RNR test 2 | RNR 1001 - NAT RESOURCE CONSERV, Quizzes of Earth Sciences

Download RNR test 2 | RNR 1001 - NAT RESOURCE CONSERV and more Quizzes Earth Sciences in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Acute toxicity DEFINITION 1 Type of toxicity that comes from one source ex. Hydrogen sulfide1.Emitted from paper and pulp and asphalt plants, waste treatments plants, etc.2.Absorbed by lungs, irritation, breathing problems, loss of consciousness, deathdescribes the adverse effects of a substance that result either from a single exposure or from multiple exposures in a short space of time (usually less than 24hours). TERM 2 Chronic toxicity DEFINITION 2 results from continued exposure and accumulation of toxic compounds, ex:MERCURY(Hg)1.Worldwide industrial emissions, accumulation in fish and shellfish asMETHYLMERCURY2.Neurological problems, brain development, visual, motor skills, significant bioaccumulation TERM 3 Methylmercury DEFINITION 3 Bio accumulative environmental toxicantFound in fish and shellfishFrom worldwide industrial emissions TERM 4 Organic pollution DEFINITION 4 Pollution caused byanimal and plant processes, eg, crop residue, manure) TERM 5 Inorganic pollution DEFINITION 5 Pollution caused by industrial processes; fertilizers, chemicals, processed minerals TERM 6 Nitrate DEFINITION 6 Type of agricultural pollutantIs of high concern as it seeps into groundwaterEssential nutrient for plant growth, soluble in water and passes through the soil.SignificantGROUNDWATERcontaminant, can persist for decadesLowoxygen levels in infantsMost serious in areas with shallow water tables, high agricultural activity, well-drained soils, and reduced woodlands TERM 7 Pesticides DEFINITION 7 Type of agricultural pollutionWhen runs off into rivers and streams kills invertebrates that r crucial to trophic structure TERM 8 Herbicides DEFINITION 8 Type of agricultural pollution that when it runs off the land into streams and rivers it effects environment throughloss of MACROPHYTES and ALGAE(aquatic plants) TERM 9 Sediment DEFINITION 9 Type of non toxic agricultural pollutionNumber 1 water pollutant in u.s it causes turbidity in the water, less light for phototropic plants in waterAnd fills in aquatic habitats TERM 10 Cultural eutrophication DEFINITION 10 Due to agricultural runoffsThe nutrients that run into the rivers and streams causes over nutrients or an imbalance causing way too many plants or algae to grow also causing turbidityIn other words causes an increased primary production TERM 21 Love canal New York DEFINITION 21 1970s chemical waste disposal site for the town of Niagara Falls, then Hooker Chemical and Plastics 22000 tonsof waste by 1953Hooker sold the property to the NF Board of Education for $1, with a disclaimer for any responsibility regarding side-effectsEvidence of chemical problems (burns on children) evident during 1960s and 1970s1976, heavy rains and hard winter freeze caused the chemicals to migrate to the surface of Love Canal, contaminating the whole neighborhoodhigh levels of illness, stillbirths, miscarriages, and birth defects, >400 chemicals identified in the area, many carcinogenicLois Gibbs led the campaign to close the areadeclared hazardous in 1978eventually 1000 families movedHooker Chemical sued for$11 billion, eventually paid$130 million to help with cleanup TERM 22 Bhopal India DEFINITION 22 1984-release of methyl isocyanate (used to make the insecticide cabaryl)facility part of Indias Green Revolution to increase crop productivity40 tons of MIC released on December 23rd, heavier than air, spread over 8km area affecting 900,000 peopleover 3000 killed and 400000 injured, eyes, lungs, nervous and digestive systemslegal, technological, organizations, and human errors, scrubber and burn-off tower had been shut offUnion Carbide paid 470 million to the victims families (billions in US courts) TERM 23 Institute, West Virginia DEFINITION 23 Potentially similar event in Bayer Crop-science MIC plant in 2008Killed 2, injured 8, residue vessel over-pressurized, exploded and went through the wall, if it had gone the other direction, it would have hit the MIC piping(and gone to Charleston)Well- publicized incidentsthats impacts people, what about the natural environment?2009 EPA toxic Release inventory486 substances traced 3 billion lbs released and disposed of on- or off-siteincludes 71 lbs ofdioxin(super toxic!) TERM 24 Dioxin DEFINITION 24 Extremely toxica class of chemical contaminants that are formed during combustion processes such as waste incineration, forest fires, and backyard trash burning, as well