Ethical Theories and Principles: A Comprehensive Overview, Exams of Ethics

Download Ethical Theories and Principles: A Comprehensive Overview and more Exams Ethics in PDF only on Docsity! Rely 2650 Midterm Exam Questions with 100% Verified Explanation. Ethics - Correct answer sustained and internal reflection on morality/moral life w/ analysis, reasoning, and argument Bioethics - Correct answer interdisciplinary fiend of applied ethics that engages complex moral problems stemming from medical sciences, biotech, ad health care Utilitarianism - Correct answer -focuses on outcomes/consequences of decisions -maximize outcomes of "utility" -greatest good for greatest # of people Deontological (Kantian) - Correct answer -morality of actions based on action itself and weather it is right or wrong, rather than based on actions consequences Categorical imperative - Correct answer universal moral obligation according to Kantian (deontological) ethics that binds a person in all circumstances regardless of persons own inclinations Natural law - Correct answer -form of deontology -right actions conform to moral standards in nature that all people can discern through reasoning -a body of unchangeable moral principles as a basis for all human conduct Rights theory - Correct answer -there are positive and negative rights that we have just because we are human (ex. Declaration of Independence) -the "rights" a person carries are essential to ethical decision making -positive rights: rights to claim something from society i.e. right to health care -negative rights: rights to be free from something/someone else i.e. right to be left alone Casuistry/ethical pragmatism - Correct answer -analyzing specific cases and then reasoning in logical way -attention to detail of circumstance Divine command - Correct answer -God/divine gives shape to moral order as expression of Gods will and goodness -morally ethical if it's a command from God - Ex 10 commandments Revelation - Correct answer divine disclosure to man of something relating to human existence of the world Covenant - Correct answer both have responsibilities, an agreement between God and his people Prophets - Correct answer there to call people back to God and tell them and tell them how to follow the covenant in the future Torah - Correct answer -first of 5 books of bible- "law" -says little about medical care Talmud - Correct answer -compilation of Mishnah combined with rabbinic commentary and decisions -collection of Jewish law and tradition -rabbinic commentary and decisions Halvah - Correct answer Jewish law as applied to Jewish living Taken loam - Correct answer respect for life is fundamental Divine body ownership - Correct answer body belongs to God, duty to care and not harm -idea in Judaism. We are borrowing our bodies from God and soul is integrated into the person. Body returns to God when we die... OBLIGATED to maintain health and relieve pain. Jesus of Nazareth - Correct answer -a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth -Gods' revelation w him (crucified and resurrected from dead). New covenant given to the community that changes the relationship of Jews to Torah by creation of New Testament. Ex: circumcision not required by the bible now. Religion and healthcare - Correct answer Anthropology - Correct answer study of human societies and cultures and their development Creation - Correct answer God is the world's origin + source. Originally created good according to Christian understanding Redemption - Correct answer sin/brokenness can be restored by god. Each person is an object of redemption. Part of human dignity and who we are, cannot lose or gain it. Image of God (imago Dei) - Correct answer Human Dignity is a gift of God, not dependent on action, status, achievement. Given regardless and cannot be taken. Fundamental answer to any question in catholic bioethics Human dignity - Correct answer right of a human to be valued and respected for their own sake and to be treated ethically Ideal beneficence (the Good Samaritan) - Correct answer the question is do you have to do everything that is beneficence - going up and above what is required/necessary Peter Singer's solution to world poverty - Correct answer - dealing with line between obligatory and ideal beneficence - As a global community we need to rethink what is obligatory beneficence -give until relative suffering is equal - give more of what we have as basic moral minimum to help developing world Medical paternalism (soft vs. hard) - Correct answer paternalism: principles can come in conflict with each other- must be balanced/weighted Soft- easier to justify, intervening to prevent harm when person is not autonomous Hard- person is still autonomous but still interfering because major conflict between principles Stigmatization effects - Correct answer -can be a result of "nudging" Creates stigma around things that are deemed "bad" by specialist -soft paternalistic policies sometime stigmatize conduct such as smoking; stigmatization can change bad behavior in some contexts w/ psychosocial costs ant paternalism - Correct answer The view that hard paternalism is never justifiable because it violates individual rights, unduly restricts free choice and is too easily abused and institutionalized suicide intervention - Correct answer An example of paternalism where beneficence and autonomy are in conflict and must be balanced or weighed; the act is beneficent by preventing harm from occurring to another, but is paternalistic by overruling their autonomy of choosing whether to live or die Neo-paternalism (nudge theory) - Correct answer intentional arrangement that encourages, but not mandates, selection on choices deemed beneficial to others by specialist knowledge Mandatory seat belt laws case study - Correct answer Study of whether seatbelt laws were a form of paternalism/government overreach; analyzed whether autonomy in this situation was warranted or harmful (and therefore justified to be overruled by such mandatory seatbelt laws that were implemented on the basis of beneficence) Veracity - Correct answer truthfulness Staged/limited disclosure - Correct answer -practice of not disclosing everything/all at once to patient Often on basis of religious beliefs -benevolent deception, patients may be unable to fully understand the information provided Medical error - Correct answer the failure of a planned action to be completed as intended or the use of a wrong plan to achieve an aim Question of whether or not it’s always necessary to disclose to patients Privacy - Correct answer the right of people not to reveal information about themselves Confidentiality - Correct answer the act of holding information in confidence, not to be released to unauthorized individuals Virtue ethics - Correct answer a moral theory that focuses on the development of virtuous character Who are you? Eudemonia - Correct answer human flourishing Vice of deficiency - Correct answer lack of virtue Vice of excess - Correct answer too much of a virtue Motivation - Correct answer reason behind action Moral character - Correct answer the strength and persistence to act in accordance with your ethics despite the challenges Compassion - Correct answer active regard for another welfare together w/ sympathy, tenderness Discernment - Correct answer sensitive insight and understanding brought to bear on actions Trustworthiness - Correct answer to warrant another confidence in once character/confidence Integrity - Correct answer soundness, reliability, wholeness and intention of moral character Conscientiousness - Correct answer motivated to do what is right Moral excellence - Correct answer Supererogatory acts - Correct answer acts that go beyond the call of duty Principle of quads - Correct answer Principle of yawing - Correct answer Principle of darer - Correct answer Principle of darer - Correct answer Principle of 'surf - Correct answer Exoticism bioethics - Correct answer - fixation of bioethics on problems that effect little people - wants to turn bioethics to focus on more common issues Heroic ordinary/everyday - Correct answer Biblical stories of Jonah - Correct answer Intersubjective gesture - Correct answer - interrelation space between people - Relationship between subjects past science - Cultural, virtue Ethics of care - Correct answer - grows out of natural capacity for empathy - focuses on relationships Empathy - Correct answer the ability to understand and share the feelings of another Materialism - Correct answer approaching ethics with a sympathetic understanding Moral attention - Correct answer Relationship awareness - Correct answer being aware of the relationships that exist between people (i.e. patient/doctor) and how that can effect decisions Accommodation - Correct answer Rationality - Correct answer Ethical emotion - Correct answer Black church - Correct answer church formed by free and enslaved blacks at the local/personal level Often founded to escape white discrimination Hierarchy of differences - Correct answer Divine providence - Correct answer God's preservation of creation killing v letting die distinction - Correct answer killing=actively taking a measure to end someone's life that would not have ended without said intervention; letting die = ending someone's life by removing any equipment/treatment that was sustaining life, thereby meaning their life ended by natural means Medical futility - Correct answer futility defines interventions that are unlikely to be significantly beneficial to the patient Slippery slope concerns - Correct answer Surrogate decision making - Correct answer when a surrogate is an advocate for an incompetent patient Oregon’s Death with Dignity Act (1994) - Correct answer the ODWDA was enacted to allow terminally ill Oregonians to end their lives via PAS; does not differentiate between "letting die" and "killing" Elena Englorie Case - Correct answer a case in which Englorie was left in a persistent vegetative state requiring MANH for 17 years and her father was consequently appointed as her guardian; he sought to discontinue life-prolonging procedures and was eventually approved by the Italian Supreme Court; Englorie eventually died Virtue of prudence - Correct answer -virtue language from Aquinas -the virtue of discerning practical reason Divine Sophia - Correct answer - proposes God as the ultimate virtue Islamic death - Correct answer the separation of the soul from the body; irreversible cessation of spontaneous respiration Nags/run - Correct answer the soul/spirit which is infused in body and departs at time of death Stable/unstable life - Correct answer - stable: presupposes continuation of blood circulation and/or respiration because of movement and pulse - Unstable: rate of blood flow lover then level of viability, inconsistent cardiac function Halal - Correct answer -halal describes an action that is lawful according to Islamic understanding Haram - Correct answer -haram describes an action that is forbidden by Islamic law Whole brain death - Correct answer irreversible cessation of all brain function Higher brain death - Correct answer the notion that the death of key functions of the brain like memory and personality mark death of a person Cardio pulmonary death - Correct answer the notion that efforts to restart a stopped heart are futile; activity at the cellular level ceases Varco v Quill case (1997) - Correct answer a case in which the U.S. Supreme Court determined that a New York ban on PAS was constitutional; this case declared that there is no constitutional "right to die" Physician-assisted dying - Correct answer physician-assisted suicide (PAS) is suicide assisted by a physician Surrogate euthanasia - Correct answer a form of euthanasia in which a patient is unable to make decisions for themselves and a surrogate makes the decision for them Involuntary euthanasia - Correct answer -when there has been direct expression against end of life but choosing to override and end life -surrogate euthanasia: a form of euthanasia in which a patient is unable to make decisions for themselves and a surrogate makes the decision for them "Right to die" movement - Correct answer notion of "right to die" legally protects some physician assisted suicide; possibly began in 1980 with beginning of the Hemlock Society; supporters included Dr. Timothy Quill who was a palliative care physician Jack Kevorkian - Correct answer a doctor who promoted unjustified physician assisted suicide with his "suicide machine"; "Dr. Death"