Tehrīk-e-Mujahedeen's Role in Two Nation Theory & Indian Muslim Freedom Movement, Study notes of Religion

Download Tehrīk-e-Mujahedeen's Role in Two Nation Theory & Indian Muslim Freedom Movement and more Study notes Religion in PDF only on Docsity! *Lecturer, Department of Islamic Studies, NUML-Islamabad **Associate Professor, Department of Islamic Studies, Islamiyah College University, Peshawar Role of Tehrīk-e- Mujahedin in promotion of Two Nation Theory: (An analysis of Freedom Movement in the Light of Islamic Teachings) *Dr. Riaz Ahmad Saeed **Dr. Riaz Khan al-Azhari Abstract It is a historical fact that wherever the Muslims went; they were considered as a distinct community from others due to their strong Islamic identity, which is called Two Nation Theory. Muslims, due to this Islamic Ideology, conquered Subcontinent and ruled over there more than one millennium. They successfully ruled the Indian Subcontinent till the Two Nation Theory was alive in their minds. When Mughal Emperor, Akbar tried to demolish this Theory by introducing his new, fake, fabricated and heretical religion, named as “Dīn-e-Akbari" or “Dīn-i-Ilāhī” . The renowned Islamic scholar Sheikh Mujaddid Alif Sānī challenged this so-called innovated religion. After that Shāh WalīUllāh Muḥaddith Dehlavī worked against this innovative and heretical religion. After it, the first organized movement was established by Shāh Abdul‘Azīz, the son of Shāh WalīUllāh in 1820 AD. This Movement played a dynamic role in Muslim's Renaissance in the Subcontinent. It also played a vital role to promote Two Nation Theory and major Muslim movements got inspiration from it .Although, this movement was crushed at Bālākōt in 1831 AD, but it left comprehensive impacts across the Muslim world, especially, in Indian Subcontinent. This movement kindled a flame of freedom in the Muslims of Subcontinent. Historically, this Movement has a practical participation in the Independence movement of Pakistan. As we see its role at the time of Referendum in the North-Western Frontier Province in 1947. It is an irrefutable historical fact that the leadership of Pakistan’s Movement, especially, Allāma Muhammad Iqbāl, was much influenced by Sayyīd Shahīd’s Movement. Therefore, this study presents a missing link between the Pakistan Freedom Movement and the Two Nation Theory. This study reflects historical and analytical approaches and its application frequently . In this study effort are made to explore the historical link between the Two Nation Theory and Tehrīk e Mujahedeen as well as its dynamic role during the period of Freedom Movement of Pakistan in Indian Subcontinent. Keywords: Role of Tehrīk-e-Mujahedeen, Promotion of Two Nation Theory, Freedom Movement Historical Struggle, Separate Identity in Indian subcontinent 84 Al-Ilm, Vol.3 Issue2,July–December 2019 Introduction: The Indian Subcontinent is considered as one of the highest Muslim population areas in the Islamic World. This Continent is an eyewitness of the historic story of Muslims' rise and downfall. Islam spread in the subcontinent due to Muslims legends, Arab traders, Ulamā (Islamic scholars) and the Saints. Finally, Muslim entered into this continent in the revolutionary command of young Muslim legend Muhammad Bin Qāsim in 711 AD. According to the author of Tārīkh-e- Pak-o-Hind, “Muhammad Bin Qāsim conquered Daibal (Karachi in 711 AD and then he defeated Raja Dāhir in Multan, which was the capital City of Sindh.”1 In this way Muslim conquered Sindh, the strategic entrance point of the Indian subcontinent and established their first powerful government in 712 AD. According to Professor ‘‘Abdul Rasûl, “Muhammad bin Qāsim was not only a conqueror, but he was a proficient ruler as well, so, he founded a Muslim government on a sound basis, which became an excellent