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Russian Language: Present and Past Tenses, Prepositions, and Conjunctions, Slides of Russian Language

A detailed explanation of the present and past tenses, prepositions, and conjunctions in russian language. It includes rules for forming the present and past tense, stress patterns, and examples. It also covers the use of prepositions with nouns, adjectives, and possessives, as well as the usage of the prepositions в, на, and о(б), and the conjunctions и, а, and но́.

Typology: Slides

2012/2013

Uploaded on 10/23/2013

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Download Russian Language: Present and Past Tenses, Prepositions, and Conjunctions and more Slides Russian Language in PDF only on Docsity! Unit 3 2007-10-18 Outline • Nadia Kirkov, Russian and East European Studies (REES) • Present tense of verbs (recap) • Past tense of verbs • The prepositional case • The preposition о(б) • The conjunctions и, а, and но́ Present tense practice • If you are presented with a new verb form, о́н гори́т, what is the я́ form? – я́ горю́ • How do you know? – Is it –ёт or –ит conjugation? – What’s the я́ ending for that conjugation? – What other verb do you know that has that ending? • How do you know where the stress will fall? – Can it be fixed on the stem (cf. чита́ть)? Can it be fixed on the ending (cf. жи́ть)? Can it be shifting (cf. писа́ть)? The past tense • Just one form of the present tense – I live: я́ живу́ – I am living: я́ живу́ – I do live: я́ живу́ – I have been living: я́ живу́ • Just one form of the past tense – I lived: я́ жи́л – I was living: я́ жи́л – I have lived: я́ жи́л – I had been living: я́ жи́л Forming the past tense Same formation for –ёт and –ит conjugations 1. Take the infinitive 2. Lop off the infinitive ending: –ть (жи́ть) 3. Add the past tense endings: – masculine singular: –л (жи́л) – feminine singular: –ла (жила́) – neuter singular: –ло (жи́ло) – plural (all genders): –ли (жи́ли) • Use the plural form with вы ́ even if you are addressing only a single person (politely). Past tense examples • жи́ть, о́н жи́л, она́ жила́, они́ жи́ли • писа́ть, о́н писа́л, она́ писа́ла, они́ писа́ли • чита́ть, о́н чита́л, она́ чита́ла, они́ чита́ли • понима́ть, о́н понима́л, она́ понима́ла, они́ понима́ли • зна́ть, о́н зна́л, она́ зна́ла, они́ зна́ли • изуча́ть, о́н изуча́л, она́ изуча́ла, они́ изуча́ли • говори́ть, о́н говори́л, она́ говори́ла, они́ говори́ли Past tense practice • Example: Ра́ньше о́н чита́л по-ру́сски. • Ра́ньше о́н/она́/они́ … – (чита́ть) по-ру́сски. – (говори́ть) по-англи́йски. – (понима́ть) по-францу́зски. – (писа́ть) по-италья́нски. – (зна́ть) неме́цкий язы́к. – (изуча́ть) украи́нский язы́к. – (жи́ть) в Ки́тае. Present and past • No difference between –ёт and –ит conjugations as far as the past tense is concerned • The present tense may look very different from the infinitive – жи́ть, живу́ – писа́ть, пишу́ • The past tense looks just like the infinitive – жи́ть, жи́л – писа́ть, писа́л The prepositional case: nouns Masculine Neuter Feminine Plural Hard столе́ (Nsg сто́л) сло́ве (Nsg сло́во) газе́те (Nsg газе́та) стола́х слова́х газе́тах Soft словаре́ (Nsg слова́рь) мо́ре ‘sea’ (Nsg мо́ре) неде́ле ‘week’ (Nsg неде́ля) словаря́х моря́х неде́лях Soft –ии кафете́рии ‘cafeteria’ (Nsg кафете́рий) общежи́тии (Nsg общежи́тие) фами́лии (Nsg фами́лия) кафете́риях общежи́тиях фами́лиях Feminine –ь тетра́ди (Nsg тетра́дь) тетра́дях Masculine/neuter ending is the sound /’e/, spelled –е. Feminine ending is the sound /’e/, spelled –е, except /i/, spelled –и for feminines in –ь. Exception: any prepositional ending that would be spelled –ие is spelled –ии instead (“the Pennsylvania rule”). The plural ending for all nouns is the sounds /ax/, spelled –ах or –ях (the latter after soft consonants or /j/). Prepositional practice: nouns B+ 0M —Bgome B + OOwWexKUTNe — B o6buexKuTUN B + KBapTupa — B KBapTupe B + KBapTUpbI — B KBapTupax The prepositional case: adjectives Masculine Neuter Feminine Plural Regular но́вом но́вой но́вых 7-letter rule ру́сском ру́сской ру́сских 7- and 5-letter rule хоро́шем хоро́шей хоро́ших Soft си́нем си́ней си́них Masculine/neuter ending is the sounds /om/, spelled –ом or –ем (the latter after soft consonants or where required by the 5-letter rule). Feminine ending is the sounds /oj/, spelled –ой, or /ej/, spelled –ей (after /j/ and where required by the 5-letter rule). Plural ending for all adjectives is the sounds /ix/, spelled –ых or –их (the latter after soft consonants or where required by the 7-letter rule). 7-letter rule: after к, г, х, ч, ш, щ, ж write и but not ы. 5-letter rule: after ц, ч, ш, щ, ж write unstressed е instead of unstressed о. Prepositional practice: possessives B+MON HOM — B MOéM OMe B + MOé OOLeEKUTUe — B MOéM O6<wlexKUTUU B + MOA KBapTupa — B MOEN KBapTUpe B + MOU KBapTMpbI — B MOMX KBapTupax The prepositional case: pronouns • кто́ (prepositional ко́м) – Кто́ э́то? (кто́ = nominative) – Э�то на́ш дру́г. (на́ш дру́г = nominative) – О ко́м вы́ говори́те? (о ко́м = prepositional) – Мы́ говори́м о на́шем дру́ге. (о на́шем дру́ге = prepositional) • что́ (prepositional чём) – Что́ э́то? (что́ = nominative) – Э�то его́ маши́на. (его́ маши́на = nominative) – О чём ты́ пи́шешь? (о чём = prepositional) – Я� пишу́ о его́ маши́не. (о его́ маши́не = prepositional) Uses of the prepositional case • Used only after prepositions – Cf. the nominative case, used for subjects • Used after the prepositions в, на, and о(б) – Not used after all prepositions Ты́ говори́шь … • about Russia – о Росси́и • about England – об А�нглии • about the dormitory – об общежи́тии • about this lecture – об эт́ой ле́кции • about the university – об университе́те • about Ivan – об Ива́не • about a Japanese man – о япо́нце • about a skirt – о ю́бке • about her suitcase – о её чемода́не The conjunctions и, а, and но́ • Three conjunctions that correspond to the two English conjunctions ‘and’ and ‘but’ • но́ is stressed, the other two are unstressed • Always write a comma before но́ • Do not write a comma before и or а (most of the time). – Never use a “serial comma” • Ivan, Dmitrij, and Fedor live in Moscow. • Ivan, Dmitrij and Fedor live in Moscow. • Ива́н, Дми́трий и фёдор живу́т в Москве́. и • и combines two things that are alike, with no expression of contrast or contradiction – Мы́ чита́ем и пи́шем хорошо́. • The subject is the same (мы́) and we do both things well. • The only difference is that there are two activities. – Мы́ пи́шем хорошо́ и вы́ пи́шете хорошо́. • The activity is the same (writing) and everyone does it well. • The only difference is that there are two subjects.
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