Comparative Study: Religious Influence on Ethics & Bioethics in Judaism, Christianity, & I, Exams of Community Corrections

Download Comparative Study: Religious Influence on Ethics & Bioethics in Judaism, Christianity, & I and more Exams Community Corrections in PDF only on Docsity! RELG 2650 Midterm 1 Exam Questions with Correct Answers. 1. What are the three Abrahamic religions? - Correct answer Judaism, Christianity, Islam 2. What are 2 great scholars that influenced Christianity - Correct answer Maimonides and In Sine? 3. All three religions were influenced by what type of thought - Correct answer Greek thought (Aristotle, Plato, and Galen) 4. Who is Elliot Doff - Correct answer Conservative Rabbi, Professor and bioethicist? Created a list of fundamental Jewish themes/beliefs regarding health care 5. Covenant - Correct answer an agreement between two parties, usually of unequal power. 6. Lists obligations and promises that both parties commit to 7. Noah ide covenant - Correct answer Gods covenant with Noah; sets forth moral love for all people 8. Covenant with Israel - Correct answer God promises the Israelites love and protection commitment in exchange for the Israelites keeping the commandments. 9. Five books of the torch - Correct answer Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy 10. What did Abraham do to make the Abrahamic religions - Correct answer Abraham left his homeland and made a covenant with God? 11. Omniscient - Correct answer all knowing 12. Omnipotent - Correct answer all powerful 13. 3 covenants regarding Judaism - Correct answer Covenant with Israel (Abraham, Exodus and Sinai) and no hide 14. Jewish interpretation of law - Correct answer - Torah needs to be interpreted - Use analogies from past debates + Talmud to apply to new situations 15. Talmud - Correct answer the collection of Jewish rabbinic discussion pertaining to law, ethics, and tradition consisting of the Mishnah (oral law) 16. Three body themes of Judaism - Correct answer Body belongs to God (our body isn't fully our own, like a loan) 17. Body is neutral 18. Help God preserve and protect world (have a duty to do good) 19. How does Judaism view medicine? - Correct answer - Long tradition of commitment to medicine, professions have a special duty to care for people - Founded many hospitals in the US 20. - 21. 4+ Branches of Christianity - Correct answer Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Coptic and many others 22. History of Christianity - Correct answer - Jesus crucified in 30 AD - Apostles carried his message throughout the Roman Empire 23. How did each branch of Christianity spread - Correct answer - spread to Germans and Slavs? - Split between Roman Catholic and Orthodox based on cultural divisions - Martin Luther protests medical church; creating the Protestant reformation which became many different branches 24. How does Christianity view medicine? - Correct answer Caring for the sick is an essential work of mercy 25. Protestantism - Correct answer less focused on law; forms their moral life on the narrative found in the scripture; founded many hospitals 26. Protestant stance on bioethical issues - Correct answer Protestants don't have one stance, but each denomination or individual will have its own position 27. Lutheranism - Correct answer the first Protestant faith, focuses on paradoxes - Christ is fully human and divine - Humans are free but governed by divine providence 28. Protestant Autonomy and Community views - Correct answer People have great dignity, are saved by the Church, and have duties to others 29. Protestant views on freedom - Correct answer - Humans have free will, so they are responsible for following God's commands - God will care for us, we should care for others 30. Protestant views on body - Correct answer Bodies are good 31. Bodies are essential, so we should care for them 32. We are spiritual beings with an eternal life 33. Protestant views on suffering - Correct answer should avoid suffering, but God brings good out of suffering 34. If eliminating suffering comes at the cost of being immortal, don't do it 35. What is Roman Catholicism - Correct answer - Most institutionalized Christian denomination - Single teaching authority - Bishop of Rome + pope 73. Belmont Report - Correct answer Statement of ethical guidelines and moral principles that should assist in resolving ethical issues - Mentioned Tuskegee - 3 principles to govern research: respect for persons, beneficence, justice 74. 4 principles of principles - Correct answer autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice 75. Who created principles - Correct answer Beauchamp (founder of this class, professor of religious studies at UVA) and Childress (Professor at Georgetown and consequentialist ethicist?) 