example for the later Muslim Rulers.”2 Muslims ruled this great country more than one millennium. The main reason of their success and rule was Islam and the indubitable faith in the Two Nations Theory. According to Professor Bashīr Aḥmad Tamannā's views, “The basic reason of the Muslims success against Hindu forces was due to Jihādist spirit and unbreakable affiliation with Islamic cause”.3 When they tried to search out other reasons and justification for the rule and success rather than Islam, they declined and faced about 200 years of British and Hindus subjugation till August 1947. The Muslim Historians are agreed up on the fact that ,“The Muslims’ decline started the day when the Mughal Emperor Akbar founded a fake and heretical Religion 'Dīn-i-Ilāhī' 4 in the Indian Subcontinent against Islam to prolong his period of Rule”.5 The history of the Indian subcontinent is full of Muslim legends, scholars, saints, reformers, freedom fighters and revolutionary movements. Teḥrīk-e-Mujāhidīn or Sayyīd Aḥmad Shahīd’s Movement is one of the most prominent movements of the Islamic Renaissance in the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by a renowned Islamic Scholar, an intellectual son of Shāh WalīUllāh Muhaddith Dehlavī, Shāh ‘Abdul‘Azīz, soon after starting the downfall of the Mughal Empire in India in 1818 CE. According to Dr. Mahmoud Aḥmad Ghāzī's views, “The revivalist zeal of Sheikh Mujadid AlifSānī combined with the 51 Role of Tehrīk-e- Mujahedin in promotion of Two Nation Theory “With the growth of the Muslim nationalism (Theory of Millat 14 ) in the Hindu dominated India, the Two Nations Theory had evolved and persevered throughout the history. Both the communities lived together under the same rulers. Their integration was inconceivable and, even when the Mughal emperor Akbar tries to unite both the Hindus and Muslims into a single nation had miserably failed”.15 Many studies show, the Muslim's decline started the day when King Akbar tried to demolish this theory and founded an innovative and fake religion 'Dīn-i Ilāhī' for the prolonging of his Empire. Mawlānā Masūd Ālam Nadvī states, “In Muslim India, the Akbar's era was most dangerous and difficult for Islam. In this age Hindus narrowed down the life circle of Muslims and tried their best to degrade Islamic rituals”.16 Then the renowned Islamic scholar Sheikh Mujaddid Alif Sānī challenged this fake religion Dīn-e-Ilāhī'. So Sheikh Mujadad Alif Sanī is considered as the revivalist founder of the Two Nation Theory in the subcontinent. Here, Muhammad Aslam inquiry; “The first man in the history of subcontinent who provided the geneses of the Two Nation Theory was not a political leader in today’s academic sense but he was a renowned Sufi who laid emphasis on the separate Islamic identity of Muslims in the teeth of overpowering Hindu majority”.17 Due to Mujaddid untiring efforts, the (Fitna)turmoil of Dīn-e-Ilāhī' buried with the death of Mughal king Akbar but the King laid down the foundations of Muslim decline in India. However, the journey of Islamic Renaissance, the promotion of the Two Nation Theory has been carried on in the Indian history in any way. After that Shāh WalīUllah Muhaddith Dehlavī and his successors started his benevolent work and they sacrifice their lives to promote the Two Nation Theory and to reject this innovative and heretical religion. Shāh WalīUllāh Muhaddith Dehlavī worked hard to uplift the Muslim society and to promote the Two Nation Theory in the subcontinent. Undoubtedly his work is profound on the Muslim organizations. He was the active promoter of the Two Nations’ Theory. A landmark statement of Hujjat Ullah al- Bāligha tells us; “The most important principle of the Islamic ideology is that it is different at all from all other religions of the 05 Al-Ilm, Vol.3 