Reviewer in Perdev123, Study notes of Religious studies

Download Reviewer in Perdev123 and more Study notes Religious studies in PDF only on Docsity! Personal Development - Is a phrase that refers to activities designed to improve talents, learning potential, employability, and even wealth. Any time you are consciously making an effort to improve yourself. DEVELOPMENT -is a progressive series of changes that occur in a predictable pattern as the result of interactions between biological and environmental factors. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT -changes that take place in the life of human beings as a result of many factors. Erick Erickson (1902-1994) -expanded Freud’s Theory that recognizes the importance of early experiences in childhood -extended the stages of development throughout the lifespan. THE EIGHT PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT 1. Infancy – Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Early Childhood – Shame vs. Doubt 3. Pre-School – Initiative vs. Guilt 4. School Age – Industry vs. Inferiority 5. Adolescence – Identity vs. Role Confusion 6. Young Adulthood – Intimacy vs. Isolation 7. Middle Adulthood – Generativity vs. Stagnation 8. Maturity – Ego Identity vs. Despair Importance of psychosocial development: it provides a broad framework to view development throughout the entire lifespan, allowing us to emphasize the social nature of human beings and the important influence that social relationships have on development Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) - is a popular psychologist whose theory of human development and personality sparked great interest due to its biological orientation that focuses on psychosexual development of an individual. FIVE STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT 1. Oral – mouth to mouth 2. Anal – anus 3. Phallic – genitals 4. Latency - 5. Genital – sex role identity Oedipus – Boy to mother Elektra – Girl to father Importance of psychosexual development: - early childhood experiences have an influence on later behaviors. Jean Piaget (1896-1980) believes that an individual grows through a dynamic process in which the body’s internal system interacts with the environment. One needs to strike a balance, a state called equilibrium. STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 1. Sensory Motor Stage 2. Pre-Operational Stage 3. Concrete Operation Stage 4. Formal Operational Stage Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987) recognized the role of cognitive ability in developing moral reasoning in children. He believed that there are three levels of morality with two stages in each level. Morality - ability to distinguish right from wrong and to behave accordingly. Pre-Conventional Level Conventional Level Post Conventional Level PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES Understanding the Middle and Late Adolescence-Changes and Transition PHYSICAL CHANGE PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGES Erick Erickson’s Self Identity (Identity vs Confusion) Establish a clear personal identity Result: become uncertain about yourself James Marcia’s Development of Self Identity Defines identity as an internal, self-constructed dynamic organization of drives, abilities, beliefs, and individual history.