Reading In Philippines History Reviewer, Study notes of History

Download Reading In Philippines History Reviewer and more Study notes History in PDF only on Docsity! Reviewer for Readings in Philippine History (compilation of videos and ppt of sir) pls don’t share <3 History: Study of the Human Past - Deals with the past events - Records of past events - As an academic discipline - Historia (Greek) means inquiry or investigation Herodotus - Initiated the writing of history - “The Father of History” ** Side Notes: 1. Importance of Antonio Pigafetta - wrote the first history of our country 2. First boat used by Magellan: Victoria History according to the foreign scholar: - Is the record of what one age finds worthy of note in another - Study of human achievements History: not just the past but also and principally the present and future - History is a forward projection, a social construction of a future reality (parang “history repeats itself”) contradictory to the statement ^^ sabi ni sir the people are the ones who are repeating the history - History is a forward power wherein the direction of the arrangement of the past is discussed. ** Side Notes: 1. Humans learning about the past so it won’t happen again History: Collective interplay of events freedom of association - Achievement of different people - Collective effort of the people - Masses is the real mover of history Andres Bonifacio and the PH Revolution (how he formed an alliance to fight against tyranny of Filipinos and the Spaniards) Why do we need to study History? (mostly from the video) 1. To remember the past events 2. Teaches religious tolerance (promotes peace and understanding in the society through the gods and God) 3. Source of inspiration 4. Promotes patriotism 5. Laboratory of social sciences (including psych, philosophy, geology) 6. Broadens our knowledge on other country’s culture, traditions, customs 7. Helps us to be good citizens (to not repeat the past) 8. Promotes international peace 9. Professional uses (in law, past court decisions can still be used given a similar situation) 10. Removes prejudices (dami pa rin ‘di clear sa history natin goiz :<< since ‘di tayo yung nagsulat) - History as the road map to the future by examining the struggles, success and failures of our ancestors What are the things that serve as glue towards the realization of a nation? - Significant both to society and people for it helps us better understand ourselves, our strengths, limitations, and aspirations - Reminds us of collective experience of the people’s suffering, joy and aspiration **Side Notes: This is what Marcos did to PH (accdg. to sir abante): Disciplined the Filipinos What is the most important inventions of Human Civilizations? 1. Development of writing 2. It gave men the instrument to record their achievements 3. It ended the pre-historic age and marked the beginning of the historic era Different Branches of History 1. General History - Involving: a. history b. economy c. diplomats d. military ** Side Note: Adam Smith and his works 2. Economic History - Economic thoughts 3. Cultural History - Local - Ethnic groups (example of this the BARMM- they are uncolonized) - festivals 4. Social History 5. Myth History (ex: Bi ag ni Lam Ang) History and Philippine Historiography Definition of Terms 1. Historians - those who write history - seeking to understand the present by examining what went before 2. Historiography - practice of historical writing - scientific way of writing history - historia- past (Greek) - grapier- to write (Greek) The Development of Philippine Historiography Writing of History during the Spanish Period 1. Augustine Order - established on March 7, 1575 - serving Filipinos in more than 300 towns 2. Dominican Order - founded to preach the Gospel and to oppose heresy 3. Franciscan Order - founded by St. Francis of Assisi - cultivating ideals of poverty and charity 4. Jesuit Fathers - run several schools in the Philippines like Ateneo - first arrived in 1581 5. Recollect Fathers - focused on the propagation of their religion Secular Historians during the Spanish Period - Was not confined to the hands of the friars - The secular historians during the Spanish period 1. Spanish officials in the island 2. Foreign residents and writers 3. Filipino Ilustrado Secular Historians and their work 1. Dr. Antonio de Morga - known for his work “Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas” (events) - most reliable sources of information regarding the 16th century of our country 2. Captain Miguel de Loarca - known for his work “Relacion de las Islas Filipinas” (relationship) - highlighted