Religious Influences on Bioethics: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, Exams of Community Corrections

Download Religious Influences on Bioethics: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam and more Exams Community Corrections in PDF only on Docsity! RELG 2650 Midterm 1 Exam Questio ns with Correct Answers. 1. What are the three Abrahamic religions? - Correct answer Judaism, Christianity, Islam 2. What are 2 great scholars that influenced Christianity - Correct answer Maimonides and In Sine? 3. All three religions were influenced by what type of thought - Correct answer Greek thought (Aristotle, Plato, and Galen) 4. Who is Elliot Doff - Correct answer Conservative Rabbi, Professor and bioethicist? Created a list of fundamental Jewish themes/beliefs regarding health care 5. Covenant - Correct answer an agreement between two parties, usually of unequal power. 6. Lists obligations and promises that both parties commit to 7. Noah ide covenant - Correct answer Gods covenant with Noah; sets forth moral love for all people 8. Covenant with Israel - Correct answer God promises the Israelites love and protection commitment in exchange for the Israelites keeping the commandments. 9. Five books of the torch - Correct answer Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy 10. What did Abraham do to make the Abrahamic religions - Correct answer Abraham left his homeland and made a covenant with God? 11. Omniscient - Correct answer all knowing 12. Omnipotent - Correct answer all powerful 13. 3 covenants regarding Judaism - Correct answer Covenant with Israel (Abraham, Exodus and Sinai) and no hide 14. Jewish interpretation of law - Correct answer - Torah needs to be interpreted - Use analogies from past debates + Talmud to apply to new situations 15. Talmud - Correct answer the collection of Jewish rabbinic discussion pertaining to law, ethics, and tradition consisting of the Mishnah (oral law) 16. Three body themes of Judaism - Correct answer Body belongs to God (our body isn't fully our own, like a loan) 17. Body is neutral 18. Help God preserve and protect world (have a duty to do good) 19. How does Judaism view medicine? - Correct answer - Long tradition of commitment to medicine, professions have a special duty to care for people - Founded many hospitals in the US 20. - 21. 4+ Branches of Christianity - Correct answer Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Coptic and many others 22. History of Christianity - Correct answer - Jesus crucified in 30 AD - Apostles carried his message throughout the Roman Empire 23. How did each branch of Christianity spread - Correct answer - spread to Germans and Slavs? - Split between Roman Catholic and Orthodox based on cultural divisions - Martin Luther protests medical church; creating the Protestant reformation which became many different branches Page 1 of 9 24. How does Christianity view medicine? - Correct answer Caring for the sick is an essential work of mercy 25. Protestantism - Correct answer less focused on law; forms their moral life on the narrative found in the scripture; founded many hospitals 26. Protestant stance on bioethical issues - Correct answer Protestants don't have one stance, but each denomination or individual will have its own position 27. Lutheranism - Correct answer the first Protestant faith, focuses on paradoxes - Christ is fully human and divine - Humans are free but governed by divine providence 28. Protestant Autonomy and Community views - Correct answer People have great dignity, are saved by the Church, and have duties to others 29. Protestant views on freedom - Correct answer - Humans have free will, so they are responsible for following God's commands - God will care for us, we should care for others 30. Protestant views on body - Correct answer Bodies are good 31. Bodies are essential, so we should care for them 32. We are spiritual beings with an eternal life 33. Protestant views on suffering - Correct answer should avoid suffering, but God brings good out of suffering 34. If eliminating suffering comes at the cost of being immortal, don't do it 35. What is Roman Catholicism - Correct answer - Most institutionalized Christian denomination - Single teaching authority - Bishop of Rome + pope 36. State and define the four sources for Catholicism and medicine - Correct answer Nature (fundamentally good, but darkened by sin) 37. Scripture (reveals things not known by reason) 38. Tradition (helps interpret natural law) 39. Magisterium (Church helps clarify disagreements in tradition and apply it to new issues) 40. Catholicism moral guidance - Correct answer - Few actions are intrinsically evil - Tradition can help make decisions - One can make their own decisions, but they should be formed by tradition 41. Islam quote on unity - Correct answer "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his messenger" 42. Islam history - Correct answer - Angel Gabriel reveals Quran to Muhammad - Expanded to the Middle East and Asia by conversion - Sunni and Shi'a branches split and continue to grow 43. Five pillars of Islam - Correct answer Profession of Faith 44. Prayer 45. Alms 46. Fasting / Ramadan 47. Hajj 48. Mohammad Ali-Bar and Hassan Chasm-Pasha - Correct answer Muslim doctors and bioethics 49. Islam sources - Correct answer Quran: Revelation from angel Gabriel to Muhammad 50. Sunni: sayings and deeds or the prophet 51. Irma: consensus of learned scholars and prophets on disputed questions 52. Omiya: case based reasoning of issues by legal scholars Page 2 of 9 98. Edmund Pellegrino - Correct answer Doctor, professor of medicine, wrote on philosophy and theology in relation to medicine, founded a center for bioethics 99. What is Pellegrino's argument (3) - Correct answer - Medicine and nursing are service and social job, the ethics aren't just between the individual doctor and patient; but as the entire social practice - Ethics of medicine are under attack by the marketplace and bureaucracy - External goods are required but can sometimes threaten internal goods of medicine - Use the professional model - risks of paternalism are worth it 100. What is morality of medicine as a practice - Correct answer 1? Special situation is the fact of illness 101. 2. Internal good - Good of patient 102. 3. Social privileges and responsibilities (that doctors have) 103. 4. Special responsibility (of the doctor) 104. Fact of illness regarding morality - Correct answer Patient is vulnerable so there is a fundamental inequality for the clinician 105. What are the different meanings of good? - Correct answer 1. Technical biological definition 106. 2. Best interest as the patient understands it (foregoing care if too painful) 107. 