research paper about, Thesis of Research Methodology

Download research paper about and more Thesis Research Methodology in PDF only on Docsity! Chapter 2 Review Related Literature This chapter presents how banana peel and its benefits can be used as an alternative antibacterial soap and its benefits. It also includes the review of related literature and studies which are related to the subject under study, the synthesis of the reviewed literature and studies, and conceptual framework. The literature and studies will serve as a back-up of additional information from the viewpoint of similarities and differences relevant to the present study. Banana is the common name for a fruit and also the herbaceous plants of the genus Musa which produce the commonly eaten fruit. They are native to the tropical region of Southeast Asia and Australia. Today, they are cultivated throughout the tropics. Banana plants are of the family Musaceae. They are cultivated primarily for their fruit, and to a lesser extent for the production of fiber and as ornamental plants. As the bananas are mainly tall, upright, and fairly sturdy, they are often mistaken for trees, when the truth is the main or upright stem is called a pseudostem, literally meaning "fake stem", which for some species can obtain a height of up to 2–8 m, with leaves of up to 3.5 m in length. Each pseudostem would produce a bunch of yellow, green, or even red bananas before dying and being replaced by another pseudostem. Banana leaves are widely used as plates and for lining cooking pits and for wrapping food for cooking or storage. A section of the leaf often serves as an eye- shade. In Latin America, it is a common practice during rains to hold a banana leaf by the petiole, upside-down, over one's back as an "umbrella" or "raincoat". The leaves of the 'Fehi' banana are used for thatching, packing, and as cigarette wrappers. 6 7 Faylon (2006) revealed that Banana is the most economically important fruit crop in the Philippines and only locally grown fruit available year round. Bananas are grown in diverse environments in the country, from the lowlands, flat and slopping uplands to the marginal hilly lands. Latundan, lakatan, and Saba are mostly grown in the backyard or as a component in an intercropping skim with minimum care and management. Fresh cardava banana is very popular in the market. However, supply does not always meet this high demand especially in Luzon and sometimes supply comes from Mindanao. These bananas are more affordable because of their better quality. Hence, cardava produced in Luzon provinces can very competitive, with market opportunities available in the growers own public market and in the huge Metro Manila markets. Fruits can be harvested 8-12 months after planting. Suckers are allowed to grow for the next fruiting cycle and repeated for another cycle as long as the plants are healthy. Jacob E. Safra (2010) stated that there are hundreds of varieties of banana in cultivation; confusion exists because of diverse names applying to one and the same variety in different parts of the world. Perhaps the most important species is the common banana, M. sapientum; this type has several varieties, the most widely consumed of which is the Gros Michel. Consumption of the banana is mentioned in early Greek, Latin, and Arab writings. Incorporated, Total Cleaning Solutions (2015) revealed that the common banana, by weight, is up to 20 percent carbohydrates and most of the rest is water. Bananas are a good source of potassium and of dietary fiber. They also contain vitamins B6 and C, small amounts of protein, and a trace of fat. A single banana provides about 100 calories. 10 Guide (2016) stated that a study done in the Department of Pharmacology, University of Durban, South Africa, investigated the effects of methalonic extract of green banana fruits in streptozotocin-treated diabetic mice. The study showed that the methalonic extract of green banana has the ability to reduce the blood sugar concentrations in diabetic mice (P<0.01 – 0.001). This study suggests that methanolic extract of green banana possess hypogylcemic activity, and thus lends credence to the folkloric health benefits of banana as used in the management and control of adult onset, type-2 diabetic mellitus among the people in South Western Nigeria. Anonymous (2013) stated the effects of unripe Musa sapientum peel on the healing of surgical wounds in rats. One hundred and twenty Wistar rats were divided into two treatment groups of 60 animals each: the control group (gel without the active ingredient) and experimental group (4% Musa sapientum peel gel). A 4 x 4 cm surgical wound was created on the back of each animal. The wound was cleaned daily with 0.9% saline, treated with 4% gel or natrosol gel (control), and covered with gauze. Animals from both groups were sacrificed after seven, 14 and 21 days of treatment; the tissue from the wound site was removed together with a margin of normal skin for histological analysis. No significant differences in wound contraction rates (p=0.982) were found between time points (seven, 14 and 21 days of treatment) in both groups. However, a significantly higher wound contraction rate was observed in the control group on day 21 compared with the experimental group (p=0.029). There were no significant differences in histomorphological features between groups. The experimental group showed an increased number of polymorphonuclear cells on day 7, with a significant reduction on day 21 (p=0.026). The use of 4% unripe Musa sapientum peel gel on surgical wounds in rats resulted in an increased number of 11 polymorphonuclear cells on day 7, reduced wound contraction, reduced vascular proliferation and increased concentration of collagen fibers on day 21. Daniel, (2017) revealed that her study entitled “Extracts from Mango (Magnifera indica) as a pimple and acne remedy liquid soap” aimed to identify the effect of the antibacterial activity from the antioxidants of mango peelings extracts as a pimple and acne remedy liquid soap. First problem from the research was to find out how the liquid soap will cure pimples and acnes in terms of; one, the dryness of the pimple and acne; second, the bulging of the pimple and acne; lastly the reddishness of the pimple and acne. Second problem was to find out if there were any allergic reactions when using the soap. Last problem aimed to answer the significant difference between the experimental product and the control product in terms of; first, Antibacterial activity; second, Fragrance; third, Texture; lastly, Appearance. The researcher used Antibacterial Analysis and Checklist as the instrument or tool in finding the answers for the mentioned problems and parameters. For the procedure, the researcher mixed the Glycerin, palm oil and Ethyl alcohol for 5 minutes inside the water bath and separate the other oils to an another container. Afterwards, the researcher mixed all the oils and extracts together into a single container and stirred it until it was in a right texture. Finally, the researcher filtered the liquid soap using a filter paper then after the filtering process; the liquid soap was properly transferred to a clean container. To do the test for the antibacterial activity, the researcher gathered the extract of mango peelings with the use of Ethyl alcohol. The extract was then brought to Virgen Milagrosa University Foundation, San Carlos, Pangasinan. After nine days, the result was given to the researcher. The mentioned test was conducted in a laboratory, but since the researcher used checklist to test the other parameters, there was no need to 12 test the other parameters inside a lab, so the researcher asked the permission of 3 subjects and 20 respondents to answer an evaluation sheet, another sheet for the subjects and another for the respondents, that contains the different parameters and the legends for a basis to their answers. The research design that was used for this study was RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design). The researcher used F-test and T-test for the data from both subjects and respondents. There were no significant difference between the experimental product and the control group in terms of dryness, bulging and reddishness of the pimple. But in terms of Texture, Fragrance and Appearance, the results uncovered that there was a significant difference between the experimental product and the control group. The results from the lab for antibacterial activity showed that the extracts from mango peelings have 85% effectiveness using 95% concentration from the extracts. With that, the researcher used ANOVA to determine the significance difference between the experimental product and the control group in terms of antibacterial effectivity. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental product and the control; therefore the experimental can be a substitute for the control group in terms of antibacterial activity. Synthesis of the review of related literature This study is unique and has its own identity. But somehow there are similarities and differences. This study is somehow similar to the study of Daniel (2017) entitled “Extracts from Mango (Magnifera indica) as a pimple and acne remedy liquid soap” which aimed to identify the effect of the antibacterial activity from the antioxidants of mango peelings extracts as a pimple and acne remedy liquid soap. First problem from the research was to find out how the liquid soap will cure pimples and acnes in terms of; one, the dryness of the pimple and acne; second, the