Issue2,July–December 2019 world. Islam is only Dīn which able to follow because all other religion of the world have been changed and amended or do not present from Prophets of Allah. Islamic symbols of identity should put separate from other religions of the world“.18 ShāhWalīUllāh's work has comprehensive impact in all over the Muslim world and especially in the Indian subcontinent. Actually he succeeded to prepare a huge group of successors, disciples and companions whom carried on his Islamic mission of reform and the Renaissance in subcontinent. According Dr. Maḥmūd Ghāzī's views; “Shāh WalīUllāh developed a strategy to salvage the Muslim of the subcontinent. It consist long-term and short term strategy. In short term strategy, he tried to preserve the Muslim rule in subcontinent and in long term strategy, he wrote books and prepared a number of his great successors which played a vital role to reform the Muslim society and for Islamic renaissance in subcontinent”.19 After great martyrdom of Tipū Sultan in 1799 CE in the historical battle of SarangāPatam( India), the British East India Company was rapidly started to capture the rest of India, According to a young scholar ‘Abdul Wakīl's analysis, “After martyrdom of Tipū Sultan when Muslims of Subcontinent felt unsafe and were slaves in the hands of British and Sikhs, a legend son of Shāh WalīUllāh's Family founded a movement which took the responsibility to encounter these cruel powers and to safe the Muslim community of Indian subcontinent from these brutalities”.20 Here started the historical era of Sayyīd Aḥmad Shahīd's Movement, famous as Teḥrīk-e- Mujāhidīn, which influenced the Muslims of subcontinent in depth and multidimensional ways which was never influenced by any other movement or thought of that kind, especially, by the Islamic movements. In the following points, I shall elaborate the historical link between Independence movement of Pakistan and its efforts to promote Two Nation Theory in Indian subcontinent. Sayyīd Ahmad Shahīd's Movement and promotion of the Two Nation Theory: It is our good-luck that we found a kind of sequence and continuity in Muslim thought, resistance and movement in the subcontinent, while there are seen many controversies, ups and downs in 53 Role of Tehrīk-e- Mujahedin in promotion of Two Nation Theory Muslim history of the Indian subcontinent. After the historical fall of Nwāb Sirāj-ud-Dawla and Tīpû Sultan respectively, due to British conspiracy and disloyalty of some Muslim hypocrites and when Muslim rule had become weak and the East India Company was rapidly capturing the whole India without any resistance. When nobody was ready to lead the Muslims in India then Shāh WalīUllāh's Family come ahead and raised the flag of Muslim resistance. According to Dr. Sultan Mahmud comments, “Then the ever first revolutionary Islamic Movement Teḥrīk-e-Mujahidin (famous as Sayyīd Aḥmad Shahīd's Movement) was founded by Shāh ‘Abdul ‘Azīz's visionary son of Shāh WalīUllāh in1820”.21 Mawlānā Nadvī analyzed this movement in this way; “It was the first Islamic movement of India which was founded with true Islamic spirit and also remained stood up on his foundations till the end”.22 This movement was a social and local phenomenon of the Muslims of subcontinent. In other words, we can say it was the representation of the local Muslims. Professor Amjad‘ Alī Shākir said, “Sayyīd Aḥmad Shahīd and his Movement was a social phenomenon, which stand up with Daw’ah and Jihād for Islām and after many sacrifices, it left a many deep impact on Muslim society of subcontinent and on pages of the History as well”.23 Sayed Aḥmad Shahīd Movement basically was a practical interpretation of Shāh WalīUllāh Thought. Dr. Sādiq Husain said, “This is a proved fact that Jama‘at-e-Mujahidin was a permanence of