Comparative Study of Body Themes and Ethical Values in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, Exams of Community Corrections

Download Comparative Study of Body Themes and Ethical Values in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam and more Exams Community Corrections in PDF only on Docsity! RELG 2650 Midterm 1 Ex am Questions with Correct Answers. What are the three Abrahamic religions? - Correct answer Judaism, Christianity, Islam What are 2 great scholars that influenced Christianity - Correct answer Maimonides and In Sine? All three religions were influenced by what type of thought - Correct answer Greek thought (Aristotle, Plato, and Galen) Who is Elliot Doff - Correct answer Conservative Rabbi, Professor and bioethicist? Created a list of fundamental Jewish themes/beliefs regarding health care Covenant - Correct answer an agreement between two parties, usually of unequal power. Lists obligations and promises that both parties commit to Noah ide covenant - Correct answer Gods covenant with Noah; sets forth moral love for all people Covenant with Israel - Correct answer God promises the Israelites love and protection commitment in exchange for the Israelites keeping the commandments. Five books of the torch - Correct answer Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy What did Abraham do to make the Abrahamic religions - Correct answer Abraham left his homeland and made a covenant with God? Omniscient - Correct answer all knowing Omnipotent - Correct answer all powerful 3 covenants regarding Judaism - Correct answer Covenant with Israel (Abraham, Exodus and Sinai) and no hide Jewish interpretation of law - Correct answer - Torah needs to be interpreted - Use analogies from past debates + Talmud to apply to new situations Talmud - Correct answer the collection of Jewish rabbinic discussion pertaining to law, ethics, and tradition consisting of the Mishnah (oral law) Three body themes of Judaism - Correct answer Body belongs to God (our body isn't fully our own, like a loan) Body is neutral Help God preserve and protect world (have a duty to do good) How does Judaism view medicine? - Correct answer - Long tradition of commitment to medicine, professions have a special duty to care for people - Founded many hospitals in the US - 4+ Branches of Christianity - Correct answer Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Coptic and many others History of Christianity - Correct answer - Jesus crucified in 30 AD - Apostles carried his message throughout the Roman Empire How did each branch of Christianity spread - Correct answer - spread to Germans and Slavs? - Split between Roman Catholic and Orthodox based on cultural divisions - Martin Luther protests medical church; creating the Protestant reformation which became many different branches How does Christianity view medicine? - Correct answer Caring for the sick is an essential work of mercy Protestantism - Correct answer less focused on law; forms their moral life on the narrative found in the scripture; founded many hospitals Protestant stance on bioethical issues - Correct answer Protestants don't have one stance, but each denomination or individual will have its own position Lutheranism - Correct answer the first Protestant faith, focuses on paradoxes - Christ is fully human and divine - Humans are free but governed by divine providence Protestant Autonomy and Community views - Correct answer People have great dignity, are saved by the Church, and have duties to others Protestant views on freedom - Correct answer - Humans have free will, so they are responsible for following God's commands - God will care for us, we should care for others Protestant views on body - Correct answer Bodies are good Bodies are essential, so we should care for them We are spiritual beings with an eternal life Protestant views on suffering - Correct answer should avoid suffering, but God brings good out of suffering What is the Tuskegee Syphilis Study (3) - Correct answer - 40 black men infected with syphilis were observed - weren't told they had syphilis - No treatment offered even when there was treatment available Why the Tuskegee Syphilis Study problematic - Correct answer - vulnerable group was was targeted - treated people as research subjects instead of real people - prioritized knowledge over patient welfare - hid information (purpose of experiment, gave painful spinal taps, own medical condition, no informed consent) - Biological over social causes (thought syphilis was different in Black patients due to eugenics) - Upheld institutional interests (knew they wouldn't be able to do it again if they stopped) Belmont Report - Correct answer Statement of ethical guidelines and moral principles that should assist in resolving ethical issues - Mentioned Tuskegee - 3 principles to govern research: respect for persons, beneficence, justice 4 principles of principles - Correct answer autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice Who created principles - Correct answer Beauchamp (founder of this class, professor of religious studies at UVA) and Childress (Professor at Georgetown and consequentialist ethicist?) What inspired the creators of principles - Correct answer The Belmont Report; they turned it into an ethical system for hospital and research ethics Common morality - Correct answer Regardless of religion, there is a shared basic moral framework that can change during history Specification of principles - Correct answer - principles are general guidelines - add context and reasoning to give specification Assumption is valid until there are conflicts, then the decision maker can balance them How can principles and religious ethics conflict - Correct answer Religious ethics have more absolute moral norms? What to do when balancing moral principles of principlisms (6) - Correct answer 1. Have a good reason for overriding norm 2. Realistic prospect of success 3. No better alternative 4. lowers level of infringement 5. Minimize negative effect 6. Impartial treatment Rules of Principles (3) - Correct answer Substantive rules; concrete guidance on what should be done Authority rules: who can make a decision (patient; doctor, next of kin?) Procedural rules: procedure used make a decision (ethics committee, paperwork for informed consent) John Evans - Correct answer Sociologist who studies bioethics with religion and science (principles) Why did principles become popular? - Correct answer - A simple way to help make deacons - Usable by the bureaucracy and calculable Problems with principles (4) - Correct answer - lose of nuance and reasoning behind by everything is done - Autonomy become dominants because it’s the easiest, justice gets pushed aside - To bureaucratic - Simplifiers everything into 4 categories Problems with procedurals and autonomy - Correct answer 1. Individual’s anthropology 2. Possibly wrong principles 3. empowers those most at home in bureaucracies 4. Can ignore deeper social issues 5. Lacks mechanism for moral foundation Edmund Pellegrino - Correct answer Doctor, professor of medicine, wrote on philosophy and theology in relation to medicine, founded a center for bioethics What is Pellegrino's argument (3) - Correct answer - Medicine and nursing are service and social job, the ethics aren't just between the individual doctor and patient; but as the entire social practice - Ethics of medicine are under attack by the marketplace and bureaucracy - External goods are required but can sometimes threaten internal goods of medicine - Use the professional model - risks of paternalism are worth it What is morality of medicine as a practice - Correct answer 1? Special situation is the fact of illness 2. Internal good - Good of patient 3. Social privileges and responsibilities (that doctors have) 4. Special responsibility (of the doctor) Fact of illness regarding morality - Correct answer Patient is vulnerable so there is a fundamental inequality for the clinician What are the different meanings of good? - Correct answer 1. Technical biological definition 2. Best interest as the patient understands it (foregoing care if too painful) 3. Helping patient use their autonomy 4. Spiritual good realizing their ultimate ends What are doctor's special responsibility (2) - Correct answer - Final call in patients well being - Special trust demands special obligation Internal goods - Correct answer inherent reasons for doing medicine (helping others) External goals - Correct answer tangible reasons for dong medicine (income, power, prestige) Virtue ethics - Correct answer do what the ideal physician would do (wisdom, courage, temperance, justice) What ethics has religious traditions adopted - Correct answer Virtue Ethics? Problems with virtue ethics (4) - Correct answer 1. Not transparent in how actions are decided upon. 2. What if virtuous people disagree? 3. Can sometimes become vicious 4. Problems with new technologies Dignity - Correct answer the quality of being worthy of esteem or respect, disagreed on how to use this concept (Deserving of respect) Stoicism - Correct answer - First place where dignity occurred in western though - People universally have a higher level reasoning and self-worth Kant and Dignity - Correct answer Dignity comes from the human ability to self-govern, and recognize moral law Treat others as ends rather than means 3 forms of categorical imperative - You are not an exception - Treat others as ends instead of means - Doctors shouldn't hold information from others to respect autonomy. Imago Dei - Correct answer Dignity from being created in Gods image We are made in the image of God When does moral distress occur - Correct answer when one knows the ethically correct action but feels powerless to take that action 6 causes of moral distress in healthcare - Correct answer 1. Power imbalances on healthcare