the material culture of the early Filipinos which according to him was on very high degree of advancement 3. Thomas de Comyn - known for his work “Estados de las Islas Filipinas” (state islands) accounts and archeological data in reconstruction of the PH past - Scott termed the “History of the Inarticulate”, in his attempt to write a history that will reflect the masses - “Cracks in the Parchment Curtain” of Scott and “The PH Pre-history” by Dr. Jocano are considered authoritative works in the PH History 4. Reynaldo Ileto - “Pasyon and Revolution” (masses treated the pasyon to work for their advantage) - his book intended to make the people submissive became subversive ** Side Note: he wants us to act and revolutionize instead of accepting what the government or the past is giving us - suggested a counter-hegemonic discourse ** Side Note: it is a confrontation and/or opposition to existing status quo and its legitimacy in politics 5. Vicente Rafael - Contracting Colonialism - looks on the role of language - the natives were not passive but active participants in the creation and interpretation of their culture DISTINCTION BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES Historical Resources - Dependent on the availability of 1. Primary Sources 2. Documentary Sources 3. Secondary event or testimonies of the authorities - Can be categorized into: 1. Written 2. Material or Traditional 1. Written Sources a. Literary Sources - interpretation of the writer - involves SUBJECTIVITY b. Official Sources - record produced when transacting business 2. Traditional Sources - folklore - oral tradition - epic - indigenous materials 3. Material Objects - money - guns - church bells Sources of History 1. Documents 2. Archeological records 3. Oral and video accounts 4. Modern World **colonial records such as gov’t reports and legal documents form a significant part of our collection here and abroad most esp in spain and us **ph presidents such as manuel quezon and Diosdado Macapagal ( memoirs to highlight their role as nation holders ) Trivia!! First published work in the Philippines is entitled la doctrina kristiana 2 General kinds of historical resources 1. Primary records of history - can be written or non-written - refers to documents, artifacts, archaeological sites, physical objects, and oral or video account made by an individual or group being described - provide facts from ppl who actually witnessed the event - the one who experienced it first-hand - ex. Treaties, gov’t publications 2. Secondary records of history - materials made by people long after the event have occurred - interpretations or readings of primary sources **Side Note: For Filipino historians it is considered a daunting task to discern the cultural context and historical values of primary resources bc most of it are written by foreigners and reflected western frames : challenge of ph historians- how they are going to change and correct the wrong perceptions by those foreigners who first wrote the ph history 2 Historical Criticisms 1. External - answers concerns and questions the authenticity of the source by identifying the historical material - locating when and where the material was produced - establishing the material’s evidential value 2. Internal - deals with credibility and liability of the content of the given historical source - understanding the substance and message that the historical material is trying to convey by examining the author’s intent and meaning of a composed material - evaluates the relevance Colonial narratives: - have portrayed filos as ppl bereft (robbed or deprived of) with advanced culture and respectable history - this perception challenged filo individuals beginning in the 1800s to rectify such culture bias or prejudices The Nation and National History - Propaganda Movement - Headed by Filipinos in Spain (Marcelo H. del Pilar, Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce) - La Solidaridad- mouthpiece of the propaganda - La liga Filipina- organized by Rizal on July 2, 1892 in the house of Doroteo Onjungco La Liga Filipina Objectives 1. Importance of Education 2. Agriculture 3. Industry 4. Justice for all 5. Kataastaasang,Kagalang-galangan Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan- formally organized when Rizal was arrested and deported on July 6, 1892 Officers of the La Liga 1. Ambrosio Salvador- President 2. Agustin dela Rosa- Fiscal 3. Bonifacio Arevalo- Treasurer 4. Deodato Arellano - Secretary Katipunan as a Political Organization - Organized by Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Deodato Arellano - Arellano: head