ShāhWalīUllāh’s movement and we can easily start this movement from Shāh WalīUllāh Muhadith Dehlavī”.24 The scholars consider this movement as continuation of Shāh WalīUllāh's thought. As Mawlānā Masūd‘ Ālam Nadvī stated,” It was the greatness of Shāh WalīUllāh that Almighty Allāh gave him intellectual sons and disciples. Furthermore, they laid down the foundations of a revolutionary movement which changed the trends of Muslim history”.25 This Movement had a dynamic role in Muslim Renaissance in Indian Subcontinent. It was not only a Jihadist Movement but it also played a vital role to promote the Two Nation Theory and to reform the Muslim society. Its leadership struggled hard against crucial, non-Islamic traditions of the Indian society. The founders and leaders of this Movement were scholars, saints and reformers. Their approach was very clear regarding Qur’an and Ḥadīth. After a deep analysis of Tehrīk-e-Mujāhidīn, we come to know that the basic objectives of this Movement was not to establish an 05 Al-Ilm, Vol.3 Issue2,July–December 2019 the style of the traditional scholars, but their approach was very different to them. Mawlānā Ghulām Rasūl Mehr states; “They belonged to the Sādāt family and their style was according to the traditional Peers but their style to reform the society and love to Islamic cause cannot be seen in the centuries. His personality was very attractive. Therefore, anyone who met him or listened to his lecture adopted his cause. They were practical men and wanted to uplift and save the Muslim society from internal and external threats”.36 They contributed very much to uplift and reform the Muslim society of the Indian subcontinent. Leaders of Sayyīd Aḥmad Shahīd’s movement have a lot of contribution intellectually, academically and physically. Here, I would like to share some examples of their contribution. For example in1818, when some so called Ulamā gave a Fatwā to postpone Ḥajj because the travelling was not safe. According to Sayed Abūl Hassan Nadvī, “In those days an important pillar of Islam Ḥajj was stopped due to a so called Fatwā of Ulamā that Hajj is postponed because travelling is unsafe”.37 Then Sayyīd Aḥmad Shahīd announced a Qāfilah (Group) for Ḥajj and they offered Ḥajj under his guardianship. According to a renowned Biographer of Sayyīd Aḥmad Shahīd, Mawlānā Ghulām Rasūl Mehr’s analysis; “To open the door of Ḥajj for Muslims was an essential duty of the Muslim rulers and so to defend the public was also a most important duty of Muslim rulers but they could not do it with power and authority. In this critical situation, Sayyīd Aḥmad Shahīd did this important duty without resources”.38 Actually they wanted to establish an active and powerful Islamic Rule and transform Muslim society which does not adopt silence on violation and disregard of Sha’āerillah39 and Ḥudūdullāh40 . Another important example of their contribution was to purify the Muslim society from non-Muslims bad traditions and customs, which were spoiling the Muslim society of India. Mawlānā Mehr said,” Muslim of India under the influence of the Hindus did not remarry their widows. Sayyīd Aḥmad Shahīd broke this bad custom and initiated this bold step from his family and friends”.41 Another most academic contribution of this movement was to reform the society and to purify it 57 Role of Tehrīk-e- Mujahedin in promotion of Two Nation Theory from every kind of Shirk (Pantheism) which also entered into Muslims due to Hindus’ influence. This was the basic objective of this movement because they sincerely understood that if Muslims did not leave Shirk (Polytheism) and Bid‘at (Heresies) then they could not become true Muslims and if they did not become true Muslims they would not participate in Jihād. They showed their issue in their sermons. An intellectual contribution, Taqwīyyat-ul-Emān