Community Health and Public Health Nursing: Roles, Functions, and Challenges, Exams of Nursing

Download Community Health and Public Health Nursing: Roles, Functions, and Challenges and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified . "Red Man" Syndrome may occur during the administration of vancomycin (Vancocin), primarily due to - ansAn increase in histamine production *WRONG* Which medication is used to treat iron toxicity? - ansA) digoxin immune fab (Digibind) B) Naloxone (Narcan) C) Mephyton (Vitamin K) D) *WRONG* deferoxamine (Digibind) *WRONG* Which of the following anticoagulant is MOST commonly administered for DVT prophylaxis in a patient who has undergone a hip replacement? - ansA)*WRONG* heparin B) enoxaparin C) aspirin D) warfarin A nurse is caring for a patient with hyperparathyroidism and notes that the patient's serum calcium level is 13mg/dl. Which medication should the nurse prepare to administer as prescribed to the patient? - anscalcintonin (Miacalcin) A patient has a prescription to take Guaifenesin (Mucinex) every 4 hours, as needed. The nurse determines that the patient understands the MOST effective use of the medication if the patient states that he or she will: - anstake the medication with a full glass of water A patient's capillary blood glucose reading is 33mg/dl. Which of the following medications will the nurse administer if the patient is unable to tolerate PO? - ansDextrose 50% IV push A provider orders one liter of NS to be infused over four hours. At what rate would you set the IV pump? - ans250ml/hr Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) has which of the following pharmacological effects? - ansAnti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, decrease platelet aggregation Convert 1.2 milligrams to micrograms - ans1200 mcg Normal Saline (NS) is the solution of choice over D5W when preparing to administer a blood transfusion because: - ansNormal Saline is an isotonic solution and prevents cell hemolysis Patient is to receive 5mg/kg of medication. Patient weighs 80kg. How much would you administer? - ans400mg RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified Sildenafil (Viagra) is prescribed to treat a patient with erectile dysfunction. A nurse reviews the patient's medical record and would question the prescription if which of the following is noted in the history? - ansUse of nitroglycerin Sildenaphil(viagra) is prescribed to treat a patient with erectile dysfuction. A nurse reviews the patient's medical record and would question the prescription of which of the following is noted in the history? - ansUse of Nitroglycerin The dosage of which drug must be tapered off slowly to prevent acute adrenal insufficiency? - ansprednisone (Deltasone) The patient is diagnosed with multiple myeloma. The physician has ordered cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan). Which instruction should be given to the patient? - ansIncrease daily water intake The patient is diagnosed with multiple Myeloma. The physician has ordered cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan). Which instruction should be given to the patient? - ansIncrease daily water intake When a patient has pernicious anemia, the nurse would expect to give them: - ansVitamin B12 When caring for a patient with a central line who is receiving TPN, what is the MOST important action on the part of the nurse to prevent CLABSI? - ansPerform correct sterile technique for dressing change at the CVC site When teaching a new nurse on how to administer IV push furosemide (Lasix), you emphasize that it should be given over two minutes to avoid: - anstinnitus Which of the following is considered an antiplatelet medication? - ansclopidogrel (Plavix) Which of the following medications is known to cause orange-colored urine? - ansphenazopyridine (Pyridium) Which of the following medications should be held today considering that your patient received IV contract two hours ago fir a CT scan? - ansMetformin (Glucophage) Which of the following medications should be questioned by the nurse, if ordered by the provider to treat a patient's complaint of nausea and vomiting? - ansfamotidine (Pepcid) Which of the following medications will crystalize when mixed with D5NS? - ansphenytoin (Dilantin) RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified process function of case finding and includes such activities as applying screening tools according to program goals and objectives. 1. A nurse is assigned to provide community outreach to a small town that was partially destroyed by a tornado 3 years earlier and has been rebuilt. The first client is a family who lost their home and their best friend in the tornado. The best intervention would include: a. assessment of the family's home environment to rule out safety issues. b. avoidance of discussion of the disaster of 3 years ago. c. consideration that the family will have worked through the emotional aftermath by now. d. support of the family in preparing a personal disaster response plan. - ANSANS: D The approach of relief activities needs to shift from short-term aid to long-term support. Promoting individual, family, and community preparedness increases safety in the event of disaster and can help children and adults feel empowered. This builds on the resilience of the individual, family, and/or community. Individuals and families still need to be assessed for indications of mental distress (case finding) and referred to a mental health professional if the need exists. Open discussions of the family's response to the slow process of recovery or long-term results of living under adverse conditions can uncover lingering mental distress or exacerbations of chronic conditions that require attention. During the initial stages of recovery environmental safety issues should have been addressed. 1. A nurse performing home hospice case management notes the increasing number of hospice clients who lack caregivers in the home environment. The nurse identifies the potential need for a hospice house facility to meet the needs of these clients. The case management process frequently reveals larger picture issues such as which of the following?(Select all that apply.) a. Community cost concerns b. Community conflict resolution skills c. Community satisfaction d. Community weaknesses in quality of services e. Community weaknesses in quantity of services - ANSANS: D, E Case management activities with individual clients and families very often reveal the larger picture of health services and health status of a community. General community weaknesses in the quality and quantity of services often are discovered. The nurse can then intervene at the community level to initiate changes. In this case, the nurse identified a deficiency in the quality of hospice services to individuals who did not have a caregiver in the home environment and the parallel concern of the lack of hospice- related facilities to meet the needs of these clients to achieve a quality dying process. RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified 1. A nurse volunteering at a local homeless shelter notes that many of the clients have acute and chronic illnesses and are in need of primary health care services. The most effective strategy to consider when networking with homeless individuals, families, or populations is to: a. form a community partnership to establish a clinic for homeless persons. b. create a trusting environment and establish a therapeutic relationship. c. collaborate with the local United Way to obtain funding for primary care services. d. dialogue with local clergy to address the unmet primary care need for homeless persons. - ANSANS: B Nurses need to be able to work with poor and homeless clients to promote, maintain, and restore health. Nurses must be prepared to look at the whole picture: the person, the family, and the community interacting with the environment. In working with the homeless, it is important to create a trusting environment. Trust is essential to the development of a therapeutic relationship with poor or homeless persons. Many clients and families have been disappointed by interactions with health care and social systems. They are now mistrustful and see little hope for change. Establishing a trusting relationship lays the foundation for a more comprehensive assessment of clients' perception of their health care needs and a determination of factors that may contribute to their current health status issues. 1. A school nurse is teaching a class of sophomores about the relationship between the risk of sexually transmitted disease (STD) and risk-taking behaviors. A key point to include is: a. all STDs are easily preventable with consistent condom use. b. once a young woman is pregnant, she is no longer at risk for most STDs. c. STDs are most likely to be transmitted during a student's initial sexual encounter. d. use of alcohol and drugs makes a student more likely to make decisions that result in exposure to and infection with STDs. - ANSANS: D Drug use is linked to STD transmission because drugs such as alcohol lower inhibitions and impair judgment about engaging in risky behaviors. Addictions to drugs may cause individuals to acquire the drug or money to purchase the drug by performing sexual favors. This increases both the frequency of sexual contacts and the chances of contracting STDs. Adolescents are particularly at risk. Not all STDs are preventable through condom use. The challenge of preventing human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (genital warts) is that condoms do not necessarily prevent infection because warts may grow in areas that barriers such as condoms do not cover and skin-to-skin contact may occur 1. Advantages of community health program planning include ensuring that available resources are used to meet the needs of the population and: a. applying for grants. b. identifying clients and soliciting board members' support. c. identifying resources, activities, and needs. RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified d. increasing the visibility of the program. - ANSANS: C Community health program planning is population focused and puts the well-being of the public above private interests. Systematic planning for meeting the needs of populations in a community has benefits for clients, nurses, employing agencies, and the community. It ensures that available resources are used to address the actual needs of people in the community, focuses attention on what the organization and health provider are attempting to do for clients, identifies resources and activities that are needed to meet the objectives of client services, reduces role ambiguity by giving responsibility to specific providers to meet program objectives, reduces uncertainty within the program environment, increases the ability of the provider and agency to cope with the external environment and anticipate events, allows for quality decision making, and provides better control over the actual program results. Identifying clients, soliciting board support, applying for grants, and promoting the actual program are steps in the implementation phase of program management. 1. Effects of homelessness on health care outcomes can be devastating and may include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Higher incidence of acute and chronic disease b. Higher risk of physical trauma c. Crisis-oriented health care, usually in emergency departments d. Reduced eligibility for entitlement/assistance programs e. Lack of awareness of care options - ANSANS: A, B, C, E Homelessness is correlated with poor health outcomes. The incidence of acute and chronic illness, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and trauma is significantly higher among homeless persons. Although homeless persons are at higher risk for physiological problems, they have greater difficulty accessing health care services. Health care is usually crisis oriented and sought in emergency departments, and those who access health care have a hard time following prescribed regimens. Health problems of homeless clients are often directly related to poor preventive health care services. In addition to facing challenges related to self-care, homeless people usually give lower priority to health promotion and health maintenance than to obtaining food and shelter. They spend most of their time trying to survive. Just getting money to buy food is a major challenge. Although some homeless persons are eligible for entitlement programs such as Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), or Social Security, others must beg for money, sell plasma or blood products, steal, sell drugs, or engage in prostitution. Barriers to treatment include lack of awareness of treatment options, lack of available space in treatment facilities, inability to pay for treatment, lack of transportation, nonsupportive attitudes of service providers, and lack of coordinated services. 1. In 1988, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) published a report on the future of public health and its mission that defined public health as: a. what public-private partnerships do to treat vulnerable populations. RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified likely that a certain individual will develop a particular health problem. However, not everyone who is at risk develops health problems. Some individuals are more likely to develop the health problems for which they are at risk. A vulnerable population group is a subgroup of the population that is more likely to develop health problems as a result of exposure to risk or to have worse outcomes from these health problems than the rest of the population. 2. A client newly diagnosed with HPV infection, herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infection, and syphilis asks, "Okay, so how do I get rid of all this stuff?" In developing a plan of care, the nurse recognizes that it is essential to address: a. correct use of condoms to prevent transmission of all STDs. b. cures for each of the STDs identified. c. risk of skin-to-skin contact in transmitting the identified STDs. d. safety of sexual contact in the absence of lesions. - ANSANS: C The client needs to understand which STDs are transmitted by skin-to-skin contact and which are transmitted by body fluids. The client also needs to understand which infections are curable with antibiotics (syphilis) and which are virus infections that are treatable but not curable (HPV, HSV-2 infections). In HSV-2 infection, although the ability to pass the infection is higher when active lesions are present, some individuals can spread the infection even when they are asymptomatic. HPV transmission occurs through direct contact with the warts that result from HPV, but the virus has also been detected in semen, and exposure to the virus through body fluids is also possible. In addition, the challenge of HPV prevention is that condoms do not necessarily prevent infection because warts can grow in areas that are not covered by barriers such as condoms and skin-to-skin contact may occur. 2. A community health nurse is conducting a community assessment as part of a program planning initiative and is seeking a tool that is low cost, allows clients to participate in identification of need, and would stimulate community support for the program. The nurse would most likely use which of the following? a. Community forum b. Focus group c. Indicators approach d. Survey - ANSANS: B There are several types of needs assessment tools, including community forums, focus groups, key informants, indicators approach, survey of existing agencies, and general surveys. Both community forums and focus groups are low-cost tools. The focus group provides clients with the opportunity to participate in identification of needs and can help increase community support for a program. The focus group method has several disadvantages, such as being time consuming to carry out and tending to focus on irrelevant or political "hot button" issues. Leading focus groups requires strong skills in group process to maintain the focus of the group. RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified 2. A registered nurse is seeking a position as a public health nurse. In reviewing the job description, the nurse would expect to find a description of a position that focused on functions such as: a. monitoring pregnant teenagers for symptoms of complications of pregnancy. b. offering free hypertension screening and treatment referral at local health fairs to low- income, uninsured, community members. c. partnering with local seasonal farmworkers to design a program aimed at preventing illness and injury, and advocating for this population with local political and community leaders. d. preventing injury among a population of elderly residents in an assisted living facility and treating residents' chronic illnesses. - ANSANS: C The scope of practice of public health nurses is population focused and community oriented, with a primary emphasis on population-level interventions that target strategies for health promotion and disease prevention. In addition, public health nursing is concerned with the health of all members of a population or community, particularly vulnerable populations, and uses political processes as a major intervention strategy. 