of the Supreme Council - Three objectives: Political, Social, Moral Structure of the Government (Katipunan) 1. Supreme Council - headed by a President/Supremo with officials like Fiscal, Secretary, and the Secretary 2. Sanguniang Bayan (Provincial Government) 3. Sanguniang Balangay (Municipal Government) BONIFACIO ANG UNANG PANGULO - La Ilustracion Espanola Americana – Published on Feb. 8, 1897 recognized the national status of the Katipunan. In this issue the Katipunan government was referred to as the Republika ng Katagalugan. It also had Bonifacio’s picture which was labelled as Titulado Presidente de la Republica Tagala. - Kalayaan – organ of the Katipunan ANG KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN • Kartilya – set of principles and values to be observed by the members of the Katipunan. It served as a guiding philosophy for the members of the secret patriotic society. Emilio Jacinto • The youngest member of the Katipunan. He joined the Katipunan in 1894 when he was only 19 years old. • Editor of the Kalyaan • La Patria – His most famous literary piece. ANALYSIS OF THE KARTILYA AS A HISTORICAL SOURCE: THE KARTILYA AS STREAM OF HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE • Kartilya, emanates from the collective experience of the people and served as norms that must be followed by the members • Kartilya, served as a social glue that bound the anak ng bayan to resist colonial oppression. • Strong sentiments that manifests the collective action of the people in order to regain progress, freedom, happiness for Inang Bayan Kartilya ng Katipunan (summarized version) 1. Acting for the common good for Inang Bayan and Anak ng Bayan - religio-political movement - intellectual working class 2. Doing good things without expecting anything in return - treat all people fairly 3. Love for others - sacrifice for the common good 4. No discrimination - valuing human person 5. Honor - honor first before anything else 6. Palabra de Honor - valuing their word 7. Dedication to work - importance of accomplishing the task 8. Resist oppression 9. Loyalty and prudence - being cautious and letting yourself be educated 10. Diligence of the father of the family - protect and promote total well- being of his family 11. Role of Women - treated with respect 12. Love and respect for the members 13. Equality of Human race EDITORIAL CARTOONS AS HISTORICAL MAINSPRING • Editorial cartoon is a potent tool that can be used to express the sentiments of the people. • Teasing is a part of the day to day life of an ordinary Filipino, • Teasing was used by Filipinos as weapon to criticize American policy in the country. 9. Where the mosquito is king - It was a criticism against the Board of Health because of its failure to address the problem of mosquitoes in Metro Manila which caused the outbreak of numerous diseases in Metro Manila during that period. 10. Why Worry - The poor condition of the capital’s drainage and sewerage system - The American blamed the Filipino bureaucrats who did not effectively continue the program initiated by their American predecessors. The Works of Luna and Amorsolo Historical Background of Luna’s Painting - Many of Luna’s painting illustrate literary and Historical scenes that carried political commentaries - Spoliarium - L Muerte de Cleopatra (the Death of Cleopatra) - The Battle of Lepanto Remarkable works of Luna 1. El Pacto de Sangre (Blood compact between Datu Sikatuna and Miguel Lopez de Legazpi 2. The Parisian Life 3. Portrait of a Lady Fernando Amorsolo as a Painter - Painted and sketched more than 10,000 pieces - His techniques (Natural and Backlighting) - His theme are mostly rural Philippine landscapes - His award-winning works: (Leyendo El Periodico, Afternoon Meal of Rice Workers) Other Remarkable works of Amorsolo • The Making of the Philippine Flag • The First Baptism in the Philippines • Under the Mango Tree Historical Background of Amorsolo’s Painting • Amorsolo’s Painting depict life during the late American regime and the Japanese occupation in the Philippines. • Amorsolo’s significant paintings during the Japanese occupation (Bombing of the Intendencia, Bombing of the Legislative Building, The Rape of Manila, Burning of Sto. Domingo, Rizal Avenue in Ruins, Defense of a Filipino Woman’s Honor, Burning of Manila) One Past but many History The History of the Philippines is divided into three periods: • Pre-colonial • Colonial • Post-Colonial The Colonial Period has three segments: • Spanish Period • American Period • Japanese Period Controversies and conflicting Views in Philippine History • The Site of the First Mass in the