by Shāh Ismāīl Shahīd is an excellent academic participation in this issue. He discussed in detail the issue of Tawḥīd and Shirk in this book. Therefore, he stated, “Know it very well; Tawḥīd is the key concept of Islam, it is the base of every virtue and differentiate the Muslims societies from non-Muslims persons and societies”.42 Shāh Ismāīl Shahīd was an intellectual and scholar personality. According to Sayyīd Abūl Hassan‘Alī Nadvī’s assessment; “He was a great personality of Islam which was born after hundreds of years. He had the characteristics of Mujahidin. Due to his Jihādist and preaching activities, he could not give proper time for writings. If he did it he would have surpassed many of the renowned Muslim scholars”.43 These examples show their comment to Islam and the Two Nation Theory. We can realize it easily that this movement on the one side tried to purify the Muslim society ethically from bad customs, pantheism, heresies and on the other side; they physically and spiritually defend and save Muslims of the subcontinent from British and the Sikh Rule. It was a multidimensional Independence movement and it played a vital role to save Muslims from non-Muslim internal and external attacks. . We can see that in the critical situation when nobody was ready to face the Hindus, Sikhs and British attacks, this movement successfully saved the Muslims from disbelieve. In a very critical and difficult situation they did the duty to save the Muslim society from merging into non-Muslims norms. So, we consider it the historical chapter of Independence movement and the Two Nations Theory. According to Dr. Khalid Masūd’s analysis, “This was the religious reformist movement .This great Movement could not get proper attention of the Muslim society of the subcontinent due to some reasons, if it succeeded, the map of the subcontinent would be different”.44 04 Al-Ilm, Vol.3 Issue2,July–December 2019 In this way they try to promote the Two Nation Theory in the Indian subcontinent. Their biggest contribution was to separate the Muslim society of the subcontinent from the Hindu society. Their efforts brought Muslims near to the Qur’an and Sunnah and they began to follow the path of the Sunnah. Therefore, according to these facts and arguments, this Movement is considered as the missing link between Pakistan’s Independence Movement and Two Nation Theory. Link between Tehrīk-e-Mujāhidīn and Pakistan Freedom Movement: It is a historical misconception and wrong analysis about Sayyīd Aḥmad Shahīd Movement that it got finished at Bālākot in 1831 AD. According to Professor ‘Abdul Ḥafīz Chaudarī, “No doubt it was a great and historical loss for this Movement that its top leadership was got martyred. It should be kept in mind this Movement was crushed at Bālākòt in 1831 AD, but it casts a comprehensive impact on all over the Muslim World, especially in the subcontinent”.45 Historically, this Movement had a practical participation in the Independence movement of Pakistan. According to Syed Ali Nadvī views; “This opinion was not valid that Tehrīk-e-Mujāhidīn was finished at Blālākot with martyrdom of Sayed Aḥmad and his fellows but it is an open fact that this movement was active against British Raj till 20 th century. Shortly you can say that if we see today some zeal of faith and action in the subcontinent of India and Pakistan, it is due to this movement”.46 We found many similarities in Pakistan Independence movement and Tehrīk Sayyīd Aḥmad Shahīd. According to three most renowned researchers on Tehrīk-e-Mujāhidīn,Moulana Ghulam Husain Mehar, Syed abu-al-Hassan Nadvi and ‘Ᾱbad ShahPurī stated the most important objectives of the movement likewise; “I-To establish a separate Muslim State, II-To represent and to defend Muslims of the Subcontinent, III- To struggle