team 2. Poor communication 3. Pressures for cost reduction 4. Legal fears 5. Lack of support from hospital administration 6. Harmful hospital policies Results of moral distress (3) - Correct answer moral numbing Conscientious objection Burnout Ways to address moral distress - Correct answer - Talk to manager about problems - Transfer care - Leave Provider of care model of medicine and its two types - Correct answer Clinician follows directives of patient of health system - Bureaucratic model: if patient has X, give them Y - Market model: provide patients with the drugs they want Professional model of medicine - Correct answer both patient and clinician have autonomy in healing relationship Shared decision making Pellegrino likes this Adversarial model of medicine - Correct answer Patient sees clinician as a threat to autonomy (against paternalism) Why has the right to health changed - Correct answer Doctors used to overcharge wealthier clients to help pay for poorer ones; but this can't happen because care has become much more expensive How do different religions look at health care obligation - Correct answer - Jewish: duty to respond to medical need and care for patients - Christin: charity - Islamic: zakat 3 parts of health care and justice - Correct answer Obligation, individual right, social justice Imago die in right to health care in Catholics - Correct answer we have to right to the fundamental things needed to stay alive Right to health according to WHO - Correct answer the complete state of mental and social wellbeing, not just the absence of disease (unrealistic better to think of a right to access a reasonable standard of health care) Can humans survive individually? - Correct answer No; we are relationship oriented people Gene Outlaw - Correct answer Professor of Christian ethics with influential publications - What is the measure of a just distribution? What are the measures of just distribution? - Correct answer Merit (most excellent) Social worth (contribution) Ability to pay Need Basic good (everyone gets a certain level) Problems of merit, wealth and social worth - Correct answer Health crises occur beyond our control; unequal spending What did Outlaw decide - Correct answer set a reasonable floor of basic health services that everyone has access to (can lead to problems including kidney care) What are the social determinants of health (5) - Correct answer 1. Health care and quality 2. Neighborhood and Built Environment 3. Social and Community Context Education and Access Quality 5. Economic stability Structural Violence: - Correct answer Social structures of inequality and history place some individuals at a greater risk for suffering, violence, illness and death. (Not just violence perpetrated by individuals) - Invisible, normalized, not of malicious intent, reinforced by institutions - Not as autonomous as it seems Paul Farmer - Correct answer - Helped found Partners in Health, which helped bring 11 countries in need quality health care What’s Paul Farmer's conception of cultural violence (2) - Correct answer geographically broad and historically deep (slavery, colonialism etc.) Preferential option for the poor - Correct answer a trend in the Bible where priority is given to the poor and powerless in society Triage and what are the 4 levels - Correct answer Used in disasters, wartime, emergency rooms First: those who will die without immediate treatment, but who can be saved Second: those whose treatment can be delayed without threat of death Third: those with minor injuries Fourth: those who cannot be saved John Harris deciding between patients - Correct answer Critiqued problems of moral evaluation QALY - Correct answer Quality-adjusted life years; weigh each year of life by perceived quality from 0 to 1 Problems with QALYs - Correct answer - Discriminates against old people and people with disabilities - Favors cheaper treatment - Doesn't differentiate between saving multiple lives or giving one individual a long life - Different interpretations on what quality of life is. Paul Farmer's views on cost effectiveness (by using prevention) - Correct answer prevention isn't effective because causes of disease are structural (AIDS) No one will get tested unless there is a possibility of treatment Moral worth - Correct answer the praiseworthy feature of an action that fulfills one's moral duty. - Ex; church attendance, being famous One example of bias in algorithms and technology - Correct answer Pulse dosimeter: - Estimates oxygen saturation of blood by measuring light absorption - Calibrated using mainly light skin, so black patients had overestimated oxygen saturation levels - Black patients sent to the hospital less Alignment problem - Correct answer how do computers know our exact goals? - Ex: can force all humans to make paper clips if we want the most paper clips in the world Privacy as concern - Correct answer Data can be widely shared