Renewable Energy Sources and Energy-Saving Technologies, Exams of Aerospace Engineering

Download Renewable Energy Sources and Energy-Saving Technologies and more Exams Aerospace Engineering in PDF only on Docsity! A Look at Renewable Energy Sources and Energy-Saving Technologies Introduction Given that CO2 is the main component of greenhouse gases (GHGs), there is a large amount of concern about lowering carbon dioxide a variety of emissions measures, as an example boosting renewable energy deployment sources as well as encouraging internet breakthroughs, are being implemented, could This method can be put to good use to cut down on carbon emissions in this location. Governments are also use Mechanisms of Support like tariffs on feed-in, renewable portfolio obligations, as well as taxes policies encourage the use of renewable energy generation must be combined with efficiency in terms of energy measures. Several countries have already begun to build up energy plants which make consumption of recycled resources sources of energy. Because of issues posed by climate change, alternative energy sources are critical caused via means of excessive usage the use of fossil fuels The three most important drivers for the purpose of expansion sources of renewable energy technology are you concerned about energy security and financial stability repercussions, and carbon dioxide lowering of emissions. Any sort of energy that is not derived from conventional sources, such as hydropower, is referred to as "alternative energy." In recent years, the use of renewable energy sources has gained a lot of press. Two major global trends, The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that (IEA) (2012d), should describe the situation adoption renewable energy technology throughout the in the medium term First and foremost, as a renewable resource energy innovation improve, at 1,454 GW in 2011 to 2,167 GW in 2017, they should become more widely available around the world. Second, as demand for energy from fossil fuels has grown renewable energy has gained popularity in recent years, energy in a number of locations and contexts, technologies have become more cost competitive with alternatives. According to IEA calculations, given favorable local circumstances as an example finance, CO2 emissions, and fossil fuel use, wind is the most cost-effective renewable energy option (OECD, 2010). The remainder of this study is organized in the following manner; Solar, wind, and hydropower are examples of renewable energy supply technologies, are presented in Section 2. Different energy efficiency technologies are covered in Section 3. Electric vehicles and combined heat and power are examples of these. The last section closes with a summary and conclusion. 2. Technologies for Renewable Energy Supply 2.1. Hydroelectricity Hydropower is the most frequently used source of renewable energy for generating electricity in the world. Hydroelectric power output has expanded considerably in comparison to previous It's been 50 years. In 1950, it was 340 terawatt-hour (TWh), which More over a third of the world's electrical demand was met. In 1975, it reached a high of 1,500 TWh, and in 2005, it reached a high of 2,994 TWh. Hydropower construction has an environmental impact due to the enormous engineering tasks involved. Hydro power, is appealing, on the other hand because it provides a constant water supply for agricultural home, as well as industrial use, as well as being clean and allowing for both the water storage as well as the storage of power. Furthermore, the stored energy can be used in a variety of ways to good use to provide both base-load and peak-load power. Hydroelectric demand (122 TWh) accounted for around 64% Norway's primary energy usage in 2011, in accordance with BP statistics (2012), compared for oil and natural gas, the technology are just a few of the benefits. Paish also points out drawbacks such site-specific technology, expansion activity constraints, monsoon circumstances, fisheries disputes, and a lack of competence in many places' abilities to employ this technology. Monteiro and his colleagues (2013) created a forecasting for the short term model for small-hydro power plant average hourly electricity generation (SHPPs).Their approach consists of three modules: daily average estimation, final projections for hourly average power generation, as well as dynamic adjustments based on recent historical data. According to them, the strategy provides realistic solutions to the technical and economic challenges that SHPPs face. The authors arrived to the conclusion that power generation estimates are necessary for correctly managing SHPPs, which includes developing market bid bids and power plant maintenance plans. 2.The wind energy Wind energy capacity has gone up from 4.8megawatts from 1995 until over in the year 2011, 239 gigawatts were produced. Each wind turbine is unique now has the capacity to generate the same amount of electricity as a conventional power plant. Wind energy has had the greatest impact China, the United States, and Germany, respectively, have total installed capacity of 62, 47, and 29 GW. Based on the BP (2012) study, Figure (3) depicts the global wind installation capacity trend. 300 200 100 0 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 Figure 3: Total installed wind turbine capacity from 1995 to 2011. (in GW) Wind capacity installation has been gradually rising throughout the last According to the current trend, it will be two-decade period Global capacity will grow from 238 GW in 2011 to over 1,100 GW by 2035, according to the International Energy Agency, with onshore wind turbines accounting for 80% of the increase (IEA, 2012e). As a result of public backing, The capacity of offshore wind farms is predicted rise significantly to 4 gigawatts between 2011 -175 gigawatts estimated to 2035 according to this report. This objective will be met when the necessary expenditure is created in accordance with the design strategy. The breakdown of investment requirements is shown in Figure (4). By 2030-50, OECD countries' investment will lag behind that of non-OECD countries, according to the graph. China receives the lion's share of non-OECD investment (almost 50%). 