for defense of Tawḥīd and Sunnah and IV- Try to reform the Muslim society, V- Try to eradicate the heretical and innovative practices in Islam etc”.47 Now if we try to compare these objectives with the objectives of the Pakistan Independence movement of 1947, we find more or less the same. 61 Role of Tehrīk-e- Mujahedin in promotion of Two Nation Theory campaign and inform the Muslims of NWFP from this Fitna and prepared them to give vote in favor of Pakistan. The important thing is that these campaigns were successfully completed without any expenditure of Pakistan”.56 Another important example of this participation is that when India entered with its armed forces to capture Kashmir, these were the Mujāhidīn of Sayyīd Aḥmad Shahīd's Movement who fought against Indian and British forces to help out the Kshmīrī Muslims on public appeal of the founder of Pakistan. Wazīr Abādī gave a Fatwā in favor of Jihād-e-Kashmir and wrote some details of this Jihād in his famous book "Jihād-e-Kashmir". He stated, “This is a beautiful and wonderful miracle of Almighty Allah that the first Jihād of Kashmir round about one hundred years ago against Dogrā forces was founded by the companions of Sayyīd Aḥmad Shahīd and the present Jihād against Hindus and British forces is also started by the companions of Sayyīd Aḥmad Shahīd”.57 These are some examples of the practical participation of the Mujāhidīn in Pakistan Independence Movement. Mujāhidīn also actively took part to accommodate the Muslim immigrants, which came from different parts of India. On these valid arguments we can clearly observe that Sayyīd Aḥmad Shahīd's Movement is an essential part of the continuous struggle of the Muslim freedom and Renaissance in the Indian subcontinent. Mawlānā Mehr said in the preface of his Book, “This movement was a continuity of the arranged historical efforts, for which much blood of the Muslim legends had been flooded till a complete century. These efforts and personalities are considered a result of national dignity and supremacy”.58 Mujahidin took part to make Pakistan with their money blood and preaching. Fazal Elāhī stated, “The Mujahidin actively took part to decrease the collective and national difficulties of the Muslims of the subcontinent. Their services were more than those of all other groups. Hopefully it is assumed; a time will come when Pakistani leadership will remember them with great thanks. The objective of their participation was just to help out the Muslims to make an Islamic State”.59 Pakistan was not obtained just with political struggle, but it established after much scarifies. Therefore, Mawlānā Mehr said; “A living fact about Pakistan is that to get freedom of this great country, Muslim offered many sacrifices, which are 55 Al-Ilm, Vol.3 Issue2,July–December 2019 not found in any other nation of the world. If we compare the efforts of other nations with these efforts, those will be as small as water in a hand as compare to sea”.60 Sayyīd Aḥmad Shahīd Movement has a closer relationship with Independence movement of Pakistan. Mawlānā Sayyīd Abūl Ḥassan‘Alī Nadvī said, “There is founded blood of great martyrs and Mujahidin of Sayyīd Aḥmad Shahīd’s movement in the foundations of Pakistan. If we should want a free, stable and peaceful Pakistan, we must make it a welfare Islamic state”.61 Allah demands us to implement Islam in Pakistan with its complete spirit, then it will fulfill the objectives of the creation of Pakistan. Here, the Nobel Book of Allah, the Holy Quran states; ا م أ َتَّ ةَّ وَّ َلَّ وا الص َّ َّقَّامم َّْرِض أأ ْ ِِف اْلأ ن َّاُهم ك َّ ن م َّ ةم ال َِّذنيَّ ا ِ ِ عَّاِقبَّ لِِل َّ ِر وَّ ِ اْلممنكَّ َّْوا َعَّ َنَّ وِف وَّ ْعرم وا ِِبْلمَّ رم َّمَّ أأ ةَّ وَّ َكَّ الز َّ وِر ممم اْلأ Those who, if We establish them in the land, establish regular prayer