as during some industrial processes such as paper pulp bleaching and herbicide manufacturing. The most toxic chemical in the class is 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin (TCDD). The highest environmental concentrations of dioxin are usually found in soil and sediment, with much lower levels found in air and water.Humans are primarily exposed to dioxins by eating food contaminated by these chemicals. Dioxin accumulates in the fatty tissues, where they may persist for months or years. People who have been exposed to high levels of dioxin have developed chloracne, a skin disease marked by severe acne-like pimples. Studies have also shown that chemical workers who are exposed to high levels of dioxins have an increased risk of cancer. Other studies of highly exposed populations show that dioxins can cause reproductive and developmental problems, and an increased risk of heart disease and diabetes. More research is needed to determine the long-term effects of low-level dioxin exposures on cancer risk, immune function, and reproduction and development. TERM 25 Output control DEFINITION 25 Way of stopping pollution through collectingEx, TERM 26 Dilution DEFINITION 26 Other way of minimalizing pollution through getting rid of it by dumping it in water TERM 27 Bag filters DEFINITION 27 Type of solution for pollutionLike a vacuum filters the fine particles and dust matter pollution from air TERM 28 Cyclone filters DEFINITION 28 Another type of air pollutant fixerParticle collecter through conic structure TERM 29 Electrostatic precipitator DEFINITION 29 Type of air pollutant fixor electrostatic air cleaner is a particulate collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas (such as air) using the force of an induced electrostatic charge. TERM 30 Scrubber DEFINITION 30 Toe of pollutant fixpollution control devices that use liquid to wash unwanted pollutants from a gas stream. Scrubbers are one of the primary devices that control gaseous emissions, especially acid gases, Fumes. TERM 31 Fluidized bed combustion DEFINITION 31 More efficient combustion, less NO4, formation, limestone reacts with sulfur, creating calcium sulfate and reducing sulfur emissions.combustion systems use a heated bed of sand-like material suspended (fluidized) within a rising column of air to burn many types and classes of fuel. This technique results in a vast improvement in combustion efficiency of high moisture content fuels, and is adaptable to a variety of "waste type fuels. The scrubbing action of the bed material on the fuel particle enhances the combustion process by stripping away the carbon dioxide and char layers that normally form around the fuel particle. This allows oxygen to reach the combustible material much more readily and increases the rate and efficiency of the combustion process TERM 32 Coal glasification DEFINITION 32 Coal+steam+oxygen, formation of CO2 and H gas, which are burned to run a turbine.2.Often combined with a second system to create steam for a second turbine.3.However thisdoesntaddress environmental effects of coal extractionb/c itsstill problematicfor the environment. (Ex: strip mining or mountain top removal) TERM 33 Input control DEFINITION 33 A more sustainable approachreducing or eliminating pollutant formation:Using BMPs to reduce organic and inorganic substances moving to streams and rivers.Banning the use of phosphate detergents.Increase development of other energy resources, ex:natural gas,wind,solar,geothermal.Stripping sulfur from coal before combustion; water intensive, switching air pollution for water pollution.Switching gas-electric hybrid vehicles,i.e., reducing fossil fuel consumption, or mass transit systems. TERM 34 Greenhouse effect DEFINITION 34 The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. TERM 35 Greenhouse gases DEFINITION 35 CARBON DIOXIDE-years to centuries residence time, GLOBAL WARNING POTENTIAL of 1METHAN(CH4)-12 year residence time, GWP of 56 over a 20-year periodNITROUS OXIDE (N2O)-120 year residence, GWP of 280 over a 20-year periodEmissions from all sectorsPretty even throughout, not just cars, or industriesOften expressed as CO2 equivalents (CO2, - e)They convert the other two to CO2 emissionsCurrent levels of CO2 are not exceptionalSpeed of increase IS exceptional increases in atmospheric CO2, from 280 to 380 ppm since 1850; historic post-glacial warming was about 4-7 C over 5000 yearsPredictions are 2-6 C by 2100 TERM 46 Freshwater marshes DEFINITION 46 Type of marshdominatedby emergent macrophytessignificantlosses to agricultureThroughout USShallow, dominated