Review Sheet for Psychology of Learning Final | PSYC 2044, Study notes of Psychology

Download Review Sheet for Psychology of Learning Final | PSYC 2044 and more Study notes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Learning 2044 Fall 2008 Final Review Guide Pardikes Chapter 1 What is Behavior? Any action of an organism that can be directly or indirectly observed Is behavior Innate or Learned? Both Behaviors cannot be innate if never performed. Dependent upon Experience Do we have an innate ability to see, yes but only if we experience light. Practice makes perfect, Mozart was not born but forged from substantial practice What is Learning? A relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from some type of experience. Any learning involves neuronal changes: whether that is electrochemical change or the restructuring of neurotransmitter, axonal and somatic properties Are behaviors and learning voluntary or involuntary? Both and this is why we must study behavior from both material and cognitive approaches. Important Psychological Schools: Functionalism: William James; mental properties evolved as adaptation to our environment. They have function, or they their function is not disadvantageous. Behaviorism: Skinner; we can only study observable behavior (output) Cognitive Behaviorism & Gestaltism: Tolman; Goal directed (cognitive) behaviors contribute to observable behaviors and learning can take place without direct contingency Social Learning: Bandura; observation and language based rules can generate behavior independent of experience Chapter 2 Stimulus: event that can potentially influence behavior Appetitive vs. Aversive; Variable and dynamic Contingency: the predictive relationship between two events Why do we use animals to study behavior, what are the advantages and disadvantages? Chapter 3 Elicited-Reflexive behaviors are automatically performed Habituation: Weaker reactivity Sensitization: Strengthened reactivity Homeostasis: balance, key to understanding all natural processes (opponent processing) Classical Conditioning (Pavlov): neutral stimulus paired with an unconditioned until Neutral stimulus elicits a similar response Importance of temporal relationship between stimuli Extinction: Extinction is also learning it is not forgetting, the animal must relearn the contingent relationship between stimuli Discrimination vs. Generalization • Simple ideas Key to life and learning – Engage in event/disengage from event – Organism has goals • Events can be advantageous to goals • Events can be disadvantageous to goals • Events no have minimal impact on goals – This is a reciprocal-dynamic system Second order conditioning Sensory Preconditioning Overshadowing Blocking Latent Inhibition US Revaluation Pseudo-conditioning How does novelty affect learning? Classical Conditioning is not cut and dry there are many nuances that can affect elicited behavior; Understand how and why this is Chapter 5 Theories of Learning Stimulus-Stimulus, Stimulus-Response, Stimulus substitution, Preparatory- Response & Rescorla-Wagner theories What are phobias? How are they different from other behavioral acquisitions? How can we use learning theories to treat them? Chapter 6 Operant conditioning: subsequent consequences affect proceeding behavior unlike classical conditioning where proceeding stimuli affect subsequent behaviors Voluntary Behaviors (emitted) Reinforcement vs. Punishment Positive vs. Negative Discriminative Stimulus Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivations Chapter 7 Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed vs. Variable Ratio vs. Interval Non-contingent schedules How are operant and classical conditioning similar and dissimilar? Drive Reduction theory of Reinforcement Premack Principle of Reinforcement Response Deprivation Hypothesis Chapter 8 Factors influencing and phenomena of extinction Stimulus control Chapter 9 Escape and avoidance behaviors Species-Specific Defense Reaction Theory What is OCD anxiety vs. the assuagement of anxiety?