and give regular charity, enjoin the right and forbid wrong: with Allah rests the end of affairs”.62 If we should try to understand the link and message of this movement, it is very clear and easy. Mujahedeen started a movement for a separate Islamic state. They tried their best. They were persecuted and martyred, but could not succeed. They got martyred, but gave us a way of freedom. So we succeed to get an Islamic and a free state. So it is a message from the martyred that we should fulfill these promises, which we have been doing during the Independence movement with the Muslims of the subcontinent. Once upon, the Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah said about status of Pakistan, “We did not demand Pakistan just to own a piece of land, but we in fact wanted to have a laboratory for examining the true teachings of Islam,”63 Actually this thing separates Islamic Republic of Pakistan from other secular countries of the world. Ideologically, this is called the Two Nations' theory. Therefore, a leading member of Pakistan’s Independence movement, Liaqat Ali Khan stated; “The primary identity and unifying denominator of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent is their Religion (Islam), rather than their language or ethnicity, and therefore Indian Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations, regardless of ethnic or other commonalities”. 64 63 Role of Tehrīk-e- Mujahedin in promotion of Two Nation Theory On these footings we can say without any doubt this movement did a historical struggle and role to get a separate country with his untiring efforts, which is the land of our dreams and called Pakistan. Therefore, due to these reasons and arguments, a number of Muslim scholars and historians consider it an important episode of the Pakistan Independence Movement. It means this movement has deep influence and historical link with the Pakistan Independence Movement. So we can say this revolutionary movement played a historical role to establish a separate homeland for Muslims of the Indian subcontinent. Conclusions : The most important results of the study are given below; 1. the Tow Nation Theory is a most significant ideology from the Islamic perspective of the Indian subcontinent. It is perceived for that purpose on which Islam identifies the people with the name of believers and Non-believers. The History is eyewitness of the fact that where the Muslims went, they were considered a distinct community and had special identity of Islam from other religions which is called Two Nation Theory. 2. Sayyīd Ahmad Shahīd Movement played a vibrant role in the Muslim Renaissance in Indian subcontinent. Due to some reasons this Movement was trampled at Bālākot in 1831 AD, but it kindled a flame of freedom in the hearts of the Muslims. 3. Throughout the long presence of Islam in subcontinent, the Muslim community has been continuously striving to live according to the Islamic values, to broadcast the teachings of Islam and to build the set of Islamic institutions that ensure the vision of life in terms of reality with the complete spirit of Islam. Besides pursuing these objectives, the Muslims also have been trying their best from time to time for the conservation of a Separate Islamic State. 4. Sayyīd Aḥmad Shahīd’s Movement was a practical struggle for a separate Islamic state and society in the Indian subcontinent. Although they did not succeed to get freedom from Sikhs and the British Rāj (Cruel Empire), but they gave a clear way and strong message for the Muslims of Indian subcontinent to achieve freedom by hook or by crook. 5. This Movement has practical contribution in Independence Movement of Pakistan. So much so, some scholars considered it a 55 Al-Ilm, Vol.3 Issue2,July–December 2019 17 Muhammad Aslam, Sheikh Aḥmad Sir Hindi Revivalist Role and the Two Nation Theory, Imām e Rabbīnī Publications, Lahore, 2012,p 21. 