Functions and Anatomy of the Reproductive Systems: Male and Female, Study notes of Physiology

Download Functions and Anatomy of the Reproductive Systems: Male and Female and more Study notes Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!   1   BIOL  105   Lecture  Outline     Chapter  19    Reproductive  Systems   Read  Chapter  16  (pp.  544-­‐582)   Complete  review  questions  (pp.  580-­‐ -­‐10,  14-­‐19,  21,  23,  25-­‐30     Functions  of  the  Reproductive  Systems     1)  Produce  ________________________  (egg  and  sperm)  in  the  ________________________  (testes  and   ovaries)     2)  Produce  ________________________________________   Ovaries  produce  estrogens  (mainly  estradiol)   Testes  produce  androgens  (mainly  testosterone)     3)  Facilitate  sexual  intercourse     4)  Produce  offspring     Male  Reproductive  Anatomy     External  Anatomy:   Scrotum  and  penis     Internal  Anatomy:   Testes   o Seminiferous  tubules   Ducts:   o Epididymis,  vas  deferens,  ejaculatory  duct,  urethra   Accessory  glands:   o Seminal  vesicles,  bulbourethral  glands,  prostate     Scrotum     Sac  enclosing  the  ________________________     ___________________________________________  suspends  the  testis  in  the  scrotum   Consists  of  vas  deferens,  blood  and  lymph  vessels,  autonomic  nerves,  and  smooth   muscle     ___________________________________________  adjusts  the  position  of  the  testes   Optimal  temperature  for  spermatogenesis  is  2-­3  degrees  Celsius  below  core  body   temperature     Penis     Conveys  ________________________  and  ________________________  through  the  urethra  to  the  outside       2   Consists  of  ________  columns  of  erectile  tissue     Contain  blood  sinuses  and  the  urethra     o ________  corpora  cavernosa     o ________  corpus  spongiosum   Surrounds  the  urethra     ________________________  (head  of  the  penis)   Enlargement  of  the  distal  end  of  the  corpus  spongiosum   Distal  urethra  forms  the  external  urethral  orifice     Covered  by  ________________________  (foreskin)   o Removed  during  circumcision     Testes     Produce  ________________________  and  ________________________     Sperm  is  produced  in  the  ___________________________________________________________________   Spermatogenic  cells  produce  sperm   Cells  between  tubules  (interstitial  cells)  produce  male  hormones     Spermatogenesis     Spermatogonia  produce  primary  spermatocytes     Undergo  ________________________  to  produce  ________________________     o Sperm  cells  have  __________  chromosomes     As  spermatids  mature,  they  acquire  a  ________________________  and  become  fully   functional     Sperm  Anatomy     The  sperm  head  contains  the  ________________________   DNA  consists  of  haploid  (half)  number  of  chromosomes     The  _____________________________  contains  enzymes  which  help  the  sperm  enter  the  ovum     Mitochondria  supply  ATP  for  ______________________________________     The  _____________________________  (tail)  whips  back  and  forth,  propelling  the  sperm             5   ________________________________________   Produced  by  cells  in  the  testes   Stimulates  sperm  production   Develops  male  sex  characteristics  during  fetal  development  and  at  puberty     ________________________   Develops  female  sex  characteristics  during  fetal  development  and  at  puberty   Influences  the  ovarian/menstrual  cycle     ___________________________________________   Influences  the  ovarian/menstrual  cycle,  and  maintains  pregnancy     Female  Reproductive  Anatomy     Internal  Anatomy:   Ovaries   Uterine  tubes  (also  called  fallopian  tubes)   Uterus   Vagina     External  Anatomy:   Vulva  (pudendum)   o Mons  pubis   o Labia  and  vestibule   o Clitoris   o     Ovaries     Produce  ________________________  (eggs)  via  oogenesis     Produce  female  sex  hormones     Oogenesis     Similar  to  spermatogenesis     Diploid  (2N)  stem  cells  undergo  ________________________     Produces  haploid  (n)  ________________________  cells  (ova)     Differs  from  spermatogenesis     Division  of  the  _____________________________  is  unequal,  resulting  in  only  one  (very   large)  functional  egg  plus  2  or  3  nonfunctional  polar  bodies             6   Uterine  Tubes  (also  called  fallopian  tubes  or  oviducts)     Transport  sperm  to  the  ovum,  and  fertilized  eggs  to  the  uterus     ________________________________________________:  funnel-­‐shaped  end  of  tube,  open  to  pelvic  cavity      tube  at   ovulation     Inside  of  the  tube  is  lined  with  ________________________  that  propel  egg  toward  uterus   Also  assisted  by  peristalsis  of  muscular  walls  of  the  uterine  tube     Uterus     Site  of  implantation  of  fertilized  egg,  fetal  development,  and  labor     Pear  sized;  located  between  the  urinary  ________________________  and  ________________________;   ________________________  to  the  vagina     Three  layers:     ________________________________________________:  inner  lining;  site  of  implantation  of   fertilized  egg     ________________________________________________:  muscular  middle  layer     ________________________________________________:  outer  covering     ________________________  (neck  of  uterus)  extends  into  the  vagina     Vagina     Muscular  tube  extending  from  the  ________________________  to  the  exterior  of  the  body   Birth  canal  and  outlet  for  menstrual  flow     Vulva     Includes:     ________________________________________________   o Elevation  of  adipose  tissue  to  cushion  pubic  symphysis     ________________________________________________  (outer  lips)  and   ________________________________________________  (inner  lips)  are  skin  folds           7   Enclose  inner  genital  structures     _____________________________   Located  at  anterior  junction  of  labia  minora       Contains  _____________________________  tissue  and  ________________________   o Only  function  is  sexual  arousal     _____________________________   Region  between  labia  minora     Includes:   o Vaginal  orifice  bordered  by  the  ________________________     o External  urethral  orifice  for  passing  ________________________     o Bartho     Female  Reproductive  Cycle     The  female  reproductive  cycle  consists  of  the  events  that  occur  simultaneously  in  both  the   ovaries  and  the  uterus:     ________________________  cycle  involves  the  maturation  of  the  ovum  (egg  cell)     ________________________  cycle  (menstrual  cycle)  involves  the  changes  in  the  endometrium  of   the  uterus     What  happens  in  the  ovary?     The  ________________________________________________  secretes  GnRH   Targets  the  anterior  pituitary  gland     The  anterior  pituitary  gland  then  secretes  ________________________  and  ________________________   Target  the  ovaries     In  the  ovary,  FSH  stimulates  the  ripening  of  a  _____________________________,  a  pocket  that  holds   an  egg  cell  (ovum)     The  maturing  follicle  secretes  increasing  amounts  of  _____________________________  into  the   bloodstream   Thickens  the  endometrium  of  the  uterus    preparation  for  the  implantation  of  a   fertilized  egg     A  sudden  surge  of  LH  causes  ________________________________________   Follicle  ruptures  and  releases  the  egg  into  the  oviduct  (fallopian  tube)