditated burglary without force pilfering - ✅inventory shrinkage caused by employees stealing food embezzlement - ✅theft or misappropriation of funds placed in one's trust or belonging to one's employer. rules - ✅a rule applies to everyone in the facility policies - ✅A policy is for specific circumstances or situations that may not apply to everyone. Written in a clear, concise language, enforced the same way each time, and posted in a visible location objectives - ✅predetermined; towards which management directs its efforts serve as motivators, provide direction RUMBA - ✅Relevant, Understandable, Measurable, Behavioral, Achievable influence academic achievement and progress—e.g., individual student ability, family income levels, the educational attainment of parents, value analysis - ✅focuses on lowering cost made with organic ingredients - ✅70% or more of ingredients are organic 100% organic label - ✅contains 100% organically produced raw or processed ingredients Free Range label - ✅hens are supposed to have some access to the outdoors, but "you could have a large barn with 100,000 hens in it and just have a couple little doors," Thistlethwaite says. "There might be 30 hens outside that figured out how to climb out those doors." no drugs or growth hormones used - ✅ truth in labeling - ✅Pure Food and Drug Act sustainably harvested - ✅harvested in a way that does not damage an ecosystem low fat - ✅3 grams or less of fat per serving fat free - ✅less than 0.5 g of fat per serving reduced fat or less fat - ✅25% less fat than reference food light or lite (use on food labels) - ✅one-third fewer kcalories than the comparison food; 50 percent or less of the fat or sodium than the comparison food; any use of the term other than as defined must specify what it is referring to (for example, "light in color" or "light in texture"). low saturated fat - ✅1 gram or less saturated fat and less than 0.5 gram of trans fat per serving. sugar-free - ✅less than 0.5 gram of sugar per serving no sugar added - ✅no sugar added in processing reduced sugar - ✅at least 25% less sugar per serving than reference food health claim vs. nutrient content claim - ✅health: statement linking the nutritional profile of a food to a reduced risk of a particular disease. strict government guidelines nutrient: The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 (NLEA) permits the use of label claims that characterize the level of a nutrient in a food (i.e., nutrient content claims) if they have been authorized by FDA and are made in accordance with FDA's authorizing regulations. Nutrient content claims describe the level of a nutrient in the product, using terms such as free, high, and low, or they compare the level of a nutrient in a food to that of another food, using terms such as more, reduced, and lite. qualified health claim vs authorized health claim - ✅qualified - When there is emerging evidence for a relationship between a food substance (a food, food component, or dietary ingredient) and reduced risk of a disease or health-related condition, but the evidence is not well enough established to meet the significant scientific agreement standard required for FDA to issue an authorizing regulation, the qualified health claim petition process provides a mechanism to request that FDA review the scientific evidence and exercise enforcement discretion to permit the use of the qualified claim in food labeling. authorized - The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 (NLEA) provides for the use in food labeling of health claims that characterize a relationship between a food, a food component, or dietary ingredient and risk of a disease (for example, "adequate calcium throughout life may reduce the risk of osteoporosis"), provided the claims meet certain criteria and are authorized by an FDA regulation product claim - ✅the part of the ad that states or implies the value of the product 1990 Nutrition Labeling and Education Act - ✅this act covers food items and their labeling; vitamins, minerals, or other nutrients are on the label and in some cases are highlighted keywords in nutrient content claims - ✅ structure/function claims - ✅statements that characterize the relationship between a nutrient or other substance in a food and its role in the body low-calorie - ✅40 calories or less per serving calorie free - ✅less than 5 calories per serving reduced calorie - ✅at least 25% lower in calories than a regular or reference food requirement for calorie labeling on menu - ✅