18ShāhWalīUllāh, HujjatUllah -al-Bāligha , Ghulām‘ Alī & Sons, Lahore, 1391 AH,p 208. 19 Ghazi, Islamic Renaissance in South Asia,p 255. 20Abu ‘Alī, ‘Abdul Wakīl, Allāh key Sipāhī , Noumānī Kutub Khāna, Lahore, 2004,p 254. 21 Sultan, “Struggle for Islamic State and Society”,p 175. 22Nadvī ,Hindu-Pak main Islāmī Tehrīk ki Tārīkh , p46. 23Sādiq Husain, Syed Aḥmad Shahīd aur Tehrīke-e-Mujahedeen , Mīzān, Lahore, 2010,p 2. 24 Husain ,Syed Aḥmad Shahīd aur Tehrīk e Mujahedeen, p3. 25Nadvī ,Hindu-Pak main Islāmī Tehrīk ki Tārīkh,p 47. 26 Husain ,Syed Aḥmad Shahīd aur Tehrīk e Mujahedeen ,p 4 . 27 Husain ,Syed Aḥmad Shahīdaur Tehrīk e Mujahedeen, p13. 28Ansārī, Zafar Ishāq, Barresaghīr main Islāmī Fikar , IRI Islamabad, 2008,p 6. 29Ansārī, Barresaghīr main Islāmī Fikar,p7. 30 Ali bin AbiTalib, Nahj al-Balāghah Urdu ,Letters, Sermons and Sayings of Hazrat Ali RA (Compiler, Syed Sharif Razi) , Mahfooz Book Agency, Karachi, 1999,p 23. 31Lutfi, Muhammad‘Alī, Malfūzāt-e-Shāh‘Abdul‘Azīz , HM Saeed &Company, Lahore, 1960,p 96. 32Wakīl, Ali, Allāh key Sipāhī, p255. 33Fatwā: Fatwā is a written judgment which is given by an authentic Islamic scholar, Muftī or Mujtahid. 34Dār-ul-Ḥarab: According to Islamic Scholars Dar-ul-Ḥarab is a place where war is allowed. 35Shāh‘Abdul‘ Azīz, Fatāwa‘ Azīziyyāh, HM Saeed Company , Karachi ,1960,p581. 36Mehr, Moulānā,, GhulāmRasul, Jam’ate Mujahedeen, Kitāb Manzil, Lahore,1955,p82. 67 Role of Tehrīk-e- Mujahedin in promotion of Two Nation Theory 37Nadvī, Syed Abul Hassan, Emān kī Bahār, Majlis Nashriyāt e Islam, Karachi, 1974,p55. 38Mehr, Ghulām Rasul, Tarīkh Syed Aḥmad Shahīd , Maktabā al-Haq, Bombay, 2008, p257. 39Sha’āerillah: It means the rituals and symbols of Islam which differentiate it from other religions and faiths. 40 Hudûdullah: legal limits and capital punishments which are defined by the Holy Qur’an and Sunnah of the Prophet ملسو هيلع هللا ىلص and no body have authority to amend or illuminate it. 41 Mehr, Tarīkh Syed Aḥmad Shahīd, p206. 42Shahīd, Syed Ismail, Taqwīyyatul Emān , Maktabā Khalīl, Lahore, 2009,p 22. 43 Ismail, Taqwīyyatul Emān , p13. 44Mas’ûd, Barresaghir main Islāmī Fikar key Rahnumā ,p 350. 45 Prof. ‘Abdul Hafīz, Jam’aat -e-Mujāhidīn, Noumānī Kutub Khāna, Lahore, 2001,p 41. 46 Hindu-Pak main Islāmī Tehrīk ki Tārīkh, p55. 47 Mehar,Tarīkh Syed Aḥmad Shahīd ,Nadvi, Emān kī Bahār,Shah Purī, Syed Bādshāh 48 Allama, Muhammad Iqbal, Kulliyat e Iqbal , Sa’ad publications, Lahore, n.d., p297. 49Ḥassan ,Wafā kā kā’ba , p91. 50 Husain, A History of Freedom Movement, 2:169. 51 Shah Puri, Abad, Syed Bādshāh kā Qāfilah , Dadr Publications, Lahore,1982,p 428-429. 52 Kelᾱnῑ, Muhammad Iqbāl, Islam aur Kufar ka Tasᾱdum,Hadῑth Publishers, Lahore, 2004, ,p56. 53 Husain, A History of the Freedom Movement, 3:160. 54Pakhtūnistān: It was a conspiracy theory against creation of Pakistan. When Indian Congress and British empire failed to stop the separation of Indian subcontinent then they launch Pakhtūnistān Fitna to dismiss the separation. But due to Mujahidin efforts, this Fitna was buried with the Referendum. 54 Al-Ilm, Vol.3 Issue2,July–December 2019 55Wazīr Abādī, Fazal Elāhī Mas’ala e Kashmir , Dār-ul-Andlus, Lahore, 2004,p 82. 56Wazīr Abādī, Mas’ala e Kashmir,p 84. 57Wazīr Abādī, Mas’ala e Kashmir Aur iss Kī Mukhtasar Tārīkh,p 82. 58Mehr, Moulānā,Ghulām Rasūl, Sargazashat Mujāhidīn ,KitābManzil, Lahore, 1956,p 5. 59WazīrAbādī ,Mas’ala e Kashmir Aur iss Kī MukhtasarTārīkh ,p 83. 60 Mehar, Sargazashat Mujahedeen, p65. 61Nadvi, Emān kī Bahār, 266-27. 62 Surah al-Hajj 22:41. 63 http://www.cssforum.com.pk/news-articles/25917-what-do-we-mean- pakistan/15/8/17. 64 Khan, Liaqat Ali, Pakistan the Heart of Asia ,Harvard University Press, Cambridge,1950,p 78.