Reviewer for social science, Exams of Sociology

Download Reviewer for social science and more Exams Sociology in PDF only on Docsity! 11 HUMSS REVIEWER NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION  Communication is the process of transferring information and understanding from one person to another (Newstrom 2007).  Understanding requires perceiving, interpreting, and comprehending the meaning of verbal and non-verbal behavior.  Sharing is an interaction between people to exchange meaning with each other.  Words are the main communication symbols.  Pictures are also used to clarify word communication.  Action, also known as nonverbal communication. This is the third type of communication symbol. The Principles of Communication 1. Communication is action. 2. Communication is necessary for survival. 3. Communication is needed to satisfy our needs. 4. Altering other people’s behavior can help us survive. 5. Communication is driven by goals. 6. Communicators mutually influence one another. 7. Communication systems are structured. 8. Communication systems are subject to change. THE BASIC ELEMENTS 0F COMMUNICATION (PEARSON &NELSON,2000)  People serve as both the sources and receivers of the message. The source is where the message comes from, and the receiver is its intended target.  The message the actual thought or sentiment that a source communicates to the receiver. Verbal messages use spoken words, while non-verbal messages use facial expressions, posture, tone of voice, hand and body movements, gestures, touch, and other aspects of behavior.  Feedback is the receiver’s reply or answer to the message of the source.  Channel refers to how a message is communicated from the source to the receiver. It is also referred to as a medium.  Codes are symbols that are arranged in a systematic order to convey a certain message. Codes can either be verbal or nonverbal. Verbal codes pertain to spoken words and their grammatical patterns. On the other hand, non-verbal codes are not spoken, and include distance between the people communicating, movements and gestures.  Encoding involves turning thoughts or ideas into actual messages.  Decoding involves interpreting the meaning of messages. The receiver makes sense of messages by turning them into concepts and ideas.  Noise is anything that can interfere with how a receiver gets or interprets a message. It can make messages difficult to obtain or understand. Noise is not limited to loud sounds; it can also refer to distracting sights, such as a speck of dirt on one’s face or behavior such as fidgeting. ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATORS AND JOURNALISTS  FISCALIZERS- It is often said that people in government live in a “fishbowl.” Every action of public officials is seen by the people they serve.  MOBILIZERS- They persuade people to attend conventions, political rallies, concerts and demonstrations among other activities.  ORGANIZERS- They search for the best venues, invite speakers, plan the program, and make sure there will be an audience.  OPINION MAKERS- They write columns and host public affairs programs to influence public opinion.  GATEKEEPERS- They also influence the flow of information between a source and a group of receivers.  LEADERS- they provide the vision for their governments and constituents.  MANAGERS-Involve in planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and reporting.  PROPAGANDISTS- lead propaganda work for candidates in both government and private sector positions.  POLICY AND ADVOCATES- They are usually hired by lobby groups to advocate their particular policy proposals and recommendations.  REFORMERS-play the role of reformers or change agents in both public and private organizations.  ADVERTIZERS- persuade people to buy and continue patronizing a certain product.  PUBLIC RELATION OFFICERS- journalists are concerned with promoting the image of an organization or company.  RESEARCHERS- Media organizations, universities, private corporations, and non-governmental organizations employ communicators. Broadcast Communication involves providing the public with information through venues other than print media.