Renewable Energy:, Summaries of Environmental Science

Download Renewable Energy: and more Summaries Environmental Science in PDF only on Docsity! Renewable Energy: Technology, Economics and Environment Lecturers: Syafaruddin & Takashi Hiyama Time and Venue: Wednesdays: 10:20 – 11:50, Room No.: 208 1 Contents: 1. Renewable Energy: An Overview 2. Fundamental of Renewable Energy Supply 3. Utilization of Passive Solar Technology 4. Solar Thermal Heat Utilization 5. Solar Thermal Power Plants 6. Photovoltaic Power Generation 7. Wind Power Generation (TH) 8. Renewable Energy Generation in Power System (TH) 9. Impact of Renewable Energy on Frequency Control and Reliability (TH) 10. Frequency Response Service from Renewable Energy 11. Renewable Energy and Electricity Market 12. Future Towards a Sustainable Electric Supply System 2 Preface • Utilization of renewable energies is not at all new!!! (in the history of mankind renewable energies have for a long time been the primary possibility of generating energy) • Industrial Revolution changed the energy trend (lignite and hard coal became increasingly more important) Later on, also crude oil gained importance  easy transportation & processing, raw material: Crude oil (primary energy applied today) Natural gas for space heating, power provision and transportation  Important due to abundantly available and only requires low investments in terms of energy conversion * As fossil energy carriers increase for energy generation in Industrial countries  Renewable energy becomes secondary importance of total energy generation 5 Preface…cont. • However, Undesirable Side effects of fossil fuel utilization: (Increasingly sensitized to possible environmental and climate effects) ---realized in the beginning of 21st Cent.) • Price increase for fossil fuel energy on the global energy markets in the last few years • Results: The search for environmental, climate-friendly and social acceptable, alternatives suitable to cover the energy demand has become increasingly important. Utilization of renewable sources of energy 6 Energy system • Our current living standard could not be maintained without energy!!! • As the energy utilization increases  "energy problem" in conjunction with the underlying "environmental problem” continues to be a major topic in energy engineering, as well as in the energy and environmental policies in the world. • Energy system: Energy terms & Energy Consumption 7 Energy system …cont. (Energy terms) Energy resources are generally distinguished: • Fossil energy resources are stocks of energy that have formed during ancient geologic ages by biologic and/or geologic processes. -fossil biogenous energy resources (i.e. stocks of energy carrier of biological origin) E.g: hard coal, natural gas, crude oil deposits -fossil mineral energy resources (i.e. stocks of energy carrier of mineral origin or non-biological origin) E.g: energy contents of uranium deposits and resources to be used for nuclear fusion processes. • Recent resources are energy resources that are currently generated, for instance, by biological processes; E.g: the energy contents of biomass and the potential energy of a natural reservoir. 10 Energy system …cont. (Energy terms) Available energies or energy carriers can be further subdivided: • Fossil biogenous energy carriers primarily include the energy carriers coal (lignite and hard coal) as well as liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons (such as crude oil and natural gas). A further differentiation can be made between fossil biogenous primary energy carriers (e.g. lignite) and fossil biogenous secondary energy carriers (e.g. gasoline, Diesel fuel). • Fossil mineral energy carriers comprise all substances that provide energy derived from nuclear fission or fusion (such as uranium, thorium, hydrogen). • The term renewable energy…… 11 The term of Renewable energy refers to primary energies that are regarded as inexhaustible in terms of human (time) dimensions. Characteristics: • They are continuously generated by the energy sources solar energy, geothermal energy and tidal energy. • The energy produced within the sun is responsible for a multitude of other renewable energies (such as wind and hydropower) as well as renewable energy carriers (such as solid or liquid biofuels). • The energy content of the waste can only be referred to as renewable if it is of non-fossil origin (e.g. organic domestic waste, waste from the food processing industry). Properly speaking, only naturally available primary energies or primary energy carriers are renewable but not the resulting secondary or final energies or the related energy carriers. However, in everyday speech secondary and final energy carriers derived from renewable energy are often also referred to as renewable. 