3. Helping patient use their autonomy 108. 4. Spiritual good realizing their ultimate ends 109. What are doctor's special responsibility (2) - Correct answer - Final call in patients well being - Special trust demands special obligation 110. Internal goods - Correct answer inherent reasons for doing medicine (helping others) 111. External goals - Correct answer tangible reasons for dong medicine (income, power, prestige) 112. Virtue ethics - Correct answer do what the ideal physician would do (wisdom, courage, temperance, justice) 113. What ethics has religious traditions adopted - Correct answer Virtue Ethics? 114. Problems with virtue ethics (4) - Correct answer 1. Not transparent in how actions are decided upon. 115. 2. What if virtuous people disagree? 116. 3. Can sometimes become vicious 117. 4. Problems with new technologies 118. Dignity - Correct answer the quality of being worthy of esteem or respect, disagreed on how to use this concept 119. (Deserving of respect) 120. Stoicism - Correct answer - First place where dignity occurred in western though - People universally have a higher level reasoning and self-worth 121. Kant and Dignity - Correct answer Dignity comes from the human ability to self-govern, and recognize moral law 122. Treat others as ends rather than means 123. 3 forms of categorical imperative - You are not an exception - Treat others as ends instead of means - Doctors shouldn't hold information from others to respect autonomy. Page 5 of 9 124. Imago Dei - Correct answer Dignity from being created in Gods image 125. We are made in the image of God 126. Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Correct answer Made nations observe many specific rights including life, freedom from torture, freedom of thought etc. 127. Founded in human dignity 128. Autonomy and human dignity - Correct answer respecting the autonomy of a patient affirms dignity 129. Obligations surrounding autonomy in a clinical setting (dos and don'ts) - Correct answer don’t attempt to control the decisions of others (withholding information, manipulation, payment to research subjects). 130. Do foster autonomy (disclose information, ensure understanding, and respect fiduciary nature of relationship) 131. What is the first principle in biomedical ethics - Correct answer respect for autonomy? 132. Shared decision making and opinion on it - Correct answer - Clinician helps patient reason through their alternatives to help them best realize their good - Doesn't overwhelm the patents autonomous choice, supports it 133. Process of informed consent - Correct answer - Disclose necessary information (details and risk of procedure, other options, conflicts of interest) - Ensure competence - Obtain agreement 134. List the 3 standards of disclosure - Correct answer - Professional practice - Reasonable person - Subjective 135. Professional practice (definition + problem) - Correct answer what is standard in the field 136. Problem: loose because the profession could be paternalistic 137. Reasonable person (definition + problem) - Correct answer what a reasonable person would want to know in the situation 138. Problem: very vague 139. Subjective (definition + problem) - Correct answer what the specific individual needs to know to make an informed choice - Difficult standard to meet 140. Therapeutic misconceptions in clinical trial - Correct answer Patients believe that the clinical trial will help them (which usually doesn't happen) 141. What are the 3 accepted accessions for duty to obtain consent - Correct answer Emergency? 142. Incompetence 143. Waiver 144. What are 4 controversial exceptions for duty to obtain consent? - Correct answer Therapeutic privilege - if providing people with information would place them in more harm (physical therapy) 145. Medical records 146. Anonym zed samples 147. Placebo 148. What happened and what were the problems with research on the Havasupai Tribe - Correct answer - The tribe partnered w/ ASU to stop diabetes - ASU used their data for much more than diabetes without their consent Page 6 of 9 149. Can patient autonomy be perfect? Why or why not - Correct answer No because the patient is always somewhat dependent on the doctor (they have a lack of knowledge on alternatives, medicine, etc.) 150. Conscience and physician autonomy - Correct answer 151. Why professional model of medicine paternalism - Correct answer isn’t because the clinician is seeking the patient's total good as the patient understands it 152. Problems with the provider of services model - Correct answer - Being neutral hides a power differential, it doesn't eliminate it - Clinician can help with the burden of hard decisions - The risk of paternalism is worth it (according to Pellegrino) 153. What 2 parties have autonomy - Correct answer clinician and patient? 154. 2 types of judgment that a clinician has and their definition - Correct answer moral judgment (moral views; doctor assisting in the death penalty) 155. Professional judgment (telling them if a treatment is advisable or not 156. Conscience - Correct answer our individual moral judgment 157. Conscious vs. authority and when it has been used (modern and ancient life) - Correct answer - Can't deny your most fundamental beliefs - Why Abrahamic religions honor martyrs - Respect for civil disobedience 158. Pellegrino’s stance on moral judgment and professional autonomy - Correct answer they call under the same category (ex: handing out oxycontin illegally) 159. When do conflicts arise with physician autonomy (5) - Correct answer policies, laws, patient requests, moral and religious beliefs 160. When does moral distress occur - Correct answer when one knows the ethically correct action but feels powerless to take that action 161. 6 causes of moral distress in healthcare - Correct answer 1. Power imbalances on healthcare team 162. 2. Poor communication 163. 3. Pressures for cost reduction 164. 4. Legal fears 165. 5. Lack of support from hospital administration 166. 6. Harmful hospital policies 167. Results of moral distress (3) - Correct answer moral numbing 168. Conscientious objection 169. Burnout 170. Ways to address moral distress - Correct answer - Talk to manager about problems - Transfer care - Leave 171. Provider of care model of medicine and its two types - Correct answer Clinician follows directives of patient of health system - Bureaucratic model: if patient has X, give them Y - Market model: provide patients with the drugs they want 172. Professional model of medicine - Correct answer both patient and clinician have autonomy in healing relationship 173. Shared decision making 174. Pellegrino likes this Page 7 of 9