2. During a home visit, a case manager for a community health center notes marked pitting edema, shortness of breath, and increased fatigue in a 52-year-old male client who lives alone. The client is admitted to the hospital, where he is diagnosed with congestive heart failure. The case manager works with the hospital's utilization manager to devise a discharge plan. The case manager's most logical next step would be to: a. assess the client; obtain information on the scope of services covered by the benefit plan for the client; if needed services are not covered, seek to identify and arrange for the resources to provide these services. b. call the client, reintroduce himself or herself, and explain his or her role as a case manager for homebound clients. c. discuss with the family their schedule of availability to offer care in the client's home; ensure that the client has daily visits by family members. d. investi - ANSANS: A Case management has been described as a set of logical steps and process of interaction within a service network that ensures that a client receives needed services in a supportive, effective, efficient, and cost-effective manner. The National Case Management Task Force defines case management as a collaborative process that assesses, plans, implements, coordinates, monitors, and evaluates the options and services to meet an individual's needs, using communication and available resources to promote quality cost-effective outcomes. Case management has been defined in the public health nursing literature as the establishment of an appropriate plan of care based on assessment of the client/family and coordination of the necessary resources and services for the client's benefit. Therefore, a critical role of the case manager is to help clients obtain the care they need to achieve a maximum level of health. The nurse needs to understand what the client's insurance covers (broker). If necessary services RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified or equipment is not covered by insurance, the nurse may act as an advocate (facilitator) and connect the client with other resources in the community (coordinator) if available. 2. In an effort to decrease health disparities and improve life expectancy, the Social Security Act was amended in 1998 to provide federal funding to: a. assure access to health care for elderly Americans. b. build hospitals to care for the medically indigent. c. insure children without health insurance. d. provide supplementary income for citizens with disabilities. - ANSANS: C Title XXI of the Social Security Act, passed in 1998, established the State Children's Health Insurance Program to provide funds to insure currently uninsured children. Legislation enacted subsequently provided for new outreach and case-finding efforts to enroll eligible children in Medicaid. 2. The highest priority for a nurse who is among the first responders to a disaster is: a. arranging for shelter for disaster providers. b. beginning community assessment as soon as possible to ensure a rapid recovery. c. beginning surveillance and planning needed health education for disaster survivors. d. immediately developing plans for effective triage and client management. - ANSANS: D The first priority when responding to a disaster is to immediately plan for, coordinate, and carry out effective triage. Disaster response includes community assessment, surveillance, health education, and coordination of shelter arrangements. However, the first task is to provide care for life-threatening injuries and conditions. 2. The nurse case manager in a migrant farmworker clinic assesses this vulnerable population from the perspective of occupational and environmental risks related to: a. contaminated water, applied chemicals, and unfamiliar farm equipment. b. naturally occurring plant substances, pesticides, and fear of injury reporting. c. traffic accidents, weather, lack of worker supervision, and inadequate sewage. d. weather, pesticides, and strict enforcement of occupational regulations. - ANSANS: B Annually agricultural work ranks in the top four most dangerous occupations in the United States. Migrant farmworkers are exposed to weather because they work outside in the elements, very often for long hours, and typically live in inadequate housing. Exposure to both naturally occurring plant substances and applied chemicals such as pesticides places farmworkers at risk of immediate health problems (contact dermatitis, allergies, and conjunctivitis) and long-term health effects (lung diseases and cancer). Workers may not receive adequate training regarding the use of mechanical equipment, and the equipment may not be properly maintained. The workers' low educational level may impede their ability to comprehend essential training or warnings. In most states, migrant farmworkers are not protected by the same occupational health regulations and worker's compensation benefits as workers in other industries. Workers may fear loss of RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified Deinstitutionalization of chronically mentally ill individuals from public psychiatric hospitals increased the number of homeless persons. The intent was to move clients from public psychiatric hospitals to community-based treatment centers. However, adequate community-based services were not funded. Few of the intended community mental health centers were ever built. 3. The definition of a migrant farmworker includes which of the following? a. Farmer who helps his neighbors on their farms after his own crop fails b. High school student who works part time at his uncle's rose farm c. Teenager who moved with his family ten times in 2 years to work different crops d. Woman who works in the crop fields in the summer and at a grocery store in thewinter - ANSANS: C According to the Department of Labor, a migrant farmworker is a seasonal farmworker who had to travel to do the farm work and was unable to return to a permanent residence within the same day. A seasonal farmworker returns to his permanent residence, worked in agriculture for at least 25 days or parts of days and did not work year round only in agriculture. 3. The emergency support functions of the National Response Framework (NRF) and the National Incident Management System (NIMS) provide: a. authority to step in and take control of state, local, and voluntary organizations during disasters. b. command and control for American Red Cross and Disaster Medical Assistance teams. c. oversight of federal and state response operations, with minimal interaction with other organizations. d. written approach, protocol, and common language for responders from federal agencies and other voluntary organizations. - ANSANS: D The first level of disaster response is carried out by the locality (office of emergency management). Through mutual aid agreements, localities can arrange for additional support from surrounding communities (emergency operations center). When the response needs exceed the capability of the localities and state-level resources or capabilities, then the governor may request assistance under a presidential declaration of disaster or emergency. The way the federal government offers assistance is through the NRF. The NRF was written to approach a domestic incident in a unified, well- coordinated manner that enables all responding entities to work together more effectively and efficiently. All member organizations of the responding teams, including all relevant branches of the federal government, are assigned functions that are listed in the plan as emergency support functions. When large disasters require the services of a variety of emergency responding units with personnel coming from different parts of the country, the challenge of working together in unison may require the use of the NIMS, which provides all responders with a protocol and common language for working RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified together. The importance of interoperable communication equipment is stressed by the NIMS. 3. Vulnerability is multidimensional, and one of the primary contributors to vulnerability is: a. gender. b. race and ethnicity. c. resource limitations. d. urban or rural residency. - ANSANS: C Resource limitations are strongly related to health. Lack of adequate social, educational, and economic resources make people more vulnerable and more likely to experience health disparities, and poverty is a primary cause of vulnerability. A correlation has been found between individual indicators of socioeconomic status (e.g., income, education, and occupational status) and a range of health indicators (e.g., morbidity and mortality resulting from various health problems). Not only do individual-level socioeconomic characteristics seem to matter, but population-level characteristics such as income inequality also make a difference. Resource limitations affect the individual's ability to show resilience in the face of problems and crises. Resource limitations may also place individuals and families at risk because of substandard housing, impoverished neighborhoods, and hazardous environments. Although race has been correlated with poor health outcomes, poverty seems to be a key contributing factor for minority populations. Poverty is more likely to affect women and children than other groups. 4. A community health nurse is the case manager for a homebound client recovering from a hip replacement. The nurse works with the client and his family to prioritize needs and services, and to address these care needs. These activities represent which step in the nursing process? a. Assessment and planning/outcome b. Diagnosis and planning c. Implementation d. Planning/outcome - ANSANS: D The case management process function of problem prioritizing and planning to address care needs is complementary to the planning/outcome step of the nursing process. 4. A nurse is working with a disaster medical assistance team as it responds to a disaster. A new team member excitedly insists that its personnel can exceed their 12- hour shifts and do not need breaks. The best intervention on the part of the nurse is to: a. arrange for the team member to be transferred to another unit. b. arrange for the team member to leave duty, return home, and talk with his or her pastor. c. educate the rescuer about necessary stress-management techniques and offer to pair up with the individual so that each can monitor the other's stress level. RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified d. help the team member to call home to speak with his or her family. - ANSANS: C The nurse needs to be aware that rescue workers are repeatedly exposed to stress and, despite their training in managing such situations, have a higher than normal risk of developing post-traumatic stress syndromes. The nurse can assist the new team member by educating the rescuer about the importance of stress-management and self- management techniques. The nurse could pair up with the new team member so that they could monitor each other's stress responses and could provide guidance in adhering to stress management techniques. 4. A nurse providing a tertiary prevention intervention to a population of women who are HIV positive will most likely: a. educate about self-care and the women's rights as employees. b. establish a partnership with a community to initiate a community health center. c. help identify new cases and ensure that clients receive proper treatment. d. teach how to lobby state legislators. - ANSANS: A Helping clients understand their rights to protect from on-the-job discrimination is part of the nurse-advocate role. Tertiary prevention includes educating women with a chronic disease such as HIV about self-care strategies and health-promotion activities to minimize risky behaviors and poor health outcomes. Enhancing levels of self-esteem and empowerment can prevent feelings of powerlessness and hopelessness, which contribute to vulnerability. 4. A woman comes to the community health center complaining of increasing lower abdominal pain, fever, and abnormal menses for several months. During the assessment, the client indicates that she is aware that her husband has had multiple sex partners in the past 2 years. Appropriate intervention by the nurse would be to: a. arrange to have the client referred for medical evaluation for pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and appropriate intervention and treatment. b. contact the health department to confirm the spouse's diagnosis of Chlamydia infection to determine the client's exposure, give the client antibiotics, and have her return to the clinic if symptoms worsen. c. provide STD prevention and treatment education and refer the client to the health department for STD screening for gonorrhea and/or Chlamydia infection. d. supply the client with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and caution her to call the after- - ANSANS: A Nursing assessment should always include taking a comprehensive sexual history to determine an individual's potential risk for STDs. Each sexual partner is potentially exposed to all the STDs of all the persons with whom their partner has been sexually active. PID is a serious infection involving the fallopian tubes and is the most common complication of gonorrhea, but it may also result from chlamydial infections. Symptoms include fever, abnormal menses, and lower abdominal pain. Symptoms can vary among women. PID can cause ectopic pregnancy, and this should be ruled out in all cases. Stillbirth, premature labor, and infertility are also possible complications. RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified chronic conditions, including tuberculosis, hypertension, arthritis, cardiovascular disease, injuries, malnutrition, poor oral health, and hypothermia. As with younger homeless persons, older adults who are homeless must focus their energy on survival, which leaves little time for health promotion activities. 5. A case manager employed by a health maintenance organization is charged with discontinuing home health services for a disabled homebound elderly client in an effort to reduce costs. The case manager reviews the client's record and determines that home health services are still indicated for this client. The ethical dilemma faced by the case manager is: a. beneficence. b. justice. c. nonmaleficence. d. veracity. - ANSANS: A Beneficence—"doing good"—becomes an ethical dilemma when the insurer's goal of containing costs supersedes the case manager's duty to improve health and relieve suffering. This ethical tenet of nursing practice to act in the best interest of the client also involves fidelity to the nurse-client trust relationship. Duty to clients to secure benefits on their behalf and to limit unnecessary expenditures can create dilemmas when the goals are not uniform. Advocacy on this client's behalf with accurate and updated information based on sound assessment, evidence-based practice, and liability risk management could produce a favorable outcome for all parties. The incorrect action would be to do nothing. 5. A community-oriented nurse has identified obesity as a problem in the middle school. The next step in a population-focused practice is to make information available about the health of the middle school students. This describes the core public health function of: a. assessment. b. assurance. c. policy development. d. research. - ANSANS: A Assessment is a core function of public health and refers to systematically collecting data concerning the population, monitoring the population's health status, and making information available on the health of the community. In a community-oriented approach, a nurse would apply both nursing and public health theory. In this case, assessment would be the first step from the perspective of both theories. Because the practice is population focused and community oriented, it would involve the assessment of the community subpopulation of middle school children and the impact of obesity on their overall health status. RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified 5. A migrant worker comes to the migrant health clinic holding the abdomen and complaining of empacho. The nurse may encounter this complaint when dealing with migrant workers who are: a. natives of Guatemala. b. natives of Mexico. c. natives of Panama. d. newly arrived from Haiti. - ANSANS: B Four common folk illnesses that a nurse may encounter when working with clients from Mexico are mal de ojo (evil eye), susto (fright), empacho (indigestion), and, for infants, caida de moller (fallen fontanel). Symptoms and folk treatments may vary depending on the individual's or family's place of origin in Mexico. When experiencing a folk illness, the traditional Mexican individual would prefer to seek care from a folk healer. The more common healers are curanderos, herbalists, and espiritualistas. The most common herbs used by the folk healers are chamomile (manzanilla), peppermint (yerba buena), aloe vera, nopales (cactus), and epazote. The nurse needs to ask clients what herbs and other remedies they have tried to help with their symptoms. Use of some herbs with prescribed medication may be contraindicated, and the nurse needs to include that information in client counseling. Any client counseling should incorporate awareness of and sensitivity to the client's culture. 