76. What inspired the creators of principles - Correct answer The Belmont Report; they turned it into an ethical system for hospital and research ethics 77. Common morality - Correct answer Regardless of religion, there is a shared basic moral framework that can change during history 78. Specification of principles - Correct answer - principles are general guidelines - add context and reasoning to give specification 79. Assumption is valid until there are conflicts, then the decision maker can balance them 80. How can principles and religious ethics conflict - Correct answer Religious ethics have more absolute moral norms? 81. What to do when balancing moral principles of principlisms (6) - Correct answer 1. Have a good reason for overriding norm 82. 2. Realistic prospect of success 83. 3. No better alternative 84. 4. lowers level of infringement 85. 5. Minimize negative effect 86. 6. Impartial treatment 87. Rules of Principles (3) - Correct answer Substantive rules; concrete guidance on what should be done 88. Authority rules: who can make a decision (patient; doctor, next of kin?) 89. Procedural rules: procedure used make a decision (ethics committee, paperwork for informed consent) 90. John Evans - Correct answer Sociologist who studies bioethics with religion and science (principles) 91. Why did principles become popular? - Correct answer - A simple way to help make deacons - Usable by the bureaucracy and calculable 92. Problems with principles (4) - Correct answer - lose of nuance and reasoning behind by everything is done - Autonomy become dominants because it’s the easiest, justice gets pushed aside - To bureaucratic - Simplifiers everything into 4 categories 93. Problems with procedurals and autonomy - Correct answer 1. Individual’s anthropology 94. 2. Possibly wrong principles 95. 3. empowers those most at home in bureaucracies 96. 4. Can ignore deeper social issues 97. 5. Lacks mechanism for moral foundation 98. Edmund Pellegrino - Correct answer Doctor, professor of medicine, wrote on philosophy and theology in relation to medicine, founded a center for bioethics 99. What is Pellegrino's argument (3) - Correct answer - Medicine and nursing are service and social job, the ethics aren't just between the individual doctor and patient; but as the entire social practice - Ethics of medicine are under attack by the marketplace and bureaucracy - External goods are required but can sometimes threaten internal goods of medicine - Use the professional model - risks of paternalism are worth it 100. What is morality of medicine as a practice - Correct answer 1? Special situation is the fact of illness 101. 2. Internal good - Good of patient 102. 3. Social privileges and responsibilities (that doctors have) 103. 4. Special responsibility (of the doctor) 104. Fact of illness regarding morality - Correct answer Patient is vulnerable so there is a fundamental inequality for the clinician 105. What are the different meanings of good? - Correct answer 1. Technical biological definition 106. 2. Best interest as the patient understands it (foregoing care if too painful) 107. 3. Helping patient use their autonomy 108. 4. Spiritual good realizing their ultimate ends 109. What are doctor's special responsibility (2) - Correct answer - Final call in patients well being - Special trust demands special obligation 110. Internal goods - Correct answer inherent reasons for doing medicine (helping others) 111. External goals - Correct answer tangible reasons for dong medicine (income, power, prestige) 112. Virtue ethics - Correct answer do what the ideal physician would do (wisdom, courage, temperance, justice) 113. What ethics has religious traditions adopted - Correct answer Virtue Ethics? 114. Problems with virtue ethics (4) - Correct answer 1. Not transparent in how actions are decided upon. 115. 2. What if virtuous people disagree? 116. 3. Can sometimes become vicious 117. 4. Problems with new technologies 118. Dignity - Correct answer the quality of being worthy of esteem or respect, disagreed on how to use this concept 119. (Deserving of respect) 120. Stoicism - Correct answer - First place where dignity occurred in western though - People universally have a higher level reasoning and self-worth 121. Kant and Dignity - Correct answer Dignity comes from the human ability to self- govern, and recognize moral law 122. Treat others as ends rather than means 123. 3 forms of categorical imperative - You are not an exception - Treat others as ends instead of means - Doctors shouldn't hold information from others to respect autonomy. 124. Imago Dei - Correct answer Dignity from being created in Gods image 125. We are made in the image of God 126. Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Correct answer Made nations observe many specific rights including life, freedom from torture, freedom of thought etc. 127. Founded in human dignity 128. Autonomy and human dignity - Correct answer respecting the autonomy of a patient affirms dignity 129. Obligations surrounding autonomy in a clinical setting (dos and don'ts) - Correct answer don’t attempt to control the decisions of others (withholding information, manipulation, payment to research subjects). 