Rethinking - Rural Development - Lecture Slides, Slides of Human Development

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Rethinking The Rural Development Research Agenda In Southern Africa Docsity.com PROBLEM AREAS • Global Realities and the Rural Dilemma • Meaning and Measurement - Definitions and Conceptual Frameworks • Strategic Intent (Skirting the Structural/Systemic Issues) • Problematic Institutional Premise (Traditional/Colonial/Post-Colonical-Global) • Donor-dependency & impact on research (sponsored views) • Fragmentation of Research – Sector-focus versus Issue-based – Mono-discipline Docsity.com Comparative Advantage: Competitive Disadvantage Dualistic Economy Tourism Agric/Forest Mining Dependence on the export of primary products, absence of an industrial base, weak savings and investments, limited profit-earning capacity of capital, under-serviced basic and social needs (health, education, and social welfare) Docsity.com Zambia Example: 65% Rural Pop Economic growth averaging more than 4% between 1997 and 2007 (6.2% in 2007, 5.8% in 2008 and 4.5% in 2009); 2nd largest producer of Cobalt and 7th largest producer of Copper in the world ; BUT Inequality and exclusion from mainstream financial markets:  64% of individuals live below the traditional “dollar a day” poverty line, which has now been adjusted to $1.25/day;  Almost 87% of individuals survive on less than $2.50 a day (the traditional $2/day line);  85% of FinScope Survey 2009 rural based respondents - no formal education compared to 14% urban dwellers  Only 13.9% of Zambian adults use commercial bank products.  Usage of commercial bank products is higher in urban than in rural areas.  Low insurance penetration (6.6%) Docsity.com Zambia Example Employment by Sector Distribution @ Informal sector = Private Formal sector = Public sector Docsity.com Problem Lack of clarity, coherence and consensus on rural development conceptualization, definition(s), the driving development agenda, with inadequate delivery strategies and measurement. Docsity.com Rural Development Definitions Chambers(1983) definition strategy to enable a specific group of people, poor rural women and men, to gain for themselves and their children more of what they want and need. It involves helping the poorest among those who seek livelihood in the rural areas to demand and control more of the benefits of development (1983:147). Docsity.com What is rural development? Rural development (RD)- is the improvement of the spatial and socioeconomic environment of rural space, which leads to the enhancement of the individual’s ability to care for and sustain his/her well-being (Madu, 2003b). • multidimensional and multifunctional in nature (SARDF, 1997; Knickel and Renting, 2000). • constitute a broader subject than agricultural economics, with a spatial as opposed to a sectoral definition (de Janvry et al, 2002). Docsity.com 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% World Developed economies Developing economies Sub-Saharan Africa Countries in Transition Latin America and Caribbean Near East and North Africa Asia and the Pacific South Africa Economically active in agriculture as percentage of total economically active Rural population as percentage of total Rural Population and Agricultural Employment in South Africa Compared to the Rest of the World, 2004 Calculated from FAO, The State of Food and Agriculture 2006 (Presidency 2008 ) Docsity.com Structural adjustment Free markets Getting prices right Retreat of the state Rise of NGOs Rapid rural appraisal (RRA) Farming Systems Research (FSR) Food security & famine analysis RD as process and not product Women in Develpt (WID) Poverty Alleviation Rural Development Ideas Timeline Adapted from Ellis & Biggs (2001) 1970s 1980s Transformational approach Technology transfer Agricultural extension Growth role of agric Green revolution (start) Rational peasants 1960s 1990s1950s Modernization Dual economy model ‘backward’ agriculture Community Development Lazy peasants Redistribution with growth Basic needs Integrated rural develpt State agric policies State led credit Urban bias Induced innovation Green revolution (cont) Rural growth linkages Micro credit Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) Actor-oriented RD Stakeholder analysis Rural safety nets Gender & Devlpt (GAD) Environment and sustainability Poverty reduction Sustainable livelihoods Good governance Decentralization Critique of participation Sector-wide approaches Social protection Poverty eradication 2000s Docsity.com Influence by Ideological Paradigm shifts Neo-classical economics- well functioning markets versus market distortions and ‘imperfections’; New institutional economics- linking equity and productivity Livelihoods- a developmentalist version: development as a livelihood improvement and poverty reduction; Livelihoods- a welfarist version: poverty alleviation, and social protection; Radical political economy- development as agrarian transformation; Marxism- the agrarian question, focusing on the transition to capitalism in agriculture (Cousins and Scoones, 2010) Docsity.com 20 Bantustans Provinces Settlement patterns Docsity.com Population by type of region - 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 1995 2008 1995 2008 Africans Others (white, Coloured, Asian) M ill io ns of pe op le Mostly former Bantustan Mostly commercial farming areas Secondary cities Metros Quantec Docsity.com The economy by region - 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 Metros Secondary cities Mostly commercial farming areas Mostly former Bantustan Other (utilities, construction, business services, etc.) Government and community services Finance and insurance Trade and catering Manufacturing Mining Agriculture, forestry, fishing Docsity.com BACKGROUND – RSA RURAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES • The Integrated Sustainable Rural-Development Strategy (ISRDS) – Confirmed by cabinet as a government strategy following President Mbeki’s State of the Nation Address in 1999. – The ISRDS mainly draws from the Sustainable Rural Livelihoods (SRL) approach with strong emphasis on the “poverty agenda”. According to a 2001 IDT Report the ISRDS was designed to realise a vision that would “attain socially cohesive and stable rural communities with viable institutions, sustainable economies and universal access to social amenities, able to attract and retain skilled and knowledgeable people, who are equipped to contribute to growth and development”. • The Comprehensive Rural Development Programme (CRDP): Introduced in 2009 by President Zuma with the new Department of Rural Development and Land Reform. The key thrust of the framework is an integrated programme of rural development, land reform and agrarian change . – It is therefore fitting and appropriate, that the strategy of