5. A nurse who is the program director for a new antismoking campaign is developing a written program plan that will include the program's goals, priorities, objectives, budget, and timelines. Before implementation of the program, the written program plan should also address which of the following? a. Cost-benefit analysis b. Perspectives on the program c. Plan for the evaluation process d. Process evaluation - ANSANS: C When the planning process begins, the plan for evaluating the program should also begin. Everyone who will be involved in implementing a program should be given the opportunity to play a role in planning for program evaluation. Assessment of need is one component of evaluation. Once needs have been established and the program is designed, the nurse must continue plans for program evaluation, such as ongoing process evaluation (formative evaluation) and summative evaluation. 5. A nurse working in a clinic in an inner city with high poverty and unemployment rates recognizes the need for programs for women because impoverished women are at higher risk for: a. decreased access to social services. b. poorer health status. c. exposure to environmental toxins. d. poorer academic success. - ANSANS: B RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified The relationship between poverty and health is significant. Poverty presents a formidable obstacle to positive health across the life span. Those in lower income groups have poorer health status, and those with poor health have decreased ability to work and improve their socioeconomic status. 5. After performing an assessment of a client seeking treatment for hypertension at the local free clinic, the nurse informs the client that the family's children may qualify for enrollment in the state children's health insurance program. The nurse provides the enrollment forms and reviews them with the client, emphasizing how to apply for the benefits. This best exemplifies which principle for intervening with vulnerable populations? a. Carrying out primary prevention b. Setting family-centered, culturally sensitive goals c. Trying to minimize the "hassle factor" d. Using the MAP-IT approach - ANSANS: C Nurses empower clients by helping them acquire the skills needed to engage in healthy living and to be effective health care consumers. Vulnerable individuals and families may need to go to multiple agencies to find the services for which they qualify, because agencies tend to be specialized instead of comprehensive in their service approach. More agencies are needed that provide comprehensive services with nonrestrictive eligibility requirements. Outreach and case finding are important roles for the nurse in reducing health disparities. One of the principles of intervening with vulnerable populations is to try and minimize the "hassle factor." 5. The clients most at risk of reactivation of latent infections of tuberculosis (TB) are: a. immunocompromised persons, substance abusers, and those with diabetes. b. individuals previously treated for TB. c. long-term cigarette smokers. d. persons with new-onset asthma or emphysema - ANSANS: A Reactivation of latent TB infections later in life is common, and the incidence rises in immunocompromised persons, substance abusers, underweight and undernourished individuals, and those with diabetes, silicosis, or gastrectomy. 5. The major factor that has led to sharply increased insurance payouts following disasters in the United States in recent decades has been: a. El Niño. b. geography. c. technology. d. human development. - ANSANS: D The cost in more developed countries is higher because of the extent of material possessions and complex infrastructures, including technology. In the United States, RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified a. antibody test results are typically negative. b. antibody production by the immune system increases. c. incubation period is prolonged. d. symptoms include myalgias, sore throats, and rash. - ANSANS: A Individuals may experience flu-like symptoms such as lymphadenopathy, myalgias, sore throat, lethargy, rash, and fever during the primary stage of HIV infection. Results of an antibody test during this phase are usually negative, so the illness often is not recognized as HIV infection. After a variable period of time, commonly 6 weeks to 3 months, HIV antibodies appear in the blood and can be used to confirm the presence of HIV infection 6. The nurse engaging in a formative program evaluation would most likely: a. conduct medical record audits for quality assurance. b. make a home visit before a client is discharged from the program. c. participate in a new client evaluation. d. write a policy for risk management. - ANSANS: A Process evaluation, also referred to as formative evaluation, occurs during program implementation and makes it possible to make midterm corrections to ensure the achievement of program goals. Process evaluation is an ongoing function of examining, documenting, and analyzing the progress of a program. This type of program monitoring can be used to justify continuing the program, because it will address the efficiency and effectiveness of the program in meeting its goals. Quality assurance programs are examples of program evaluation in health care delivery. 6. The state public health agency has received multiple complaints regarding the availability of elder transportation services to a specific county senior center. The state agency assigns a public health nurse to work with the community to evaluate its program for elder transportation services to publicly sponsored eldercare programs. The public health core function applied is: a. assurance. b. policy development. c. primary prevention. d. public transportation. - ANSANS: A The public health core function of assurance focuses on the responsibility of public health agencies to be sure that activities are appropriately carried out to meet public health goals and plans. This involves making sure that essential community-oriented health services are available and accessible, especially to vulnerable populations who would otherwise not receive necessary services. Assurance also includes assisting communities to implement and evaluate plans and practices. 7. A client comes to the local clinic with acute symptoms of fever, nausea, lack of appetite, malaise, and abdominal discomfort. During the course of the assessment, the RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified nurse determines that the client is a health care aide working at a daycare center. These facts are important because: a. acute hepatitis B is self-limiting. b. hepatitis A outbreaks commonly occur in facilities where staff change diapers. c. hepatitis C is a "silent stalker." d. individuals with chronic liver disease are at greater risk for hepatitis A. - ANSANS: B Hepatitis A virus is most often transmitted through the fecal-oral route. It remains the most frequently reported vaccine-preventable disease. Outbreaks are common in daycare centers where staff must change diapers, among household and sexual contacts of infected individuals, and among travelers to countries were hepatitis A is endemic. 7. A nurse case manager identifies a potential health outcomes concern for a 1 year old with special needs living in an impoverished neighborhood, because this child is at increased risk for: a. developmental delays. b. ear infections. c. frequent colds and infections. d. irritability. - ANSANS: A Young children (0-5 years of age) are at highest risk for the most harmful effects of poverty. Good nutrition during the first years of life is crucial for normal cognitive development. Unfortunately, many children live in poverty during their early childhood years. The brain is directly affected by environmental stimulation during a critical time that extends from the prenatal period through early childhood. Among the risk factors that impede cognitive development in young children are inadequate nutrition, maternal substance abuse, maternal depression, environmental hazards, trauma, and abuse. Unfortunately, poor children often have greater exposure to risk factors such as these. Poverty increases the likelihood of chronic diseases, injuries, traumatic death, developmental delays, poor nutrition, inadequate immunization levels, iron-deficiency anemia, and elevated blood lead levels. 7. A nurse planning a smoking cessation clinic for adolescents in the local middle schools and high schools is providing: a. community-oriented care. b. community-based care. c. secondary care. d. tertiary care. - ANSANS: A Community-oriented nurses emphasize health promotion, health maintenance, and disease prevention, as well as self-reliance on the part of clients. Regardless of whether the client is a person, family, or group, the goal is to promote health through education about prevailing health problems, proper nutrition, beneficial forms of exercise, and environmental factors such as the safety of food, water, air, and buildings. RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified 7. After a mock disaster drill, the nurse participates in a "hot wash" of the exercise in which participants from all units speak about successes, problem solving, failures, and unanticipated challenges or obstacles faced during the mock disaster drill. This activity best addresses the public health workforce competency of: a. describing the agency chain of command. b. identifying the limits of one's own knowledge, skill, and authority. c. recognizing unusual events that might indicate an emergency. d. writing after-action reports, updating implementation plans, and implementing changes. - ANSANS: D Federal agencies and professional organizations have outlined competencies for public health professionals at all points of the disaster management cycle. One competency speaks to the ability to evaluate drills, exercises, or actual events. As valuable components of preparedness, mass casualty drills and exercises can help rescuers develop the necessary coordination, skills, and confidence to operate effectively and efficiently across disciplines and agencies. Special emphasis is placed on the after- action reporting once the exercise is over, which ultimately allows improvement of the overall all-hazards disaster response plan. Such sessions may be referred to as debriefings, hot washes, or postings. Participation in these sessions develops the critical skill of evaluation that allows for process improvement. 7. Health education is often used as a strategy in working with vulnerable populations. The benefits of health education can be greatly affected by the individual's or group's: a. cycle of dependency. b. health literacy. c. level of income. d. race and ethnicity. - ANSANS: B A new concern for public and community health nurses is whether the populations with whom they work have adequate health literacy to benefit from health education. Health literacy is a measure of the client's ability to read, comprehend, and act on medical instructions. It may be necessary to collaborate with an educator, an interpreter, or an expert in health communications to design messages that vulnerable individuals and groups can understand and use. 7. In case management, it is unlikely that any single professional has the expertise, knowledge, or skills required to achieve success. The synergy produced by all involved parties (client, providers, payers, family/significant others, and community organizations) can result in successful outcomes. These statements relate to the sequential process of: a. collaboration. b. communication. c. cooperation. d. negotiation. - ANSANS: A RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified b. Mutual aid agreement c. NIMS d. National Response Plan - ANSANS: B The first level of disaster response occurs at the locality, with mobilization of entities such as the fire department, law enforcement, public health agencies, and voluntary organizations like the Red Cross. If the disaster warrants significant local attention and overwhelms the capacity of the local responders, then the county or city office of emergency management will coordinate activities through the emergency operation center. Generally localities within a county are signatories to a regional or statewide mutual aid agreement. This agreement provides that the signatories will assist one another with needed personnel, equipment, services, and supplies. Mutual aid agreements are established between facilities and other emergency responding entities within localities, jurisdiction(s), and states; between states; and across borders to ensure seamless service in responding to disaster events, whether caused by people or by nature. When state resources and capabilities are overwhelmed, the governor may request federal assistance under a presidential declaration of disaster or emergency. 8. Congress passed the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 with provisions intended to ensure the appropriateness of home health services for those who received them; however, the act may have increased health disparities for vulnerable populations such as: a. frail older adults. b. low-income families with newborns. c. poor clients discharged from acute care. d. clients requiring intravenous antibiotics. - ANSANS: A One objective of the balanced Budget Act of 1997 was to curb the rapid growth of home health spending and financial fraud in the home health industry following a shift of hospital reimbursement methods in 1982 (Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act) through the adoption of prospective reimbursement for home health services. The act's more stringent regulations regarding which services will be reimbursed and for how long may limit access to care for certain vulnerable groups, such as frail older adults, chronically ill individuals whose care is largely home based, and people who are HIV positive. 8. Many behaviors place any individual—regardless of age, gender, ethnicity, or other characteristics—at greater risk for STDs. The nurse should include primary prevention interventions in all client encounters through the discussion of: a. partner notification. b. safer sex. c. standard precautions. d. STD testing - ANSANS: B Sexual abstinence is the best way to prevent STDs; however, for many people it is not realistic. Therefore, education about how to make sexual behavior safer is critical. Safer RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified sexual behavior includes masturbation, dry kissing, touching, fantasy, and vaginal or oral sex with a condom. Nurses should not base assessments on considerations of age, gender, ethnicity, or any other factor, but should discuss safe sex in all client encounters. 8. Members of an extended family are in conflict over the treatment plan for the family's 90-year-old matriarch, who has developed indications of advanced dementia. The case manager is using conflict resolution strategies to allow the parties involved to develop trust, credibility, and distance from the issue at hand, as well as to retain personal dignity. The nurse is demonstrating a knowledge of the strategic process of: a. advocating. b. clarifying. c. cooperating. d. negotiating. - ANSANS: D Techniques for conflict management involve a range of active communication skills. These skills are directed toward learning all parties' needs and desires, detecting their areas of agreement and disagreement, determining their abilities to collaborate, and assisting in discovering alternatives and activities for reaching the goal of mutual benefit with limited loss. Negotiating is a strategic process used to move conflicting parties toward an outcome and has several stages that allow the parties to develop trust, credibility, and distance from the issue, while retaining personal dignity. All of these factors are important when attempting to move parties toward the creation of new solutions or options through relearning, brainstorming, reflective thinking, and problem- purpose-expansion techniques (systematic problem solving approaches). 