12 Energy system …cont. (Energy terms) 15 Energy system …cont. (Energy Consumption) Worldwide consumption of fossil primary energy carriers, hydropower and biomass according to energy carriers In 1965, nuclear energy had still no importance on a global scale; in the year 2005; however, it covered roughly 6 % of the global primary energy demand and still has a strong tendency to increase. While this energy carrier only had a share of roughly 17 % in the overall consumption of fossil energy carriers and hydropower in 1965, it contributed with about 24 % to cover the overall primary energy demand in 2005. Coal consumption diminished from 40 % in the year 1965 to scarcely 28 % in 2005 Applications of renewable energies • Provision of final or useful energy using renewable energies is based on energy flows originated by the movement and gravitation of planets (i.e. tidal energy), heat stored and released by the earth (i.e. geothermal energy) and in particular energy radiated by the sun (i.e. solar radiation) • There is thus a great variety of renewable energies in terms of energy density, variations of the available forms of energy and the related secondary or final energy carriers and final energy to be provided 16 Applications of renewable energies… (RE Classification) 17 The energy flows available on earth that directly or indirectly result from these renewable energy sources vary tremendously, for instance, in terms of energy density or with regard to spatial and time variations. 20 Structure & Procedures… (Principles) The possibilities and boundaries to convert renewable energies into end or useful energy largely depend on the respective physical and technical conditions. Efficiency: the ratio of useful power output (e.g. electricity, heat) to the power input (e.g. solar radiation, geothermal energy). It depends on the respective operating conditions of the conversion plant, as well as a series of other factors, which vary over time . Utilization ratio: the ratio of the total output of useful energy to the total energy input within a certain period of time (e.g. one year). The observed time periods may include part load periods and breaks as well as start-up and shutdown times. Technical availability: describe the portion of the time period under observation, within which a plant has actually been available for its intended purpose and thus considers time periods during which the plant has been unavailable due to malfunctions. 21 Structure & Procedure… (Technical Description) based on state-of-the-art technology and current conditions *physical principles and supply characteristics: Appropriate conversion plants into secondary or end energy carriers, or directly into useful energy Discussion includes: characteristic curve energy flow respective losses given within the entire provision or conversion chain further aspects related to the respective conversion technology 22 Structure & Procedure (Economic & Environmental analysis) Definition of reference plants: Based on the current market spectrum, appropriate reference plants are defined according to the present state of technology. *Heat provision & Power provision (must be distinguished): Heat provision: supply tasks are also defined, because no nation-wide heat distribution grids exist and heat provision must always be considered in the context of secured consumer supply. Power provision: the respective renewable energy supply to be tapped by the reference plants is defined. These typical plants for the current situation will later on serve as a basis for the actual economic and environmental analyses. 25 More about power provision…. Power provision: For power generation systems no supply tasks have been defined. The system boundary is the feed-in point into the power grid. For this reason, potential requirements for net reinforcements and modifications within the conventional power plant park have not been considered. Capacity effects have not been investigated either. 26 Economic & Environmental analysis (Economic analysis) Key figures of any energy generation opportunity are the costs. For this purpose, Concerning: *The initial investments for the most important system components of the applied conversion technology *the overall investment volume The specific energy provision costs is calculated based on: the basis of the monetary value of the year including inflation-adjusted costs In general, the indicated costs refer to the overall economy; i.e. plants are depreciated over the technical lifetime L of the respective plant or respective plant component that may vary according to the applied technology or system. Some parameters need to be considered for economic calculations : •taxes (e.g. value added tax), •subsidies (e.g. granted within the scope of market launches, credit from public bodies which reduce interest rates) •extraordinary depreciation possibilities. 27 More about Economic analysis…. On the basis of the yearly annuity (i.e. the share of the total investment cost mature each year throughout the overall technical lifetime)  the overall annual costs can be calculated by considering the additional respective variable costs (e.g. maintenance costs, operation costs, fuel costs (if applicable)). From these overall annual costs the specific energy provision costs (i.e. electricity production costs in €/kWh, heat provision costs in €/GJ) can be calculated considering the mean annual energy provision at plant exit (e.g. electrical energy of a wind turbine fed into the grid, the caloric energy of a heat pump fed into a heat supply system within a dwelling house required to utilise shallow geothermal heat).