the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform be 'Agrarian Transformation' - interpreted to denote 'a rapid and fundamental change in the relations (systems and patterns of ownership and control) of land, livestock, cropping and community.' The objective of the strategy is 'social cohesion and development.' Minister Nkwinti’s Budget Speech 24 March 2010 Docsity.com Comprehensive Rural Development Programme (CRDP) Minister Nkwinti’s 2010 Budget Speech highlighted that • The CRDP has set us on a new course for post colonial reconstruction and development. This shall be achieved through coordinated and broad based agrarian transformation which will focus on: – Building communities through Social mobilization and institution building; – Strategic investment in old and new social, economic, ICT infrastructure and public amenities and facilities coordinated through the Rural Infrastructure Programme; – A new land reform programme implemented in the context of the reviewed Land Tenure System; – Rendering of professional and technical services as well as effective and sustainable resource management through the component of Geo-spatial Services, Technology Development and Disaster Management. – Effective provision of cadastral and deeds registry as well as Surveys and Mapping services • The Department is committed to the achievement of outcome 7 of the 12 outcomes pursued by Government over the MTSF period and that is: 'vibrant, equitable and sustainable rural communities'. The success of this Department over the MTSF period will be measured through delivery on the following outputs: – Sustainable land reform; – Food security for all; – Rural development and sustainable livelihoods; and, – Job creation linked to skills training. (www.dla.gov.za) Docsity.com BACKGROUND: RSA LAND REFORM  The South African White Paper on Land Reform The central thrust of land policy is the land reform programme. This has three aspects: redistribution; land restitution; and land tenure reform.  Redistribution refers to the transfer of land to recipients who were not necessarily original owners, but were nonetheless dispossessed of land under apartheid law. It also aims to provide the disadvantaged and the poor with access to land for residential and productive purposes. Its scope includes the urban and rural poor, labour tenants, farm workers and new entrants to agriculture.  Land restitution refers to the transfer of land back to original owners or their descendents. It covers cases of forced removals that took place after 1913. This is being dealt with by a Land Claims Court and Commission established under the Restitution of Land Rights Act 22 of 1994.  Land tenure reform is led by a vision of flexible tenure regime that legally secures the rights of people occupying and using land, balancing these rights equitably against rights of owners. The intention is to improve tenure security of all South Africans and to accommodate diverse forms of land tenure, including types of communal tenure. According to Hall (2007) tenure reform policy was intended to address the chaotic state of land administration in the communal areas of former homelands & coloured reserves.  Target: transferring 30% of arable land from large white-owned farms to black small- holders (Extended to 2014).  Source; The South African White Paper on Land Reform, www.dla.gov.za, Ntsebeza & Hall (2007) Docsity.com External environment Impact on livelihoods Capital assets Natural Social Human Physical Financial Situation of rural people Vulnerability context Changes in: •Resource stocks •Climate •Population density •Conflict •Political change •Technology •Markets •Disease incidence Institutions Structures •Levels of government •NGOs/CBOs •Private sector •Traditional •Donors Processes •Laws •Policies •Incentives •Services Livelihood outcomes desired •More income •Improved well-being •Reduced vulnerability •Improved food security Livelihood strategies chosen •Natural resource based •(on-farm, off-farm) •Non-NR based (eg rents) Implementation •Partnership arrangements Impact on institutions Impact on vulnerability Impact on assets influence influence Negotiation on agreed common objectives, eg for projects or services Negotiation on appropriate processes and structures for the strategies Deciding appropriate roles, degree of self-help Docsity.com Measuring Human Development Towards a New Human Development Dashboard Empirical Measure Components of Human Development Health Education Material Goods Political Social Average Level Human Development Index Empowerment Indicators Deprivation Multidimensional Poverty Index Vulnerability Indicators of environmental sustainability, human security, well-being , decent work Inequality Inequality-adjusted HDI Gender Inequality Index Source: Pritchett (2010) in UN HDR (2010) Docsity.com Value chain System Global Enabling Environment Global Retailers | National Enabling Environment National | Retailers Exporters Wholesalers | Financial Business Services Processors j_| Non Financial Business Services Produ rs Embedded Services ; Local Enabling Environment Input Suppliers O07) Docsity.com RURAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES  Review land reform and agriculture as a defining concept of Rural Development (delink)  Redefine the driving agenda and the interconnectedness of land reform, agricultural transformation and Rural Development  Recognise and clarify the spatial, policy, institutional and relational linkages (rural-urban linkages, household-community-municipal- provincial-national, rural development policy & macroeconomic framework)  Rural Demography & Livelihood Patterns: Addressing Poverty and Inequality. Poverty reduction as a means, not an end, a component of, but not a rural development strategy. Households as an entry point and unit of analysis for enhancing capabilities and sustainable development.  The value of the rural space & sustainable resources use: Leveraging potential to sustain livelihoods, nurture socio-cultural coexistence and enhance productive potential.  Diverse Sector Strategies (beyond farming): Critical – Sector strategy Docsity.com OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESEARCH REALIGNMENT  Research agenda review to refocus National, Regional and Continental Agendas  G20 Nations Commit to Growth, Aid for Poor Countries (Nov 2010) The new "development consensus" calling for "inclusive, sustainable and resilient growth" to reduce poverty, asserting that foreign aid "remain(s) essential to the development of most low-income-countries.“ The Leaders identified "nine key pillars" which required action to remove bottlenecks to growth in developing countries. These are: Infrastructure, human resource development, trade, private investment and job creation, food security, growth with resilience, financial inclusion, domestic resource mobilization and knowledge sharing. Docsity.com