8. The community planning board is attempting to determine if the clients and health care providers affected by a recent mental health outreach initiative are satisfied that the program interventions have accomplished the program objectives and that clients have benefited from this program. The analysis model that is best designed to provide an estimate of costs to achieve an outcome is: a. cost-benefit analysis. b. cost-effectiveness analysis. c. cost-efficiency analysis. d. Multi-Attribute Utility Technique. - ANSANS: B An evaluation of program effectiveness may help determine whether both providers and clients are satisfied with program activities, as well as whether the program met its stated objectives. A cost-effectiveness analysis is a subset of a cost-benefit analysis and is designed to provide an estimate of the costs to achieve a given outcome. Such an analysis can answer several questions: Did the program meet its objectives? Were the clients and providers satisfied with the effects of the interventions? Are things better as a result of the interventions? In cost-benefit analysis, both the cost and outcomes are quantitative. In cost-effectiveness analysis, the outcomes are both qualitative (satisfaction) and quantitative (cost). RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified 8. When working with the poor or homeless, to develop effective nursing interventions the nurse should evaluate clients and populations in the context of: a. environment. b. improvement in the quality of services. c. human dignity. d. nursing theories. - ANSANS: A The foundation of nursing theories is the assumption that human beings have inherent dignity and worth. Nursing is based on valuing individuals, promoting health, respecting and restoring dignity, and improving the quality of life of individuals, families, and aggregates. Conflicts in values, beliefs, and perceptions often arise when nurses work with persons from different social, cultural, and economic backgrounds. A lack of agreement between the professional's and the client's perceptions of need can lead to conflict. As a result of this conflict, clients may fail to follow the prescribed treatment protocol. The nurse may then inaccurately interpret the client's behavior as resistance, lack of cooperation, or noncompliance. Nurses should evaluate clients and populations in the context of the environment to develop effective nursing interventions. Care must be multidimensional and should include consideration of biological, psychological, social, political, cultural, environmental, economic, and spiritual factors. 9. A cultural belief and an environmental factor that may increase the risk of potential pesticide exposure for some migrant workers are: a. hot-cold balance and housing. b. cuarentena and distance from health care services. c. need to achieve high productivity and transportation challenges. d. disease causality and proximity to the farm fields. - ANSANS: A Some migrant workers may not shower when they return from the fields as a result of cultural beliefs about being exposed to cooler water while feeling hot from working. Inadequate housing that lacks showers and/or adequate laundry machines also prevent farmworkers from washing pesticides off themselves and their clothing in a timely manner. This exposes the farmworker and the entire family to the risk of pesticide exposure. 9. A nurse wishes to become actively involved in disaster management and is extremely interested in providing first aid and delivering aggregate health promotion, disease prevention, and emotional support. It would be ideal for the nurse to train and volunteer as which of the following? a. Community emergency response team member b. Disaster medical assistance team member c. Member of the Medical Reserve Corps d. Red Cross shelter manager - ANSANS: D RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified c. cost-efficiency. d. perceived value. - ANSANS: C Cost-efficiency analysis determines the actual cost of performing a number of program services, both direct and indirect, by addressing the productivity of the workforce in achieving specific objectives. The relationship between direct and indirect activities, workforce, caseloads, client needs, and actual costs determines the productivity of the program. 9. To provide effective care and advocacy for individuals, families, and populations living in poverty, nurses must first: a. apply epidemiologic principles for prevention. b. develop resource expertise in the community. c. examine their personal beliefs, values, and experiences. d. understand the federal criteria and guidelines for poverty. - ANSANS: C To provide effective care and advocacy for individuals, families, and populations living in poverty, nurses need to understand poverty as a concept with historical, social, political, economic, biological, psychological, and spiritual dimensions. Understanding the concepts of poverty and homelessness begins with an examination of one's own beliefs, values, and personal experience. 10. A client diagnosed with HPV infection states, "I'm not concerned, I know the warts disappear after a while." The nurse should counsel the client regarding which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Link between HPV and cervical cancer b. Status of HPV infection as a reportable disease c. Need to eliminate the warts d. Serious complications of HPV infection for men e. Lack of cure for HPV infection - ANSANS: A, C, E The complications of HPV infection are especially serious for women. The link between HPV infection and cervical cancer has been established, and this cancer is associated with specific types of the virus. HPV infection is exacerbated during pregnancy and immune-related disorders, a fetus may become infected, and there is no cure. Although the warts will disappear over time, the goal is to eliminate the warts through surgical removal and other treatments to prevent skin-to-skin contact with them. 10. Disaster-related nursing is an evolving specialty. Nurses have unique skills that can be applied in which of the following aspects of disaster management? (Select all that apply.) a. Completion of the American Red Cross disaster management course and registration as a disaster responder b. Clinical management of blast lung injury RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified c. Engagement of the BioWatch system d. Monitoring of the environment to contain infectious disease e. Planning and organization of mass prophylaxis and vaccine campaigns - ANSANS: A, B, D, E Nurses have skills in assessment, planning, implementation, evaluation, education, priority setting, collaboration, and provision of health care services to address both preventive and acute care needs. These skills sets are important in the four stages of disaster-related work prevention (planning/drill participation), preparedness, (course work/registration), response (clinical expertise), and recovery (monitoring). BioWatch is a system of sensors that test the air in several major metropolitan areas for biological agents that terrorists might use. This technology-based early warning system is distinctly different from BioSense, which is a public health surveillance initiative that is intended to serve as a biosurveillance program for early detection and quantification of a bioterrorism event or disease outbreak. Nursing skill sets lend themselves to participation in BioSense. 10. Which of the following are the major sources of information for program evaluation? (Select all that apply.) a. Community indices b. Media reports c. Program clients d. Program providers e. Program records - ANSANS: A, C, E Both quantitative and qualitative methods may be used to conduct an evaluation. However, the strongest evaluation designs combine both qualitative and quantitative methods. Major sources of information for program evaluation are the program clients (especially user satisfaction information), program records (especially clinical records), and community indices (epidemiologic data). A 5-feet, 6-inch, 25-year-old female who weighs 120 pounds walks 5 miles a day because she has a long family history of early death from heart attacks and is refraining from a sedentary lifestyle. Which term best describes this example? a. Health promotion b. Illness prevention c. Health maintenance d. Health protection - ANSANS: B The woman is exercising to prevent an illness that runs in her family. Illness prevention is a behavior directed toward reducing the threat of illness. A 5-feet, 6-inch, 25-year-old woman who weighs 120 pounds runs 5 miles a day because it improves her mood and energy level. Which term best describes this example? RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified a. Health promotion b. Illness prevention c. Health maintenance d. Health protection - ANSANS: A The woman is exercising to improve and promote her health. Health promotion is directed toward achieving a greater level of health. A 35-year-old man from Russia comes to the United States seeking asylum because of religious persecution in his native country. This type of immigrant is known as a(n): a. Legal immigrant b. Lawful permanent resident c. Refugee d. Unauthorized immigrant - ANSANS: C Refugees are people who seek protection in the United States because of fear of persecution in their homeland. A 66-year-old woman is retired and no longer has health insurance through her place of employment. Which of the following programs would be appropriate for her health insurance needs? 1. Medicare 2. Medicaid 3. Social Security 4. Economic Opportunity Act - ANSANS: 1 The Social Security Act was amended to include health insurance benefits for the elderly, which is addressed through Medicare. A client comes into the clinic and tells the nurse he goes to an acupuncturist for pain. The nurse says he should take pain medication instead. This would be called cultural: a. Conflict b. Blindness c. Relativism d. Imposition - ANSANS: D This is an example of cultural imposition, the act of imposing ones cultural beliefs, values, and practices on individuals from another culture. A client eats a nutritious, balanced diet on a daily basis to keep the current state of health. This is described as _____ behavior. a. Illness prevention b. Health promotion c. Health maintenance d. Health protective - ANSANS: C RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified Objectives are specific, short-term criteria that need to be met as steps toward achieving the long-term goal. They are written as statements of an intended outcome or expected change in behaviors and should be defined in measurable terms. A diabetic client reports to the nurse that she has been learning more about controlling her blood sugars by reading information found on the Internet. Which statement by the nurse would be most appropriate? a. Looking at the date the content was posted on the website is important. b. The Internet is an unreliable source of information and should not be used. c. The best sources of information are found on pharmaceutical websites. d. Your physician will provide you better information than the Internet. - ANSANS: A One of the ways to assess the reliability and validity of Internet sources is to look at its currency, including the dates when the content was posted and updated. A doctoral prepared nurse (PhD) at a university wants to submit a grant to study the impact of a nursing activity on patient outcomes. From which federal agency could this nurse potentially seek funding? a. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) b. National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) c. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) d. World Health Organization (WHO) - ANSANS: B NINR funds the development of the knowledge base of nursing and promotion of nursing services in health care. A goal of the Division of Nursing is to: a. Enhance nursing competence in providing high-tech skills b. Apply disease prevention, environmental health, and health promotion concepts c. Provide scholarships for advanced nursing education d. Enhance racial and ethnic diversity in the nursing workforce - ANSANS: D One of the Division of Nursing goals is to enhance racial and ethnic diversity and cultural competency in the nursing workforce. The other statements apply to other agencies or are false. A group member who has taken on the role of the gatekeeper will: a. Seek and accept the authority or direction of others. b. Guide and direct the group activity. c. Control outsiders access to the group. d. Focus the movement toward the main work of the group. - ANSANS: C The gatekeeper controls outsiders access to the group. A group of nursing students forms a student nursing association to provide support while they are enrolled in a nursing program. This is known as a community of: RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified a. Place b. Special interest c. Problem ecology d. Function - ANSANS: B A community of special interest brings members together with common concerns and interests. A health educator trying to change a clients attitudes about smoking would be using which of the following domains? a. Cognitive b. Affective c. Psychomotor d. Developmental - ANSANS: B The affective domain is used to attempt to influence what individuals, families, communities, and populations feel, think, and value. A large portion of foreign-born residents of the United States: a. Work in service-producing and blue-collar sectors b. Reside in rural areas c. Have language barriers d. Are refugees and non-immigrants - ANSANS: A Two thirds of the foreign-born population lives in or around major metropolitan areas and works in mainly service-producing and blue-collar sectors. They are also more likely to be poorer. The majority of foreign born are legal immigrants (85%). A leader controls members through rewards and often keeps members in the dark about the goals and rationale behind prescribed actions. What type of leadership does this describe? a. Democratic b. Patriarchal c. Socialist d. Communication structure - ANSANS: B Patriarchal or paternal style is authoritative, winning respect and dependence through parent-like devotion. A major provision of the Social Security Act of 1935 was the establishment of: 1. The Frontier Nursing Service to provide nursing service to rural communities 2. State and local community health services and training of personnel 3. District nursing to provide home health care to sick people 4. Community-based settlement houses - ANSANS: 2 RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified Title VI of the Social Security Act established state and local community health services and training of personnel. A member of the military receives health care services through which department? a. Defense b. Labor c. Agriculture d. Justice - ANSANS: A The Department of Defense delivers health care to members of the military, including their dependents and survivors, and to retired members and their families. A Mexican American mother insists on using special candles to help her daughters ear infection. The nurse asks the mother if she would also give her daughter antibiotics. This is called cultural: a. Accommodation b. Repatterning c. Brokering d. Awareness - ANSANS: A This means that the nurse supports and facilitates the use of cultural practices with interventions from the biomedical health care system. Cultural accommodation refers to assistive, supportive, facilitative or enabling nurse actions and decisions that help clients of a particular culture accept nursing strategies, or negotiate with nurses to achieve satisfying health care outcomes. A nurse advocates and intervenes between the health care system and the clients cultural beliefs on behalf of the client. The nurses action is called cultural: a. Accommodation b. Brokering c. Preservation d. Repatterning - ANSANS: B Culture brokering is advocating, mediating, negotiating, and intervening between the clients culture and the biomedical health care culture on behalf of clients. A nurse applies genetic and genomic knowledge when completing a client assessment by: a. Constructing a pedigree from a collected family history b. Identifying a client who may benefit from genetic counseling c. Referring a client to specialized genetic services d. Incorporating knowledge of genomic risk factors - ANSANS: A Constructing a pedigree from a collected family history demonstrates assessment in the nursing process. Identification is demonstrated by identifying a client who may benefit from genetic counseling. Referral is demonstrated by referring a client to specialized RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified a. Advocating for public policy changes b. Understanding policy framework and major pieces of legislation c. Completing an environmental health history d. Describing the scientific principles about environmental health - ANSANS: C Assessment is always an important element of the nursing process. The third option is an example of the assessment phase of the nursing process. A nurse implements nursing interventions considering the uniqueness of the persons culture. The practice is called cultural: a. Diversity b. Knowledge c. Competence d. Awareness - ANSANS: C Providing care based on the uniqueness of the clients cultural norms and values is one of the four guiding principles of culturally competent nursing care. A nurse implements the principles of the Personalized Health Care Initiative in practice by: a. Educating clients that multiple factors influence the development of disease b. Counseling clients about the results of genetic testing c. Lobbying for legislation to support genetic research d. Protecting clients from discrimination based on the results of genetic testing - ANSANS: D The goals of the Personal Health Care Initiative are to link clinical and genomic information to support personalized health care, protect individuals from discrimination- based or unauthorized use of genetic information, ensure the accuracy and clinical validity of genetic tests performed for medical application purposes, and develop common policies for access to genomic databases for federally-sponsored programs. A nurse in the 1960s would have referred to which code of ethics to guide ethical decision making? a. Nightingale Pledge b. Code for Professional Nurses c. Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements d. International Council of Nurses (ICN) Code of Ethics for Nurses - ANSANS: B Florence Nightingale lived in the 1800s. The Code for Professional Nurses was adopted in 1950, the Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements was adopted in 2001, and the International Council of Nurses (ICN) Code of Ethics for Nurses was adopted in 2000. A nurse involved in the initial implementation of the Healthy Communities and Cities initiative in the United States would have likely addressed which problem? RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified a. Reduction to the amount of pollutants released into the environment b. Provision of fire and police protection c. Creation of a coalition to address health disparities d. Elimination of crime and violence from the community - ANSANS: C The concept of a healthy community or city is based on the belief that the health of the community is largely influenced by the environment in which people live and that health problems have multiple causes: social, economic, political, environmental, and behavioral. Creation of a coalition engages residents in addressing the problem which is impacted by multiple factors. The initial activities focused on the problems of diverse populations. A nurse is addressing the problem of air pollution in the community. The first step in the process of controlling the pollution would be: a. Setting standards b. Monitoring c. Permitting d. Compliance - ANSANS: C Permitting is a process by which the government places limits on the amount of pollution emitted into the air or water. A nurse is completing an exposure history using the mnemonic I PREPARE. What data would a nurse collect when asking questions about the first P? a. Present work b. Potential exposures c. Personal protective equipment use d. Problems with health - ANSANS: A Present work is the first P. A nurse is counseling a client who has just learned that she is a carrier of the BRCA-2 gene. What are potential reactions by this client? (Select all that apply) a. Feelings of guilt b. Fear of loss of insurance coverage c. Feelings of anxiety d. Fear for children - ANSANS: A, C, D Feelings of guilt, anxiety, and fear for future susceptibility for children are all potential reactions this client may have. The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) protects clients from losing insurance benefits based upon genetic information. A nurse is counseling a client who is considering having genetic testing completed to determine whether she is a carrier of the gene linked to Huntingtons disease. What is the first step the nurse would take when assessing this client? RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified a. Assess vital signs. b. Assess family history of this disorder. c. Assess clients past medical history. d. Assess current medications. - ANSANS: B Taking a family history is a useful place to begin when considering a genetic connection and prior to the onset of testing. A nurse is counseling a client whose genetic test results show a genetic susceptibility for breast cancer. The most appropriate statement by the nurse would be: a. You should discuss hormone replacement therapy with your physician. b. You are at an increased risk to develop breast cancer. c. You should have a bilateral mastectomy as soon as possible. d. You should tell all of your siblings and children to get tested. - ANSANS: B Persons with a genetic susceptibility are at increased risk for developing the disease. Although the client may choose to have a bilateral mastectomy and recommend genetic testing to other family members, the most important thing to relay to the client is that having a genetic susceptibility does not mean that one will automatically have the disease. A nurse is found to be negligent. Because of the doctrine of respondeat superior, the one responsible for that negligence is the: a. Administrator b. Nurses immediate supervisor c. Nurses employer d. Nurse - ANSANS: C The doctrine of respondeat superior says that when a nurse is employed and functioning within the scope of that job, the one responsible for that negligence is the nurses employer. A nurse is implementing an educational program about the importance of being physically active. Which step would the nurse complete first? a. Provide learning guidance b. Present the stimulus c. Gain the learners attention d. Ask learners to recall prior learning - ANSANS: C Gaining the learners attention must happen first before learning can take place. A nurse is interested in census data. Which federal departments website would be a good place to start? a. Department of Labor b. United States Immunization Survey c. Commerce Department RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified A nurse is trying to increase participation in a free colorectal screening program for middle-aged adults who lack health insurance. Which implementation mechanism would be most effective? a. Small interacting groups b. Health policy c. Lay advisors d. Mass media - ANSANS: D The mass media (newspapers, television, and radio) represent an impersonal and formal type of communication and are useful in providing information quickly to a large number of people. A nurse is working in a health department when a patient arrives who has been traveling to South America and has been diagnosed with malaria. The nurse knows: a. The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report should be consulted to investigate the rate of malaria in the United States. b. This is a disease that must be reported to the state health department. c. The nurse should take precautions to wear a mask and gown to avoid exposure. d. The patient is very ill and should be sent to the hospital immediately. - ANSANS: B Malaria is on the list of infectious diseases notifiable at the national level. A nurse is working with a group of clients with diabetes and is teaching a class about avoiding the long-term effects of diabetes. The nurse begins the class by reviewing the basic physiology of diabetes, which was taught the week before. This nurse is providing effective education by: a. Stimulating recall of prior learning b. Gaining attention c. Presenting the material d. Providing learning guidance - ANSANS: A The educator should have the learners recall previous knowledge related to the topic of interest. A nurse may define a community as a(n) (select all that apply): a. Social group determined by geographic boundaries b. Group of people who share common values and interests c. Group of people defined by their interactions d. Individual with a specific health concern - ANSANS: A, B, C Community can be defined as many things, including a social group determined by geographical boundaries, a group of people who share common values and interests, and a group of people defined by their interactions. A nurse planning a smoking cessation clinic for adolescents in the local middle schools and high schools is providing: RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified A. Community-oriented care B. Community-based care C. Secondary care D. Tertiary care - ANSAnswer: A - Community-oriented nurses emphasize health protection, maintenance, and promotion and disease prevention, as well as self-reliance among clients. Regardless of whether the client is a person, a family, or a group, the goal is to promote health through education about prevailing health problems, proper nutrition, beneficial forms of exercise, and environmental factors such as safe food, water, air, and buildings. A nurse plans on implementing a community-wide influenza immunization program. Which factor should the nurse consider when implementing this program? a. The number of community members who have already received the immunization b. The existence of formal groups in the community c. Public policy that mandates influenza immunization for certain populations d. The communitys readiness to participate in the program - ANSANS: D The factors that influence implementation in the community are the nurses chosen roles, the type of health problem selected as the focus for intervention, the communitys readiness to take part in problem solving, and characteristics of the social change process. A nurse prepares for a presentation to a group of adults using strategies appropriate for adult learning. This concept is called: a. Authoritarianism b. Learning style c. Pedagogy d. Andragogy - ANSANS: D Andragogy is a term and model developed by Malcolm Knowles to describe learning strategies for adult learners. A nurse promotes alliances among organizations for a common purpose. Which public health intervention is being implemented? a. Health teaching b. Coalition building c. Surveillance d. Referral and follow-up - ANSANS: B One example of coalition building is promoting alliances among organizations for a common purpose. A nurse provides counseling to an obese client about the importance of good nutrition and regular exercise with the intention of helping the client avoid future chronic diseases associated with obesity. What client system and focus of care are being applied in this situation? RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified a. Family level health promotion b. Individual level illness prevention c. Aggregate level illness prevention d. Individual level health promotion - ANSANS: B The simplest level of the client system is the individual. The focus of care is illness prevention, directed at disease or disability prevention. A nurse providing care using the idea of servicing citizens, not customers is applying the: a. Ethical tenets of policy development b. Basic concepts of the feminist theory c. Underlying premise of virtue ethics d. Components of distributive justice - ANSANS: A There are three tenets of both policy and ethics. The approach is based on the voice of the community as the foundation on which policy is developed. A nurse resigns from a position in a hospital to accept a job in a community setting. After starting the new job, the nurse feels helpless and confused, wondering if this was the right career choice. This nurse is likely experiencing cultural: a. Conflict b. Relativism c. Shock d. Brokering - ANSANS: C Culture shock can happen to individuals within their own culture when they are having experiences such as starting a new job or career. Culture shock is brought on by anxiety from losing familiar signs and symbols of social interaction. Feelings associated with culture shock are helplessness, discomfort, and disorientation. A nurse schedules an appointment with a physician who has a practice in the community to learn more about the communitys beliefs regarding childhood immunizations. This is known as: a. Informant interview b. Participant observation c. Secondary analysis d. Windshield survey - ANSANS: A An informant interview is a method of community data collection that involves directed conversation with selected community members. A nurse seeks the best resource that provides a broad vision of the goals and objectives of many health care stakeholders in our nation and identifies the current national health policy for the United States. The best source for such information would be the: A. American Public Health Association's guidelines. RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified A nurse will be using an interpreter during a client encounter. What considerations should be made by the nurse? Select all that apply. a. It is appropriate to use family members as interpreters. b. Written materials should be available in the clients primary language. c. Observe the interpreters gestures to assure client understanding. d. The gender, age, and educational level of the interpreter should be evaluated. - ANSANS: B, D Family members should be used with caution. The clients gestures and non-verbal messages should be observed to assure understanding. Written materials should be available in the clients primary language. The gender, age, educational level, socioeconomic status, religion, and dialect should all be considered when selecting the proper interpreter. A nurse working in the 1970s would have applied genetic concepts by: a. Providing genetic counseling to those with genetic disorders b. Educating clients about using genetic testing for risk identification c. Explaining the purposes of the Human Genome Project to clients d. Facilitating referrals for specialized genetic services for clients - ANSANS: A In the 1970s, nurses working in genetics provided genetic counseling to persons with genetic diseases or risk factors for such disorders. The other activities performed by the nurse did not occur until the 1990s. A nurse would anticipate finding signs and symptoms of which disease/disorder when assessing a refugee who fled the genocide in Darfur? a. Tuberculosis b. Post-traumatic stress disorder c. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder d. Malnutrition - ANSANS: B The biopsychological changes seen following genocide include physical stress reactions (cardiovascular, neurological) and mental stress responses, especially post-traumatic stress disorders and depression. A nurse would like to propose legislation requiring all schools to employ a registered nurse. The first step taken in the legislative process would be: a. Introducing the bill to the legislature b. Moving the bill to the other house c. Developing the policy option into a bill d. Hearings, testimony, and lobbying - ANSANS: C The first step in the legislative process is developing the policy option into a bill. This is then followed by introducing the bill to the legislature; hearings, testimony, and lobbying; and the bill moving to the other house. RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified A nursing student develops a teaching plan about hand washing to present to a group of elementary school children at the local school. Which public health intervention is being implemented? a. Collaboration b. Surveillance c. Health teaching d. Screening - ANSANS: C Health teaching communicates facts, ideas, and skills that change knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs, and practices of individuals, families, systems, and/or communities. A nursing student during World War II would likely join which group? 1.The Public Health Service of New York City 2.The Marine Nurse Corps 3.The Frontier Nursing Service 4.The Cadet Nurse Corps - ANSANS:4 The Bolton Act of 1943 established the Cadet Nurse Corps during World War II, which increased enrollment in schools of nursing at undergraduate and graduate levels. A persons skin color is an example of: a. Multiculturalism b. Ethnicity c. Race d. Culture - ANSANS: C Race is primarily a social classification that relies on physical markers. A PHN employed by the state's department of health is working on a team to develop local health policy. The nurse recognizes that policy development focuses on the level of the larger society and adopts strategies that require political actions such as lobbying and testifying. The reason that action in the policy arena comes most easily and naturally to nurses is the fact that the policy process is very similar to which of the following? A. Citizen action committee B. Nursing diagnosis C. Nursing process D. Socratic method - ANSANS: C Health policy is simply the process of turning health problems into workable action solutions. Thus, the policy process is very similar to the nursing process, but the focus is on the level of the larger society and the adoption of these strategies requires political action. The policy process includes statement of a health care problem, statement of the policy options to address the problem, adoption of a particular policy option, implementation of the policy product, and evaluation of the policy's intended and unintended consequences in solving the original health problem. RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified A PHN in the local health department assists the community in identifying the health need priorities and the services that can best meet these needs in a cost-effective manner. This is an example of the tertiary prevention public health nursing function of: a. case finding. b. case management. c. collaboration. d. provision of direct services. - ANSANS: B Case management is a major tertiary prevention function for PHNs at the community level of practice. Case managers assist clients in identifying the services they need the most at the least cost. They also assist communities and populations in identifying services that will improve the overall community health status. Cognitive Level: Application Associated Chapter Objective: 3 REF: pp. 1006-1007 A potential barrier that a nurse may experience when in the educator role is: a. Working with clients with a low literacy level b. Memorizing the information that is to be taught c. Having a limited vocabulary d. Lacking knowledge about how to gain participation - ANSANS: D Educators may lack knowledge about how to gain participation. Participation can be fostered by asking open-ended questions, inviting participation, and planning small- group activities whereby a person responds based on the group rather than presenting his own information. A public health department makes sure that the essential community-oriented health services are available in the community. Which of the following core public health functions is being implemented? a.Policy development b.Assessment c.Assurance