Philippines • The Cavite Mutiny • The Retraction of Jose Rizal • The Cry of Rebellion The site of the first mass in the Philippines: Masau or Limasawa? - As chronicled by Pigafetta, the first mass in the Philippine archipelago was celebrated on March 31,1521 along the shores of what was referred to by him as Mazaua - Mazaua was believed to be Limasawa, an island located at the tip of Southern Leyte - According to Pigafetta’s account, Magellan ordered the planting of a large wooden cross on the top of a hill overlooking the sea. Limasawa Law RA No. 2733 - It was enacted on June 19,1960. - It declared the site in Magallanes, Limasawa island in Leyte as national shrine, the place having been the site of the first Mass in the Philippines. - However, this law was not signed by the President Opposition to Limasawa Law • The declaration of Limasawa as the site of the first Mass in the Philippines as embodied in the unsigned Law was contested by some historians, Sonia Zaide in particular. • She identified Masao in Butuan as the location of the first Mass • Her claimed was based on the diary of Pigafetta • Cong. Ching Plaza of Agusan del Norte filled a bill in Congress in 1995 contesting the Limasawa claim, asserting that Butuan was the site of the first Mass. The stand of the National Historical Institute • The controversy was referred to the NHI (now National Historical Commission of the Philippines) • Dr. Samuel K. Tan then chairman of the NHI, reaffirmed Limasawa as the site. Claim of many Pangasinense • A marker in front of the Saint James the Great Parish Church in Bolinao, Pangasinan claims that in 1324, Fray Odorico Pordenone from Friuli, Italy officiated the first Catholic Mass in the Philippines. The Primary resources regarding the first mass 1. Log kept by Francisco Albo - According to Albo’s, account the location of Mazava fits the location of the island of Limasawa, at the southern tip of Leyte, 9o 54’N. - Albo does not mention the first Mass, but only planting of the cross upon a mountain top from which could be seen three islands to the west and southwest, which also fits the southern end of Limasawa. 2. The account of Antonio Pigafetta - Like Albo, Pigafetta was a member of the Magellan expedition and an eyewitness of the events, particularly of the First Mass. - Primo viaggio intorno al mondo (First Voyage Around the Word) Butuan or Limasawa - Jesuit priest, Miguel A. Bernard in his work Butuan or Limasawa: The site of the First Mass in the Philippines: A Reexamination of Evidence (1981) - Lays down the argument that in the Pigafetta account, a crucial aspect of Butuan was not mentioned – the river. - Butuan is a riverine settlement, situated on the Agusan River. The beach of Masao is in the delta of said river. - It is a curious omission in the account of the river, which makes part of a distinct characteristic of Butuan’s geography that seemed to be too important to be missed. Cavite Mutiny - GOMBURZA - Assassination of the commanding officer and spanish officers - Headed by sergeant lamadrid - The martyrdom of the priests was the dawn of Philippine Nationalism 4 versions 1. Jose Montero y Vidal and Gov. Gen. Izquierdo Version - almost the same except that the Izquierdo version was more biting - Montero referred to it as a “revolution”, an attempt by the Indios to bring down the Spanish government - Izquierdo used this event as a vehicle to implicate the Filipino priests who were then active in their secularization of Philippine parishes campaign - primary reason for the revolution were the removal of the privileges which the workers used to enjoy - the intention of the rebels to topple down the Spanish government in order to put in power a new king are the GOMBURZA (Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora) 2. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera - an open rebellion against the authorities of the natives, soldiers and workers in the Cavite Arsenal - Prohibition to put up a school of Arts and Trades for the Filipinos - removal of privileges 3. Edmund Plauchut Version - dispassionate that reaffirmed the Tavero version - mutiny happened because of discontent of the arsenal workers and soldiers in Cavite fort - Workers were forced to pay tribute and perform force labor Retraction of Rizal - Publication of the two novels of Rizal made him a target of the persecution of the friars - He was declared an excommunicado Effort to bring rizal to the fold of the catholic church • Fr. Pablo Ramon • Fr. Federico Faura • Fr. Pablo Pastrells • Fr. Antonio Obach • Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez * Controversies