130. Do foster autonomy (disclose information, ensure understanding, and respect fiduciary nature of relationship) 131. What is the first principle in biomedical ethics - Correct answer respect for autonomy? 132. Shared decision making and opinion on it - Correct answer - Clinician helps patient reason through their alternatives to help them best realize their good - Doesn't overwhelm the patents autonomous choice, supports it 133. Process of informed consent - Correct answer - Disclose necessary information (details and risk of procedure, other options, conflicts of interest) - Ensure competence - Obtain agreement 134. List the 3 standards of disclosure - Correct answer - Professional practice - Reasonable person - Subjective 177. How do different religions look at health care obligation - Correct answer - Jewish: duty to respond to medical need and care for patients - Christin: charity - Islamic: zakat 178. 3 parts of health care and justice - Correct answer Obligation, individual right, social justice 179. Imago die in right to health care in Catholics - Correct answer we have to right to the fundamental things needed to stay alive 180. Right to health according to WHO - Correct answer the complete state of mental and social wellbeing, not just the absence of disease (unrealistic better to think of a right to access a reasonable standard of health care) 181. Can humans survive individually? - Correct answer No; we are relationship oriented people 182. Gene Outlaw - Correct answer Professor of Christian ethics with influential publications - What is the measure of a just distribution? 183. What are the measures of just distribution? - Correct answer Merit (most excellent) 184. Social worth (contribution) 185. Ability to pay 186. Need 187. Basic good (everyone gets a certain level) 188. Problems of merit, wealth and social worth - Correct answer Health crises occur beyond our control; unequal spending 189. What did Outlaw decide - Correct answer set a reasonable floor of basic health services that everyone has access to (can lead to problems including kidney care) 190. What are the social determinants of health (5) - Correct answer 1. Health care and quality 191. 2. Neighborhood and Built Environment 192. 3. Social and Community Context 193. Education and Access Quality 194. 5. Economic stability 195. Structural Violence: - Correct answer Social structures of inequality and history place some individuals at a greater risk for suffering, violence, illness and death. (Not just violence perpetrated by individuals) - Invisible, normalized, not of malicious intent, reinforced by institutions - Not as autonomous as it seems 196. Paul Farmer - Correct answer - Helped found Partners in Health, which helped bring 11 countries in need quality health care 197. What’s Paul Farmer's conception of cultural violence (2) - Correct answer geographically broad and historically deep (slavery, colonialism etc.) 198. Preferential option for the poor - Correct answer a trend in the Bible where priority is given to the poor and powerless in society 199. Triage and what are the 4 levels - Correct answer Used in disasters, wartime, emergency rooms 200. First: those who will die without immediate treatment, but who can be saved 201. Second: those whose treatment can be delayed without threat of death 202. Third: those with minor injuries 203. Fourth: those who cannot be saved 204. John Harris deciding between patients - Correct answer Critiqued problems of moral evaluation 205. QALY - Correct answer Quality-adjusted life years; weigh each year of life by perceived quality from 0 to 1 206. Problems with QALYs - Correct answer - Discriminates against old people and people with disabilities - Favors cheaper treatment - Doesn't differentiate between saving multiple lives or giving one individual a long life - Different interpretations on what quality of life is. 207. Paul Farmer's views on cost effectiveness (by using prevention) - Correct answer prevention isn't effective because causes of disease are structural (AIDS) 208. No one will get tested unless there is a possibility of treatment 209. Moral worth - Correct answer the praiseworthy feature of an action that fulfills one's moral duty. - Ex; church attendance, being famous 210. One example of bias in algorithms and technology - Correct answer Pulse dosimeter: - Estimates oxygen saturation of blood by measuring light absorption - Calibrated using mainly light skin, so black patients had overestimated oxygen saturation levels - Black patients sent to the hospital less 211. Alignment problem - Correct answer how do computers know our exact goals? - Ex: can force all humans to make paper clips if we want the most paper clips in the world 212.Privacy as concern - Correct answer Data can be widely shared