2000 1000 OECD Non-OECD 0 2010-20 2020-30 2030-50 Figure (4): Investments necessary between 2010 and 2050 to satisfy wind generation requirements (billions USD) Each renewable energy source, according to Tester (2005), derives sun radiation, gravitational forces, and heat are the three primary energy sources produced by means of radioactive decay. According to Tester, this ability could increase over time. If externality costs are taken into account, Wind power, according to Tester, has a lifetime cost at a rate of 6.5 cents per kilowatt hour, is equivalent to coal Natural-gas mixed cycle gas turbines and power plants (CCGT). Cost studies were used by Sundararagavan and Baker (2012) for several methods of energy storage systems to help mitigate the Integration of wind turbines and power is fraught with uncertainties networks because of wind The erratic nature of power. They argued that this integration requires three key elements. (i)load shifting, (ii) transmission and distribution frequency support, and (iii) power quality to smooth out power variations. The findings suggest that no single technological solution can address all of the issues. world's problems can be the winner in all three applications. Technology selection is heavily influenced by interest rate assumptions and decision makers' perspectives. 2.3. Solar power Researchers have looked into the Throughout the preceding Solar power's economic feasibility for home, commercial, and industrial use has been debated for over two decades. Because natural primary energy supplies are limited, industrial countries Japan and Germany, for example, are on the lookout into alternative solar power, for example, is a renewable energy source. Early in the 1990s, Japan was the first country Germany is the first country to deploy large-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity generating. Both several countries are currently at solar energy's forerunner research and development. China has lately built a big capability of solar power, cutting the price solar energy generation, thanks to government subsidies and low-cost labor. Graph 3.5 displays the based on a pattern from 1996 to 2011 data from BP (British Petroleum) (2012). In his study of the experimental data for solar home systems (SHS) in developing nations, Nieuwenhout (2001) discovered that solar photovoltaic (PV) projects necessitate a substantial level infrastructure for services to be built profitable. Several possible problems have been discovered. Kolhe and colleagues (2002) compared the cost-effectiveness in comparison to diesel power plants using In India, a stand-alone solar photovoltaic (SAPV) system. The information Photovoltaic systems are most amount-effective Use of up to 15 kWh of energy, however in more favorable economic scenarios, this can be extended to 68 kWh/day. If the cost of PVs falls and the cost of gasoline grows, the break-even requirement rises. Kim and Fthenakis (2007) looked analyzed the possibility of lowering GHG emissions in the United States over the course of a solar and nuclear power generation's whole life cycle They used data from 12 different sources, in the United States, Europe, and Japan, solar companies will study nuclear-fuel life cycles. According to Solar energy emits 22-49 g/kWh, according to the studies. on average in the United States as well as 17-39 g/kWh in the Southwest, Nuclear power, on the other hand, emits 16-55 g/kWh (according to the CO2 equivalent). Feltrin and Freundlich (2008) looked into a variety of solar PV systems for large-scale power generation using globally available materials. According to the findings, Improvement and innovation are equally necessary to overcoming the physical obstacle. 3.Energy conservation technologies 3.1 Vehicles that run on electricity EVs, which include the sorts of batteries, fuel cells, and hybrids all have the potential to be practical solutions for both storing as well as generating electricity. Given that mode of conveyance is a major source of CO2, enhancing fuel economy allows us to save the most fuel and minimize CO2 emissions in the shortest amount of time. As a result, increasing the number of electric vehicles on the road and their share of the fleet could have a substantial long-term impact. Hybrid electric vehicles with a plug-in charger (PHEVs) will expand in popularity over the next two decades, The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that (IEA) (2012c), "In long run, grid of the future technologies may make it possible for EVs to be employed as storage devices that are spread, sending "As needed, they return the to the system the electricity stored in their batteries," says the report (grid to vehicle)," the paper states. 