d.Scientific knowledge-based care - ANSANS: C Assurance focuses on the responsibility of public health agencies to ensure certain activities have been appropriately carried out to meet public health goals and plans. Policy development seeks to build constituencies that can help bring about change in public policy. Assessment includes activities that involve collecting, analyzing, and disseminating information on both the health RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified a. Physicians, water sanitation workers, and occupational therapists b. Pharmacologists, radiologists, and epidemiologists c. Nurse practitioners, pharmacologists, and environmentalists d. Geologists, meteorologists, and chemists - ANSANS: D Scientists who study how pollutants travel in air, water, and soil are geologists, meteorologists, and chemists. A public health nurse is working with a migrant farm worker who has experienced an exposure to a pesticide. When researching pesticides, the nurse looks at the family of the chemical. What similarities are found among chemicals that have been placed in the same family? a. Route of entry into the body b. Actions and associated risks c. Effects that they have on the body d. Potency and toxicity - ANSANS: B Chemicals are grouped so its possible to understand the actions and risks associated with each group. A public health nurse provides a clinic for HIV-positive citizens in the community. This is an example of: a.Primary prevention b.Secondary prevention c.Tertiary prevention d.Policy making - ANSc.Tertiary prevention A public health nurse understands that the emergence of new infectious diseases is influenced by the: a. Increased availability of immunizations b. Globalization of food supplies c. Decreased use of child care facilities d. Creation of sanitation systems in third world countries - ANSANS: B This is one of the many factors that can influence the emergence of infectious diseases. A public health nurse uses Assumption 2, Public health nursing practice focuses on populations, to guide practice. Which would be considered a population of interest? a. Healthy school children b. Homeless individuals c. A person recently diagnosed with diabetes d. Teenage parents - ANSANS: A A population is a collection of individuals who have one or more personal or environmental characteristics in common. Populations of interest are populations that are essentially healthy but could improve factors that promote or protect health; one RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified such population is healthy school children. Homeless individuals and teenage parents would both be considered a population at risk. A person recently diagnosed with diabetes is not a population. A public health nurse uses collaboration, coalition building, and community organizing when: a. Providing case management, referral, and follow-up services with individuals b. Carrying out collective action at the systems or community levels of practice c. Conducting a community assessment d. Implementing primary and secondary prevention strategies - ANSANS: B Collaboration, coalition building, and community organizing are the interventions often carried out at the systems and community levels of practice. These interventions can be used at all levels of prevention. A public health nurse utilizes the nursing process at all levels of practice by: a. Including specific goals for community health nurses b. Developing an accurate nursing diagnosis c. Analyzing the needs of the community, system, and individuals and families d. Utilizing primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention - ANSANS: C Public health nurses must customize the nursing process to consider the community, systems, and individual/family levels of practice. A public health nurse working with a family living in poverty recognizes that they are more likely to be exposed to environmental hazards because they have (select all that apply): a. Limited funds to pay for health care b. Poor nutrition c. Homes located closer to hazardous waste sites d. Less education - ANSANS: A, B, C Families living in poverty are more likely to experience environmental justice issues such as disproportionate environmental exposures. Sub-standard housing, living closer to hazardous waste sites, working in more hazardous jobs, poorer nutrition, and less access to quality health care all contribute to this issue. Although limited education is related to poverty, it is not discussed as causing an increase in environmental exposure. A social marketing campaign urging community members to avoid driving motorized vehicles after consuming alcohol is implemented in a local community. This intervention is occurring the _____-level of practice. a. Individual/family b. Systems c. Community d. Government - ANSANS: C RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified Community-level interventions care carried out with the community as a whole. A state agency has received multiple complaints regarding the availability of elder transportation services to a specific county senior center. The state agency assigns a public health nurse to work with the community to evaluate its program for elder transportation services to publicly sponsored elder care programs. The public health core function applied is: A. Assurance B. Primary prevention C. Policy development D. Public transportation - ANSAnswer: A - The public health core function of assurance focuses on the responsibility of public health agencies to be sure that activities are appropriately carried out to meet public health goals and plans. This role requires skill in assessment, investigative functions, collaboration, consultation, and cooperation. Assurance also includes assisting communities to implement and evaluate plans and projects. A variety of facilities and providers make up the health care system Example: - ANSPhysicians' & dentists' offices, hospitals, managed care organizations, nursing homes, mental health centers, rehabilitation centers, and local, state, and federal official & voluntary agencies A visitor from Japan comes to the United States for a two-week vacation. This person is known as a: a. Non-immigrant b. Refugee c. Legal immigrant d. Lawful permanent resident - ANSANS: A A non-immigrant is admitted for a limited duration for a specific purpose. A woman has attended a weight reduction program for a year and lost 75 pounds. She now attends weekly meetings to keep the weight off. Which term best describes this example? a. Health promotion b. Illness prevention c. Health maintenance d. Health protection - ANSANS: C The womans weight is being maintained through attending the weight reduction program. Health maintenance focuses on keeping a current state of health. A woman living in a lesser-developed country is likely: a. At risk for a Vitamin E deficiency b. To have several children RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified After identifying the boundaries of a community, what is the next step the nurse should take in completing a community assessment? a. Gather relevant existing data and generating missing data. b. Plan interventions that benefit the entire community. c. Formulate nursing diagnoses. d. Evaluate the interventions that were used. - ANSANS: A Community assessment includes gathering relevant existing data and generating missing data. An acceptable level of emissions or a maximum contaminant level allowed is an example of which environmental protection strategy? a. Controlling pollution b. Waste minimization c. Land use planning d. Environmental standard - ANSANS: D An example of an environmental standard is an acceptable level of emissions or a maximum contaminant level allowed. An accomplishment for which the Frontier Nursing Service was noted is: 1. Improvement of the care of sick and injured soldiers 2. Establishment of a fee-for-service program for workers at Metropolitan Life Insurance Company 3. Reduction of infant and maternal mortality regardless of environmental conditions 4. Increasing funding for communicable disease treatment - ANSANS: 3 The Frontier Nursing Service nurses were trained in nursing public health and midwifery and provided care to rural and inaccessible areas, which led to reduced mortality. An effect of providing care that is not culturally competent is: a. Enhancement of communication b. An increase in the cost of health care c. Achievement of health indicators d. Improvement in client compliance - ANSANS: B Care that is not culturally competent may increase health care costs and decrease positive client outcomes. An established group requests a teaching and learning session on hypertension. What can the nurse expect with this type of group? a. The group membership will change from week to week. b. The members all have the same interests. c. They prefer lectures rather than demonstrations. d. The group already has operating methods that have been successful. - ANSANS: D RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified Nurses working with established groups should know that this type of group has membership ties and an existing structure that has proven to be successful. An example of a behavior that may be defined by culture is: a. Speaking a dialect of a language in a local region b. Standing when an older adult gets on the bus to give him a seat c. Immigrating to the United States seeking work d. An organizational structure of a cultural group - ANSANS: B Behaviors may be culturally determined as illustrated in the correct response. This behavior is based on the value of respect of elderly people. An example of a cultural encounter is: a. Sharing significant assessment findings with members of a racial minority b. Visiting the native land of the clients served at a community health center c. Telephoning the priest at a Latino church to discuss the health issues of a client d. Learning about traditional healing practices from an American Indian client - ANSANS: D Learning about traditional healing practices is an example of a direct cultural encounter. This occurs when a nurse engages in cross-cultural interactions. An example of a measurable outcome health status indicator at the individual-level of practice that would be used by a public health nurse is: a. A 50-year-old woman receives annual mammograms b. School absences in a community decline c. Teachers have increased awareness of health problems d. Those in poverty utilize the free mammogram program - ANSANS: A Outcome health status indicators are used to measure the impact of the interventions on population health. In this case, a 50-year-old woman receiving an annual mammogram will have an impact on the population health when considering those who are receiving the screening. The other examples do not look at population health as an outcome or are not occurring at the individual-level. An example of a multifactorial disorder is: a. Measles b. Hepatitis B c. Eczema d. Type I diabetes - ANSANS: D Disorders that are influenced by multiple factors including genetics/genomics, environment, lifestyle, and other factors are considered to be multifactorial. An example of a multilateral organization is: RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified a. United Nations (UN) b. United States Agency for International Development (USAID) c. Project Hope d. Catholic Relief Services - ANSANS: A A multilateral organization is one that receives funding from multiple governments and nongovernmental sources, which describes the UN. Project Hope and Catholic Relief Services are private voluntary organizations. USAID is funded by one country, the United States. An example of a philanthropic organization is: a. International Red Cross b. Carnegie Foundation c. Nestl d. Johnson & Johnson - ANSANS: B The Carnegie Foundation is a philanthropic organization, receiving funding from private endowment funds. The Red Cross is a nongovernmental agency, and Nestl and Johnson & Johnson are private voluntary organizations. An example of a point source of air pollution is: a. A smoke stack b. The number of cars and trucks c. How much fossil fuel is consumed in a community d. Ground ozone levels - ANSANS: A Point sources of pollution are identifiable sources of air pollution, such as a smoke stack. An example of a successful campaign against which of the following communicable diseases was carried out during the 1960s and 1970s? a. Tetanus b. Measles c. Pertussis d. Smallpox - ANSANS: D Smallpox was virtually eliminated throughout the world as a result of immunization. An example of a vector is: a. Contaminated water b. A tick c. A dirty needle d. An infected person - ANSANS: B Vectors transmit the infectious agent by biting or depositing the infective material near the host. An example of a vertical transmission of a disease is through: RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified a. Accountability b. Ethical decision making c. Moral principles d. Code for Nursing Practice - ANSANS: B Ethical decision making is defined as an orderly process that considers ethical principles, client values, and professional obligations. Asians may perceive illness as disharmony with other forces and that medicine is only able to relieve the symptoms rather than cure the disease. They may look to naturalistic solutions and acupuncture to resolve or cure health problems. This is an example of cultural variations of: a. Communication b. Space c. Social organization d. Environmental control - ANSANS: D Environmental control refers to the ability of individuals to control nature and to influence factors in the environment that affect them. Assessing Community Health Data collection and interpretation Data gathering Data generation Composite database analysis - ANSCollection of direct data Collection of reported data Community reconnaissance Assessment issues Between 1900 and 1955, the leading causes of mortality were pneumonia, tuberculosis, and diarrhea/enteritis. By mid-century, nurses faced new challenges as the leading causes of death became: 1. Heart disease, cancer, and cerebrovascular disease 2. Influenza 3. Tropical diseases from increased travel abroad 4. Diseases from overcrowded conditions in large cities - ANSANS: 1 Chronic illness care, long-term illness and disability, and disease prevention became the new challenges for nurses. Biological Variations - ANSPhysical, biological, and physiological differences that distinguish one racial group from another Change for the community as client must often occur at several levels because: a. Health problems caused by lifestyle are multidimensional. b. Most individuals can change their habits alone. RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified c. Aggregates are responsible for social change. d. Geographic areas often have health risks that the nurse must identify. - ANSANS: A Because health problems caused by lifestyle cannot be solved simply by asking individuals to choose healthy habits, change for the community client must often take place at several levels. Change occurs at several levels. Two key concepts: Community health Partnership for community health - ANSExample: spouse abuse, elder abuse, TB treatment Collecting data and monitoring the health status of the population defines which of the core public health functions? a.Assessment b.Prevention c.Assurance d.Policy development - ANSa.Assessment Community as Client and Partner in Nursing Practice - ANSDirect clinical care and be a part of population-focused community health practice. Improved health of the community remains the overall goal of nursing intervention. Community as client requires that the improved health of the community remains the overall goal of nursing intervention. - ANSChange to benefit the community client often must occur at several levels ranging from individual to society as a whole. Community Health: has three common characteristics: status, structure, and process - ANSStatus: involves physical (i.e., morbidity and mortality rates), emotional (i.e., client satisfaction), and social (i.e., crime rates) components Structure: services and resources in a community Process: effective community functioning or problem solving Community: people and the relationships that emerge among them as they develop and use in common some agencies and institutions and a physical environment - ANSPeople: the community residents Place: both the geographical and time dimensions Function: the aims and activities of the community Congress's legal base for actions in health care include (select all that apply): a. Providing for the general welfare b. Raising funds to support research c. Regulating commerce among the states d. Providing spending power - ANSANS: A, B, C, D RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified The legal base for actions in health care includes providing for the general welfare, regulating commerce among the states, providing spending power, and raising funds to support the military. Cultural Accommodation - ANSNurse supports and facilitates clients in their use of cultural practices when such cultural practices are not harmful to clients. Cultural Awareness - ANSSelf-examination and in-depth exploration of one's own beliefs and values as they influence behavior. Nurses that are culturally aware are able to learn about the cultural dimensions of