byEMERGENTvegetation like cattails and rushes. (macrophytes) TERM 47 Northern peatlands DEFINITION 47 Type of marshthickdeposits of peat (partially decomposed plant material) in northern lakes commonnutrientdeficient, acidicPEATdeposits in northern biomes, partially decomposed plant material, highly leached, acidic, nutrient deficient.Thick peat layers in old lake basins TERM 48 Southern deepwater swamps DEFINITION 48 Type of marshStanding waterfor most of the yearDominated byCypress(toxodium distichum) andTupelo(Nyissa aqautica)Oftentied to large river systems, ex:Achafalaya BasinTypically nutrient rich and productiveHigh habitat and biodiversity TERM 49 Riperian wetlands DEFINITION 49 Type of marshFlooded bottomlands along streams and rivers.Often characterized by oaks, magnolia, and willow, depending on soil moisture.Typically nutrient rich and productive, particularly foramphibians and reptiles, may be important for stream fish foraging and reproduction.Significant losses fromflood control TERM 50 1985 food security act DEFINITION 50 changed the NRCS with wetlands delineation and identification on agricultural lands, granting exemptions to theSWAMPBUSTER PROVISIONS; which made farmersineligiblefor most federal farm subsidies if wetlands converted after 12/23/85 (can regain eligibility byremoving crops form wetlands).Amended in 1990 to create the WETLAND RESERVE PROGRAMFinancial incentives to farmers to restore and protect wetlands (30-year or permanent easement), 50-75% cost share for restorationTax incentives for donations to qualified organization (NATURE CONSERVATION)74% of wetlands onprivate property TERM 51 USACE DEFINITION 51 Form of wetland managementArmy corps of engineers TERM 52 EPA DEFINITION 52 Wetland management formEnvironmental protection agencyCan veto the corps of engineers TERM 53 USFWS DEFINITION 53 Wetland preservation groupUs fish and wildlife serviceadvises Corps on permit impacts on fish and wildlife, particularly T&E species. TERM 54 NOAA DEFINITION 54 Wetland preservation formNat'l oceanic and atmospheric administrationThe National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, pronounced , like "Noah", is a scientific agency within the United States Department of Commerce focused on the conditions of the oceans and the atmosphere. advises Corps on permit impacts in coastal and marine areas TERM 55 CZMA DEFINITION 55 Wetland management groupCoastal zone management act of 1972an Act of Congress passed in 1972 to encourage coastal states to develop and implement coastal zone management plans 80% of matching funds to states for approved coastal wetlands management plans. TERM 56 CBRA DEFINITION 56 Type of wetland authority act denies federal subsidies for development of coastal areas including wetlandsAreas in CBR system areineligiblefor federal flood insurance. TERM 57 Wetland mitigation DEFINITION 57 Where a wetland is destroyed this is rebuilding, restoring one where a wetland once wasOnly problem with this is now builders think they're easily replaceable tho they're notIt screws up the hydrology , it's hard to replace the exact wetland type, also no one monitors them etc TERM 58 Hydrology DEFINITION 58 Type of wetland management activityIncludesremoving dams, pumping water, create inflow channels, control structures for drawdown TERM 59 Water quality DEFINITION 59 Type of wetland management activityIncludesPlanting vegetated upland buffersConstructing upstream treatment pools.Education of watershed residents TERM 60 Managing the plant community DEFINITION 60 Type of wetland management activityWait 1-2 years and examine natural colonization (dependant on hydrology)Identify and plant native species, perhaps transplanted from developed wetlandsProtect plants with fences, use posts for raptors to help control rodentsRemove non-native species; mechanical, chemical, biological control TERM 71 Coastal marshes , barrier islands, barrier beaches DEFINITION 71 Habitat important for buffering stormsPart of ocean habitat TERM 72 Oceanic zone DEFINITION 72 Zone in the marine habitatdepth, temperature, light, resident biota includes:MesopelagicBathypelagicAbyssalpelagicAnd epiplagicbegins in the area off shore where the water measures 200 meters (656feet) deep or deeper. TERM 73 Epipelagic zone DEFINITION 73 Part of oceanic zonecontains photic zoneTop layerGoes to 200 meters TERM 74 Mesopelagic zone DEFINITION 74 Type of oceanic zoneMiddle layerTo 1000 meters TERM 75 Bathypelagic zone DEFINITION 75 Partof oceanic zoneTo 4000 meters TERM 76 Abyssalpelagic zone DEFINITION 76 Part of oceanic zoneBottomDarkColdNot productive