Review for Test 3 - The Study of Language | LING 2100, Study notes of Linguistics

Download Review for Test 3 - The Study of Language | LING 2100 and more Study notes Linguistics in PDF only on Docsity! Review for the TEST#3 1. Know all the theories of First Language Acquisition with examples and details. a. Imitation theory - Children learn speech by listening and reproducing what they have heard b. Reinforcement theory - It asserts that children learn to speak like adults because they re praised, rewarded, or otherwise reinforced when they use the right forms and corrected when they use wrong forms c. Innateness hypothesis – The language ability is innate to humans, in our genes i. all languages have nouns, verbs, a certain word order etc. Universal Grammar (UG) Noam Chomsky ii. Babies are born with knowledge that language has patterns. d. Active construction of grammar - It assumes that children invent grammar rules themselves. The ability is innate, but depends on the input e. Connectionist theory - It assumes that children learn language by creating neural connections in the brain. Such connections are developed through exposure to language and by using language; frequency of input is needed to establish the correct connections f. Social interaction theory - Children acquire language through social interaction with adults. Adults supply children with a language input through interaction Im R In ACG C SI Seven Immigrants Acted Constructively to Ground costly reason in immigration. 2. Know all the stages (milestones) of language development in children with ages. a. Crying (0-6 months) b. Babbling (6 months-8months) c. The one-word stage (12-15 months) d. The two word stage (18-24 months) e. Later stages of development f. plurals g. negatives h. questions (wh questions) Cassie bought 1.2 liters of purple nuggets questionlessly. 3. Morpheme acquisition order. ~ 12 months a. One word stage/ holophrastic stage – single words in isolation b. Two word stage – two words to convey a sentence; no grammatical structure c. Later stages of development – 3,4,5 word sentences emerge from 2 words; telegraphic; 1. ing 2. in (preposition) 3. on (preposition) 4. -s (for plurals, toys) 5. -s (for possessives, Mommy’s) 6. copula be (am, is, are) 7. articles 8. -ed (regular past) 9. -s (third person singular, he likes) LearnING in a school ON tables from a teacher’s lecture is a needed aspect for he. 4. Negation acquisition order. a. No in front b. No b/w words c. Negatating contractions d. Something/somebody e. Nothing/Nobody f. Anything/anybody g. SECONDARY i. “no” before the verb (no understand) ii. Then they will use don’t, won’t, and can’t. iii. The last ones to acquire would be variants of don’t (doesn’t, didn’t, etc.) 5. Plurals acquisition order. a. None b. Irregulars (men) c. Overgeneralization –s (mans), nouns ending in sibilibants stay singular d. –es (manses) e. Normal plural rules followed except irregulars 6. Acquisition of questions. a. Two word sentences asked as questions b. Auxiliary verbs and correct structure (can/will) c. Wh- question verbs with the structure of a sentence but not question d. Invert S&V in wh- questions 7. Three types of mistakes children make (complexive concepts, overextensions, underextensions) with examples. a. Complexive - Children may associate wrong characteristics of the objects with a word A child might try out different characteristics each time he/she uses a word; doggie is anything furry then anything that moves b. Overextensions - When a child extends the range of a word’s meaning beyond that typically used by adults; daddy = all males c. Underextensions - It is an application of a word to a smaller set of objects than is appropriate for an adult speech; fail to classify whales as mammals 8. 3 types of bilingualism (simultaneous bilingualism, sequential bilingualism, and second language acquisition) a. Simultaneous bilingualism, L1 and L2 at the same time, interchange languages during sentence