2012e (International Energy Agency) McInnis and Steenhof (2008) looked at three scenarios to consider examine how increasing the environment will be affected if the number of 85 percent ethanol, hydrogen, and electric vehicles in the fleet of passenger transportation increases from by 2050, ten percent to one hundred percent of the new car market will have been captured. According to data, emissions of CO2 from electric vehicles is going to be cut by 153 million tonnes by 2050, while CO2 emissions from hydrogen fuel cell vehicles would be cut by 156 million tonnes. By 2050, cellulose-based ethanol will be utilized in cars, reducing CO2 emissions significantly while still producing an ever-increasing amount of agricultural waste. Andersen and his colleagues (2009) presented a smart grid operator for electric recharge construction a market that is well-coordinated renewable energy manufacturing and usage (ERGO). An ERGO model, to be precis they suggested, might alleviate the by transforming EVs into distributed energy storage devices, we may reduce GHG emissions and power fluctuations. The ERGO idea has been related to a number of demonstrable benefits, including the addition of the addition of V2G distributed power sources and IT intelligence to the grid, the development of novel carbon credit applications, and the construction of virtual power plants employing distributed resources are all possibilities. Weiller (2011) used a prototype to investigate the effects of several factors PHEV scenarios for charging on power taking into account the time of day and demand billing in United States location. The ability to charge outside the home raises the PHEV's energy consumption on a daily basis increased between 24 and (1.5-2.0 kWh/day), 29 percent according to outcomes PHEV-20s (cars having a range of 20 miles) switch 45-65 percent of the time of their mileage of energy, and PHEV-40s switch 65-80 percent. According to the data. Furthermore, it is anticipated that by converting 45-77 percent of their miles to electric power, PHEVs can reduce gasoline use by more than half in the United States. 3.2 Cogeneration (heat and energy combined) Cogeneration, or combined heat and power, is a method producing both warmth and electricity, a method of producing both heat and electricity (CHP). It is expected to be much more efficient than each of the sources separately. The majority of power distribution companies just offer energy, not hot water or steam. CHP is a cost-effective fuel use when 30-40% of a country's GDP entire a load of energy generated by nuclear power squandered as waste heat as a by-product, It is capable of capturing half or all of the waste energy for heating. Reykjavik's and New York's utility firms sell both electricity and thermal energy to end users (Tester, 2005). Hawkes and Leach (2007) studied three micro-CHP technologies' cost-effective operation strategies for residential use in the United Kingdom (A solid oxide fuel cell-based (SOFC) system, a Sterling engine, and a gas engine.) They looked studied the economic and g 13% 15% 18% 30% 16% 1% 1% 2% 4% Biomass Biofuels Biogas Geothermal Hydropower (Small) Solar PV CSP Solar Heating/Coolin Wind Power Figure 9 depicts the estimated number of renewable energy jobs around the world, broken down by industry. According to the GSR 2012 report, the GSR 2013 report, the GSR 2014 report, the GSR following is a Sector-by-sector breakdown of job creation: The biofuels industry employs 1.5 million people, while the solar PV and wind power industries employ 820,000 and 670,000 people, respectively. The renewable energy industry employs around 1.6 million people (Martinot and Sawin, 2012). China, Brazil, the United States, and the European Union are four of the world's most powerful nations account for majority of renewable energy jobs. In terms of employment, generation within the renewable energy sector, Germany have been the European leader. Since the turn of the century, it has considerably boosted its renewable energy generation, accounting for around 15% of total electricity production in 2008. (2010) (Frondel and colleagues). Ragwitz et al. (2009) investigated the EU's renewable energy policy's gross and net effects. They studied the effects of renewable energy policies on employment and the economy in the past, present, and future at the national and member levels. They discovered that by improving existing rules, renewable energy sectors' existing economic benefits may and should be expanded in the future. "In order to fulfill Europe's agreed-upon target of 20% renewable energy by 2020." According to them, boosting the use the use of renewable energy sources few negative consequences for the financial situation. They claim if external costs are taken into account, the economic benefits of renewable energy might be significantly bigger. 5.Conclusion and Summary Carbon dioxide emissions could be reduced by using renewable energy technology to replace in the power generation and transportation industries, fossil fuels are used. Traditional energy production has detrimental and irreversible externalities, hence developing and promoting renewable energy sources is critical, alternatives. Increased renewable energy output will lower energy unit prices and make renewables a viable alternative to traditional energy sources. To minimize CO2 emissions and mitigate there are two types of climate change. key steps may could be taken: replacing replacement of fossil fuels with renewable energy sources to the greatest extent possible and improving Regardless of the type of energy efficiency source. Because of their considerable contribution to renewable energy generation, hydro, wind, and solar sources were included in this analysis. Hydropower is the world's most abundant renewable source of electricity generation. Hydroelectric power is attractive because it provides a combined water supply for agricultural, residential usage, amusement, and industry. Lack of funds, political Commercial risk management, resource allocation preferences, as well as local environmental issues all barriers of hydropower capacity increase. Wind energy's intermittency and a rise in the cost of power transmission to users are two concerns associated with its use. The cost of generating is influenced by location, practicality, and the wind turbine's minimum needed speed Due to low labor costs and government subsidies, China is a country that has constructed It has its own solar power generation capacity,lowering production costs.