Anatomy and Function of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems, Slides of Biology

Download Anatomy and Function of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems and more Slides Biology in PDF only on Docsity! | Human Biology The Reproductive System Docsity.com The Reproductive System • Gonads – primary sex organs •Testes in males •Ovaries in females • Gonads produce gametes (sex cells) and secrete hormones •Sperm – male gametes •Ova (eggs) – female gametes Docsity.com Male Reproductive System Ejaculatory duct Urethra (prostatic) — Urinary bladder Seminal vesicle Pubis Prostate gland Urethra (membranous) Rectum Bulbourethral gland Ductus deferens Erectile tissue of penis Shaft of penis Spongy (penile) urethra Epididymis Testis Scrotal sac 16.2 e Doositl Z6m Glans penis Prepuce  ———— Testes C Rete testis. Ductus (vas) deferens Epididymis Spermatic cord Blood vessels and nerves Seminiferous tubule Docsity.com Testes Slide 16.4 • Each lobule contains one to four seminiferous tubules (sperm birth!) •Tightly coiled structures •Function as sperm-forming factories •Empty sperm into the testis • Sperm travels through the testis to the epididymis • Interstitial cells produce androgens such as testosterone Docsity.com Male Reproductive System Ejaculatory duct Urethra (prostatic) — Urinary bladder Seminal vesicle Pubis Prostate gland Urethra (membranous) Rectum Bulbourethral gland Ductus deferens Erectile tissue of penis Shaft of penis Spongy (penile) urethra Epididymis Testis Scrotal sac 16.2 e Doositl Z6m Glans penis Prepuce Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens) Slide 16.6b • Ends in the ejaculatory duct which unites with the urethra • Vasectomy – cutting of the vas deferens at the level of the testes to prevent transportation of sperm Docsity.com Urethra Slide 16.7a • Extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis • Carries both urine and sperm • Sperm enters from the ejaculatory duct Docsity.com Prostate Gland Slide 16.9 • Encircles the upper part of the urethra • Secretes a milky fluid •Helps to activate sperm •Enters the urethra through several small ducts Docsity.com Bulbourethral Glands Slide 16.10 • Pea-sized gland inferior to the prostate • Produces a thick, clear mucus •Cleanses the urethra of acidic urine •Serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse •Secreted into the urethra Docsity.com Semen Slide 16.11 • Mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions • Advantages of accessory gland secretions •Fructose provides energy for sperm cells •Alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidic environment of vagina •Semen inhibits bacterial multiplication •Elements of semen enhance sperm motility Docsity.com External Genitalia Slide 16.13b • Internally there are three areas of spongy erectile tissue around the urethra Docsity.com Spermatogenesis Slide 16.14 • Production of sperm cells • Begins at puberty and continues throughout life • Occurs in the seminiferous tubules Docsity.com Processes of Spermatogenesis Slide 16.15a • Spermatogonia (stem cells) undergo rapid mitosis to produce more stem cells before puberty • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) modifies spermatogonia division upon puberty. Docsity.com Female Reproductive System Slide 16.21a • Ovaries • Duct System •Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes) •Uterus •Vagina • External genitalia Docsity.com Female Reproductive System || separa ligament Ovary Uterine (fallopian) 7d “J tube Sacrum > " VW y Fimbriae Ovarian ligament Round ligament Coccyx Broad ligament ++ TZ ty ey | Fundus | uterus a Body Cervix Urinary bladder Symphysis pubis Urethra Vagina Clitoris Labium minus Anus Labium majus Figure 16.8a Doosl 46m Ovaries Slide 16.22 • Composed of ovarian follicles (sac-like structures) Figure 16.7 Docsity.com Uterine Tube Function Slide 16.26 • Fimbriae – finger-like projections at the distal end that receive the oocyte • Cilia inside the uterine tube slowly move the oocyte towards the uterus (takes 3–4 days) • Fertilization occurs inside the uterine tube Docsity.com Uterus Slide 16.27 • Located between the urinary bladder and rectum • Hollow organ • Functions of the uterus •Receives a fertilized egg •Retains the fertilized egg •Nourishes the fertilized egg Docsity.com Walls of the Uterus Slide 16.30 • Endometrium • Inner layer •Allows for implantation of a fertilized egg •Sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs (menses) • Myometrium – middle layer of smooth muscle • Serous layer – outer visceral peritoneum Docsity.com Oogenesis Meiotic Events Before birth Mitosis —+ ‘Growth —- Childhood Each month from puberty to menopause Meiosis | (completed by one C) primary oocyte each month) First polar body Meiosis II of polar body (may or may not occur) Polar bodies @ (all polar bodies: degenerate) ‘Oogonium (stem cell) Primary oocyte ————>+ Primary oocyte (arrested in prophase |; present at birth) (ovary inactive) Primary oocyte (still—- arrested in prophase |) Secondary oocyte (arrested iin metaphase II) Ovulation 1. ae oo” fe Second polar body Ovum Follicle Development in Ovary Follicle cells Oocyte Primary follicle Primary follicle Primary follicle ' 0° Growing follicle Mature vesicular (Graafian) follicle © Ovulated secondary oocyte Oo Meiosis Il completed (only if sperm penetration occurs) Figure 16.10 Docgtl/ 48m 1h 27 Menstrual (Uterine) Cycle Slide 16.38 • Cyclic changes of the endometrium • Regulated by cyclic production of estrogens and progesterone • Stages of the menstrual cycle •Menses – functional layer of the endometrium is sloughed •Proliferative stage – regeneration of functional layer •Secretory stage – endometrium increases in size and readies for implantation Docsity.com Hormonal Control of the Ovarian and Uterine Cycles Slide 16.39a Figure 16.12a, b Docsity.com Stages of Pregnancy and Development Slide 16.44 • Fertilization • Embryonic development • Fetal development • Childbirth Docsity.com Fertilization Slide 16.45 • The oocyte is viable for 12 to 24 hours after ovulation • Sperm are viable for 12 to 48 hours after ejaculation • Sperm cells must make their way to the uterine tube for fertilization to be possible Docsity.com Development from Ovulation to Implantation Slide 16.52 Figure 16.15 Docsity.com The Blastocyst Slide 16.49 • Ball-like circle of cells • Begins at about the 100 cell stage • Secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to produce the corpus luteum to continue producing hormones • The blastocyst implants in the wall of the uterus (by day 14) Docsity.com Development from Ovulation to Implantation Slide 16.52 Figure 16.15 Docsity.com Development After Implantation Slide 16.53 • Chorionic villi (projections of the blastocyst) develop •Cooperate with cells of the uterus to form the placenta • The embryo is surrounded by the amnion (a fluid filled sac) • An umbilical cord forms to attach the embryo to the placenta Docsity.com The Fetus (Beginning of the Ninth Week) Slide 16.56 • All organ systems are formed by the end of the eighth week • Activities of the fetus are growth and organ specialization • A stage of tremendous growth and change in appearance Docsity.com Childbirth (Partition) Slide 16.60 • Labor – the series of events that expel the infant from the uterus • Initiation of labor •Estrogen levels rise •Uterine contractions begin •The placenta releases prostaglandins •Oxytocin is released by the pituitary •Combination of these hormones produces contractions Docsity.com Initiation of Labor @ Hypothalamus sends efferent impulses to posterior pituitary, where oxytocin is stored (©) Posterior pituitary releases oxytocin to blood; oxytocin targets mother's uterine muscle Uterus responds by contracting more vigorously (4) Baby moves deeper into mother's birth canal impulses to hypothalamus @ Pressoreceptors in cervix of Positive feedback Ste Boece mechanism continues to cycle until interrupted by birth of baby & Figure 16.18 Docgtl/Y8m My RO  Stages of Labor Placenta Umbilical cord Uterus Cervix @) Dilation of the cervix (2) Expulsion: delivery of the infant —Uterus Placenta (detaching) Umbilical | cord Some @ Delivery of the placenta Figure 16.19 3 Doce tl Y8m TR RA Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System Slide 16.64a • Gender is determined at fertilization •Males have XY sex chromosomes •Females have XX sex chromosomes • Gonads do not begin to form until the eighth week Docsity.com Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System Slide 16.64b • Testes form in the abdominal cavity and descend to the scrotum one month before birth • The determining factor for gonad differentiation is testosterone Docsity.com • Human sexual response: excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution – Male sexual response: orgasm, marked by ejaculation – Female sexual response: orgasm, marked by rhythmic muscular contractions Human Sexual Response, Intercourse, and Fertilization Docsity.com Contraceptive Methods: Failure Rates e Table 16.3 Approximate failure rates of various contraceptive methods* Contraceptive Method Average Failure Rate (Annual Pregnancies per 100 Women) Wone attempted Douche Withdrawal Rhythm method Chemical contraceptives (spermicides) Diaphragm or cervical cap with spermicide Male or female condoms Intrauterine device Oral contraceptives Injected or implanted contraceptives Vasectomy or tubal ligation Abstinence 85-30 Greater than 30 20-30 20—30 About 20 10-15 About 10 Less than 5 Approximately 2 Less than 1 Nearly 0 oO *The numbers should not be taken as absolutes since effectiveness will vary with the degree of proper use. The list should be viewed as an approximate rank order in terms of failure rate. Table 16.3 Docsity.com • Abstinence (only birth control that is 100%) • Surgical sterilization: vasectomy, tubal ligation • Hormonal methods: pills, injections, implants • IUDs: small plastic or metal piece inserted into uterus • Diaphragms and cervical caps: block the cervix • Chemical spermicides: kill sperm cells Birth Control Methods Docsity.com