clients, understand their own behavior and how it helps or hinders the delivery of competent care to persons from cultures other than their own, recognize that health is expressed differently across cultures and that culture influences an individual's responses to health, illness, death, and disease Cultural Blindness - ANSTendency to ignore all differences among cultures, to act as though these differences do not exist, and as a result to treat all people the same (when a person has unique needs) Cultural brokering - ANSAdvocating, mediating, negotiating, and intervening between the client's culture and the biomedical health care culture on behalf of clients. Cultural Competence - ANS(in nurses) A combination of culturally congruent behaviors, practice attitudes, and policies that allow nurses to work effectively in cross-cultural situations. Cultural Conflict - ANSPerceived threat that may arise form a misunderstanding of expectations between clients and nurses when either group is not aware of cultural differences Cultural Desire - ANSNurse's intrinsic motivation to provide culturally competent care Cultural Encounter - ANSProcess that permits nurses to seek opportunities to engage in cross-cultural interactions Cultural Knowledge - ANSInformation about organizational elements of diverse cultures and ethnic groups Cultural Nursing Assessment - ANSSystematic way to identify the beliefs, values, meanings, and behaviors of people while considering their history, life experiences, and the social and physical environments in which they live Cultural Preservation - ANSNurse supports and facilitates the use of scientifically supported cultural practices from a person's culture along with those from the biomedical health care system (Acupuncture) RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified d. Is a method for tracking the prevalence of a disease - ANSANS: C Epidemiology studies the incidence and prevalence of disease, helping nurses understand the strength of the association between exposure and health effects. Ethnicity - ANSShared feeling of peoplehood among a group of individuals. reflects cultural membership and is based on individuals sharing similar cultural patterns (beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, traditions) that, over time, create a common history that is resistant to change Ethnocentrism - ANSType of cultural prejudice at the population level, is the belief that one's own group determines the standards for behavior by which all other groups are to be judged Evaluating the Intervention for Community Health - ANSRole of outcomes in the evaluation phase Evaluation of individual and group progress toward health goals is important. Which component should be included in the evaluative process? a. Type of teaching strategy used b. Recognition of accomplishments in the group c. Conflict that occurred in the group d. The type of leadership in the group - ANSANS: B Recognition of accomplishments in the group and of the group is built into the evaluative process. Examples of modifiable behaviors include: a. Smoking, poor diet, and alcohol consumption b. Cancer, emphysema, and cardiovascular disease c. Walking, running, and aerobic exercise d. Genetic abnormalities - ANSANS: A The leading causes of death in 2000 were tobacco use, poor diet, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption. These are modifiable behaviors. Examples of the benefits of distributive justice are: a. Basic needs, material and social goods, liberties, rights, and entitlements b. Taxes, military service, location of incinerators or power plants c. Entitlement to equal rights and equal treatment d. The right to private property and personal assets - ANSANS: A Justice requires that the distribution of benefits and burdens on a society be fair or equal. the third option refers to egalitarianism, and the last option refers to libertarianism. Taxes, military service, and location of incinerators or power plants are not benefits associated with justice. RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified Florence Nightingale's contributions to public health included: 1.Caring for the sick, poor, and neglected in institutions and at home 2.Using a population-based approach that led to improvements in environmental conditions 3.Writing the Elizabethan Poor Law to guarantee medical care for all 4.Founding of the district nursing association to provide health care to needy people - ANSANS:2 During the Crimean War, Nightingale progressively improved the soldiers' health by adopting a population-based approach that used simple epidemiological measures and greatly decreased mortality. Food intoxication is caused by: a. Toxins produced by bacterial growth and chemical contaminants b. Bacterial, viral, or parasitic invasion of food c. Overcooking of meat and produce d. Adding too many spices or ingredients to food - ANSANS: B Food intoxication is caused by bacterial, viral, or parasitic invasion of food. Health policy can best be defined as a set course of action to: A. administer public health care programs at the federal level for disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. B. obtain a desired health outcome for an individual, family, group, community, or society. C. support publicly funded health care programs at the local, state, and national levels. D. support health care development and research to improve the health status of citizens. - ANSANS: B Health policy is a set course of action to obtain a desired health outcome, either for individuals, families, groups, communities, or societies. Policies are made not only by governments but also by institutions such as a health department or other health agency, a family, or a professional organization. Politics plays a role in the development of such policies. Politics is found in families, professional and employing agencies, and governments. Therefore, political activities are used to arrive at a course of action (the policy). Policy is a settled course of action to be followed by a government or institution to obtain a desired end. Health Workforce Trends - ANSNot enough primary care providers move to community- based care By 2016, expecting 587,000 new nursing positions 55% of surveyed nurses intend to retire between 2011 and 2020 Healthy Communities and Cities is based on which of the following premises? a. When people have the opportunity to work out their own locally defined health problems, they will find sustainable solutions to those problems. RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified b. When the health of a community is improved, the focus will be on life expectancy rather than quality of life. c. When health professionals assume a leadership role, the health of the community will improve. d. When cities recruit enough health professionals to care for those needing medical care, the cities health will improve. - ANSANS: A Healthy Cities is based on the premise that when people have the opportunity to work out their own locally defined health problems, they will find sustainable solutions to those problems. Hispanics tend to believe that the needs of the family take priority over those of the individual. This is an example of cultural variations of: a. Communication b. Space c. Social organization d. Environmental control - ANSANS: C Social organization refers to the way in which a cultural group structures itself around the family to carry out role functions. How can a community health nurse apply the Ethical Principles for Effective Advocacy? Select all that apply. a. Act in the health care providers best interest. b. Keep the client (group, community) properly informed. c. Maintain client confidentiality. d. Carry out instructions with diligence and competence. - ANSANS: B Keep the client (group, community) properly informed, maintain client confidentiality, and carry out instructions with diligence and competence are ethical principles for effective advocacy How have nurses historically learned to identify a possible relationship between environmental chemical exposures and their potential harm? a. Extrapolation by toxicologists b. Biomonitoring c. Completing chemistry courses d. Observing signs and symptoms in clients - ANSANS: D Nurses have historically made discoveries related to chemical exposure when people presented with signs and symptoms related to known chemical toxicity. The first two options are modern methods. Identifying Community Problems Planning the Community Health - ANSAnalyzing problems Problem priorities Criteria RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified In the Vietnamese culture, individuals may focus on wishes and memories of their ancestors and look to them to provide direction for current situations. This is an example of cultural variations of: a. Communication b. Space c. Social organization d. Time - ANSANS: D This is the duration or period between successive events, where some cultures assign greater or lesser emphasis to events that occur in the past, present, or future. Income level and social networks are examples of: a. Culture b. Development c. Community d. Determinants - ANSANS: D Determinants are conditions and factors that are important considerations in population health. It is important for a nurse to recognize group norms because they: a. Allow for creativity and variety among group members b. Influence members perception of community c. Are helpful in evaluating the effectiveness of the group d. Maintain the group through various supports to members - ANSANS: D Group norms serve to maintain the group through various supports to members. It is important that nurses are involved in health policy because: a. Government and policy have a large impact on nursing and health. b. Policy affects nursing values as set forth by Florence Nightingale. c. Political science is a course of study that parallels nursing. d. Nurses must interpret laws to fit their practice. - ANSANS: A Nurses should be advocates for the health of the population. In order to do this, nurse professionals must have a working knowledge of government, health care law, the policy process, and the political forces that are shaping the future of health care. Lillian Wald invented the term public health nursing. Which of the following classes might a person of her day attend? 1.Taking and recording blood pressures accurately 2.Safe and sanitary baby and child care 3.Environmental pollutants and their effects on lung disease 4.Time management: balancing factory work and the home - ANSANS:2 RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified Lillian Wald provided health care that included educating the community on health care matters. Lillian Wald was the first public health nurse in the United States. Which of the following is her major contribution to public health nursing? 1. Founding the American Nurses Association 2.Establishment of the New York Training Hospital for Nurses 3.Establishment of the Public Health Service 4.Establishment of the Henry Street Settlement that later became the Visiting Nurse Service of New York - ANSANS:4 Lillian Wald established the Henry Street Settlement. Lina Rogers became the first school nurse. Early school nursing focused on: 1.Investigating causes of absenteeism such as malnourishment and lack of shoes or clothing 2.Teaching school as well as being a nurse 3.Starting the first school of public health 4.Providing medical treatment to enable children to return to school - ANSANS:1 Early school nursing focused on investigating causes of absenteeism, not providing medical treatment. That was the responsibility of physicians. Multilateral organizations: a. Receive funding from multiple sources b. Control the spread of disease c. Feed the people of the world d. Use nurses as their main source of information - ANSANS: A Multilateral organizations are those that receive funding from multiple government and nongovernment sources. The other items are specific to the agencies listed, but do not include all of the organizations. Need to increase number of minority nurses - ANSIn 2008, minority nurses represented about 22% of the RN population Needle stick legislation clarified the role of employers to: a. Use Universal Precautions when dealing with all patients. b. Select safer needle devices as they became available. c. Provide needle disposal boxes. d. Incinerate all infectious waste including needles. - ANSANS: B Health care facilities by law have to select safer needle devices and involve employees in identifying and choosing the devices. Negative effects: - ANSCan also increase costs RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified High-tech. equipment is expensive, quickly becomes out-dated, often requires highly trained personnel Legal liability Potential for decreased privacy Too much reliance on machines Neighborhood centers that provided health care and social welfare programs were called: 1. Settlement houses 2. Nursing care centers 3. Nurse-managed clinics 4. Public health services - ANSANS: 1 Correct by definition. Nursing centers, nurse-managed clinics, and public health services are not necessarily in neighborhoods. Nurses are available to provide health services for women and children due to the provisions of the: a. Sheppard-Towner Act b. Public Protection of Maternity and Infancy program c. Early Periodic Screening and Developmental Testing (EPSDT) program d. Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program - ANSANS: A This act also offered well-child and child-development services, provided adequate hospital services and facilities for women and children, and provided grants-in-aid for establishing maternal and child welfare programs. Nurses have worked in the community to improve the health care status of individuals, families, populations, and vulnerable groups. Part of the appeal of this type of nursing is: 1. Working with wealthy contributors who provide the funds 2. Locating the source of disease and curing patients 3. The autonomy of practice and independence in problem solving and decision making 4.Caring for soldiers on the battlefield - ANSANS: 3 Community health nurses have a long history of autonomous practice, problem solving, and decision making. The other three answers relate to acute care nursing or gathering funding. Community health care nurses did engage in these activities in the nineteenth century, but overall, they have been best known for autonomy of practice. Nurses who provided care to people in their homes and provided that care to several people at a time were called: 1. Private duty nurses 2. Visiting nurses 3. Public health nurses RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified One of the main purposes of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was to: a. Create a government-funded insurance program for all Americans. b. Make health insurance affordable for the middle class and small businesses. c. Decrease the rates of chronic disease in the United States. d. Increase the funding for public health agencies. - ANSANS: B One of the main purposes of this legislation was to make health insurance affordable for middle class families and small businesses with one of the largest tax cuts for health care in history: reducing premiums and out-of-pocket costs. This act does not create a government-funded insurance program nor does it increase funding for public health agencies. Personal safety is a prerequisite for effective community-oriented practice. Personal safety should be a consideration throughout the process. - ANSAn awareness of the community and common sense are the two best guidelines for judgment. Population health is an approach and perspective that focuses on: a. Control of the spread of the HIV virus worldwide b. The broad range of factors and conditions that influence health c. Community-based care for all citizens d. Prevention and diagnosis of disease worldwide - ANSANS: B Population health is a holistic approach that considers the total health system. Prejudice - ANSHaving a deeply held reaction, often negative, about another group or person Primary health care (PHC) is broader than primary care - ANSThe setting for PHC is within all communities of a country and involves all aspects of society (World Health Organization, 1978) Providing for the availability of essential personal health services for people who would otherwise not receive health care defines which public health core function? a.Assessment b.Prevention c.Assurance d.Policy development - ANSc. Assurance Public health administrators in a community provide a health department to serve an indigent population of immigrants providing translators on certain days of the week. This is an example of: a. Policy b. Quality c. Assurance RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified d. Libertarian philosophy - ANSANS: C Assurance refers to the role of public health in making sure that essential community- oriented health services are available, which may include providing essential personal health services for those who would otherwise not receive them. Public health interventions are implemented with: a. Legislators, policy makers, and community leaders b. Individuals and families, communities, and systems c. Children, adolescents, and adults d. Health departments, public health agencies, and visiting nurses associations - ANSANS: B It is important to know that public health nurses work with individuals and families, communities, and systems. The other answers may have true parts, but the second option lists the overall groups where public health nurses are intervening. Public health nurses (PHNs) are challenged to respond to public health-related trends of the twenty-first century, which include: a. racial, ethnic, and economic health disparities; rise of drug-resistant pathogens; unequal access to health care; and violence. b. violence, availability of health care for all, and increasing life expectancy. c. health disparities, access issues, and adequate mental health program funding. d. rise of drug-resistant organisms, increased life expectancy, societal violence, and more effective disease surveillance. - ANSANS: A Twenty-first-century challenges include increasing rates of drug resistance in community-acquired pathogens and societal issues such as welfare reform, economic disparities, racial/ethnic disparities, behavioral influences on health, and unequal access to health care. Cognitive Level: Analysis Associated Chapter Objective: 2 REF: p. 1000 Public health nurses use a common set of interventions to: a. Describe the proper order of implementation. b. Emphasize surveillance as the main focus of public health practice. c. Guide practice and generate agency protocols. d. Improve the health status of communities, systems, individuals, and families. - ANSANS: D Interventions are actions taken on behalf of communities, systems, individuals, and families to improve or protect health status. RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified Public health nurses utilize registries to identify children with delayed or missing immunizations. They subsequently follow up with families by phone calls or home visits. This is an example of ____-level of practice. a. Systems b. Community c. Policy d. Individual/family - ANSANS: D The individual/family-level of practice focuses on interventions that involve working with individuals, either singly, or in groups, and with families. Public health nurses who develop and implement local public health policies through partnerships with agencies, organizations, and consumers within the community are using which core public health function? a.Assessment b.Prevention c.Assurance d.Policy development - ANSd.Policy development Quality: Institute of Medicine (IOM) reports - ANSTo Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System (IOM, 2000) Keeping Patients Safe: Transforming the Work Environment of Nurses (2003) Rabies post-exposure immunization is an example of which of the following levels of prevention with regard to infectious disease interventions? a. Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention c. Tertiary prevention d. Assessment - ANSANS: B Secondary prevention focuses on early detection and prompt treatment of disease, injury, or disability. Race - ANSPrimarily a social classification that relies on physical markers such as son color to identify group membership Racism - ANSForm of prejudice and refers to the belief that persons who are born into a particular group are inferior, for example, in intelligence, morals, beauty, or self-worth Rapid changes in public health are providing a challenge to PHNs because there is neither time nor staff to provide nurses with the on-the-job training needed to acquire the core public health competencies required of the PHN. This resulted in revisions to the American Nurses Association (ANA)'s Scope and Standards of Public Health Nursing Practice in 2005 that established: a. core public health functions as the competency framework. RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified Disease Control and Prevention is to promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Since the Intervention Wheel was first published in 1998, it has: a. Guided national policy b. Been used as a tool in deciding licensure issues for State Boards of Nursing c. Been incorporated into the public health curricula of many nursing programs d. Gained wide acceptance internationally - ANSANS: C Since being published, the Intervention Wheel has been incorporated into the public/community health coursework of numerous undergraduate and graduate curricula. Social & Economic Trends - ANSRising household incomes Average per-person income is increasing Gap between the richest 25% and the poorest 25% is widening Revised definition of quality health care Economic downturn of 2008 Affordable Care Act Social Organization - ANSRefers to the way in which a cultural group structures itself around the family to carry out role functions Space - ANSPhysical area persons need between themselves and others to feel comfortable State and federal statutes and regulations affect the health care specialties of home health and hospice practice. A primary motivator for nurses to become knowledgeable about these statutes and regulations is their impact on nursing practice in which of the areas below? (Select all that apply.) A. Documentation of client status and progress B. Documentation of services C. Living wills and advance directives D. Resident's rights in long-term care facilities E. Right to death with dignity - ANSANS: A, B, C, D, E State laws specify licensure and certification requirements for home health care and hospice agencies. Compliance with these laws is directly linked to the method of payment for the services. For example, a service must be provided by a licensed and state-certified agency to obtain payment from Medicare. Federal regulations implementing Medicare and Medicaid programs have an enormous effect on much of nursing practice, including documentation practices and recording of visits, client care, status, and progress. Other laws focus on issues such as the right to death with dignity, the rights of residents in long-term care facilities, definitions of death and death pronouncement, and the use of living wills and advance directives. State public health agency responsibilities include: RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified a. conducting community health assessments. b. enforcing public health codes. c. monitoring health status. d. providing expertise that facilitates evidence-based practice. - ANSANS: C Federal public health agencies develop regulations that implement policies formulated by Congress, provide funding to state and territorial health agencies for public health activities, survey the nation's health status and health needs, set practices and standards, provide expertise that facilitates evidence-based practice, coordinate public health activities across state lines, and support health service research. State public health agencies are responsible for monitoring health status and enforcing laws and regulations that protect and improve the public's health. They receive funding from federal agencies to implement public health initiatives. Local public health agencies are responsible for implementing and enforcing local public health codes and ordinances and providing essential public health services to the community. Cognitive Level: Application Associated Chapter Objective: 1 REF: p. 995 States have certain continuing education requirements for persons to renew a nursing license. This type of law is called: a. Constitutional law b. Legislation and regulation c. Judicial and common law d. Police power - ANSANS: B Licensing is regulated by each states nurse practice act as a function of the board of nursing. Stereotyping - ANSAttributing certain beliefs and behaviors about a group to an individual without giving adequate attention to individual differences Technological Trends Positive effects: - ANSImprove health care services Reduce costs (efficient means of delivering care; replacing people with machines) More convenience (time & travel) The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act had what effect on illegal aliens living in the United States? a. Discriminated against individuals from Southern and Eastern Europe b. Allowed illegal aliens already living in the United States to apply for legal status c. Permitted foreign-born populations to set up communities in or around major metropolitan areas RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified d. Allowed illegal aliens access to green cards that would allow them to work in the United States - ANSANS: B The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act permitted illegal aliens already living in the United States an opportunity to apply for legal status if they met certain requirements. The ability of an agent to produce a severe pathologic reaction is known as: a. Antigenicity b. Invasiveness c. Toxicity d. Virulence - ANSANS: D The ability of an agent to produce a severe pathologic reaction is known as virulence. The agency most heavily involved with the health and welfare concerns of United States citizens is the: a. Unites States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) b. Public Health Service c. Health Resources and Services Administration d. World Health Organization - ANSANS: A The DHHS is the agency most heavily involved with the health and welfare of United States citizens. It touches more lives than any other federal agency. The American Red Cross, through its Rural Nursing Service, improved living conditions in villages and isolated farms. Which of the following is an example of the resourcefulness of a nurse of this era? 1.Using hot bricks, salt, or sandbags to substitute for hot water bottles 2.Testing well water for pollutants 3.Teaching school and developing curricula for rural nursing programs 4.Providing post-surgical care - ANSANS:1 In providing medical care, rural nurses were resourceful in finding alternatives when they did not have medical products that were available in urban areas. The basic science applied to understanding the health effects associated with chemical exposures is: a. Toxicology b. Pharmacology c. Chemistry d. Environmental epidemiology - ANSANS: A Toxicology is the study of the health effects associated with chemical exposures. The best response from a nurse when counseling a client who is considering purchasing a genetic testing kit from a vendor advertised on the Internet would be: RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified The ethical tenets that underlie the core function of assessment are (select all that apply): a. Competency: the persons assigned to develop community knowledge are prepared to collect data on groups and populations b. Moral character: the persons selected to develop, assess, and disseminate community knowledge possess integrity c. Service to others over self: a necessary condition of what is good or right policy d. Do no harm: disseminating appropriate information about groups and populations is morally necessary and sufficient - ANSANS: A, B, D Service to others over self is an ethical tenet of policy development. Competency, moral character, and do no harm are the ethical tenets of assessment. The father of genetics is: a. Charles Darwin b. Gregor Mendel c. James Watson d. Francis Galton - ANSANS: B Gregor Mendel is considered to be the father of genetics. Charles Darwin expounded on theories of evolution. Francis Galton performed family studies using twins to understand the influence of heredity on various human characteristics. James Watson was the co- discoverer of DNA. The federal government provides for the protection of the publics health by: a. Interpreting decisions related to womens right to privacy b. Setting up immunization clinics for smallpox vaccine c. Regulating nursing at the state level d. Monitoring the influx of disease at the borders - ANSANS: D The United States Constitution gives the federal government the authority to provide for the protection of the publics health. By monitoring the influx of disease at the borders the publics health is being protected. The federal-state-local partnership teams with other organizations to develop and implement responses to identified public health concerns because: a. community health is a shared responsibility. b. health objectives are defined nationally. c. population health is the responsibility of the government. d. public health trends focus on bioterrorism. - ANSANS: A PHNs partner with multidisciplinary teams of people within public health areas, in other human services and public safety agencies, and in community-based organizations. The health of communities is a shared responsibility that requires a variety of diverse and often nontraditional partnerships. Public health agency staffs include physicians, RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified PHNs, nutritionists, environmental health professionals, health educators, various laboratory workers, epidemiologists, health planners, paraprofessionals who make home visits, and outreach workers. Community-based organizations include the American Red Cross (ARC), free clinics, advocacy groups, Head Start programs, daycare centers, community health centers, hospitals, senior centers, churches, academic institutions, and businesses. Other government agencies include fire/emergency services departments, law enforcement agencies, schools, parks/recreation departments, and elected officials. Cognitive Level: Analysis Associated Chapter Objective: 8 REF: p. 994 The first major federal government action relating to health was the: a. Passage of the Social Security Act b. Creation of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) c. Creation of the Public Health Service (PHS) d. Creation of Medicare and Medicaid - ANSANS: C The PHS was created in 1798. The Framingham Heart Study was successful in: a. Providing information on the effectiveness of risk-reduction interventions b. Documenting the relationship between social variables and heart disease c. Identifying factors contributing to the development of coronary heart disease d. Demonstrating the effects of mass media in modifying high-risk behavior - ANSANS: C The Framingham Heart Study identified factors contributing to the development of coronary heart disease and high blood pressure. The Frontier Nursing Service was established by Mary Breckinridge to emulate systems of care used in the Highlands of Scotland. Her biggest contribution was: 1.Establishment of the Henry Street Settlement 2.Development of health programs geared toward improving the health care of the rural and often inaccessible populations 3.Blazing a nursing trail through the Rockies, providing nursing care to miners and their families 4.Teaching birth control measures to large numbers of women in the South - ANSANS:2 Mary Breckenridge developed health programs geared toward improving the health care of the rural and often inaccessible populations in the Appalachian regions of southern Kentucky. Lillian Wald established the Henry Street Settlement. The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA): RELIAS RN PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK A ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 100 % 2024-2025 PHARMACOLOGY RELIAS TEST A REAL A+ verified a. Protects individuals from discrimination based on their genetic information b. Allows health insurance companies to deny coverage for pre-existing conditions c. States employers may collect genetic information from employees as needed d. Requires employees to report genetic disorders to their employer - ANSANS: A GINA was designed to prohibit the improper use of genetic information in health insurance and employment. It protects individuals from discrimination based on their genetic information, prevents denial of coverage based solely on genetic predisposition to disease, and limits disclosure of genetic information. The goal of the Healthy Communities and Cities initiative is to: a. Promote health through community participation. b. Reorganize the current health care system. c. Maximize the cost-benefit ratio of health care. d. Improve the quality of care in communities. - ANSANS: A This leads to addressing the health and quality of life for all through a process that includes diverse citizen participation, mobilization of all sections of the community, and community ownership. The greatest single source of air pollution in the United States is from: a. Waste incineration b. Power plants c. Motor vehicles d. Molds - ANSANS: C Waste incineration and power plants are major contributors after motor vehicles. Molds contribute to poor indoor air quality. The growing multiculturalism of American society can contribute to ethnicity conflicts when: a. Cultural standards are congruent with professional standards. b. Cultural traditions within an ethnic group align with those of the community. c. Ethnic groups overburden the health care system. d. The greater communitys values are jeopardized by specific ethnic values. - ANSANS: D Callahan offered perspectives on judging diversity and suggests a thoughtful tolerance and some degree of moral persuasion (not coercion) for ethnic groups to alter values so that they are more in keeping with what is normative in American culture. The Guide to Clinical Preventive Services provides: a. The most recent recommendations for preventive interventions b. Assistance in interpreting Healthy People 2020 c. A basis for public health nursing practice d. Health risk appraisal instruments - ANSANS: A