Understanding Word Decoding: Root Words, Prefixes, Suffixes, and Phonics, Slides of English

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Word Decoding- Root words, Prefixes, Suffixes, and Phonics: Ways to understand and simplify language College of the Redwoods Academic Learning Center Learning Packet 2006 Table of Contents 1) Introduction: Word Decoding and Its Use 2) Definitions and List of Root Words and Prefixes 3) Explanation of Suffixes and Spelling Rules. 4) Phonics- Explanation 5) Helpful Study Quiz succession chron time chronology, chronic, chronicle chronometer, anachronism cide, cis to kill, to cut fratricide, suicide, incision, excision, circumcision circum around circumnavigate, circumflex, circumstance, circumcision, circumference, circumorbital, circumlocution, circumvent, circumscribe, circulatory clud, clus claus to close include, exclude, clause, claustrophobia, enclose, exclusive, reclusive, conclude con, com with, together convene, compress, contemporary, converge, compact, confluence, concatenate, conjoin, combine contra, counter against, opposite contradict, counteract, contravene, contrary, counterspy, contrapuntal cred to believe credo, credible, credence, credit, credential, credulity, incredulous cycl circle, wheel bicycle, cyclical, cycle, encliclical de from, down, away detach, deploy, derange, deodorize, devoid, deflate, degenerate, deice dei, div God, god divinity, divine, deity, divination, deify demo people democracy, demagogue, epidemic dia through, across, between diameter, diagonal, dialogue dialect, dialectic, diagnosis, diachronic dict speak predict, verdict, malediction, dictionary, dictate, dictum, diction, indict dis, dys, dif away, not, negative dismiss, differ, disallow, disperse, dissuade, disconnect, dysfunction, disproportion, disrespect, distemper, distaste, disarray, dyslexia duc, duct to lead, pull produce, abduct, product, transducer, viaduct, aqueduct, induct, deduct, reduce, induce dyn, dyna power dynamic, dynamometer, heterodyne, dynamite, dynamo, dynasty ecto outside, external ectomorph, ectoderm, ectoplasm, ectopic, ectothermal endo inside, withing endotoxin, endoscope, endogenous equi equal equidistant, equilateral, equilibrium, equinox, equitable, equation, equator e, ex out, away, from emit, expulsion, exhale, exit, express, exclusive, enervate, exceed, explosion exter, extra outside of external, extrinsic, exterior extraordinary, extrabiblical extracurricular, extrapolate, extraneous flu, flux flow effluence, influence, effluvium, fluctuate, confluence, reflux, influx flect, flex to bend flexible, reflection, deflect, circumflex graph, gram to write polygraph, grammar, biography, graphite, telegram, autograph, lithograph, historiography, graphic hetero other heterodox, heterogeneous, heterosexual, heterodyne homo same homogenized, homosexual, homonym, homophone hyper over, above hyperactive, hypertensive, hyperbolic, hypersensitive, hyperventilate, hyperkinetic hypo below, less than hypotension, hypodermic, hypoglycemia, hypoallergenic in, im not inviolate, innocuous, intractable, innocent, impregnable, impossible infra beneath infrared, infrastructure inter, intro between international, intercept, intermission, interoffice, internal, intermittent, introvert, introduce intra within, into intranet, intracranial, intravenous jac, ject to throw reject, eject, project, trajectory, interject, dejected, inject, ejaculate semi half semifinal, semiconscious, semiannual, semimonthly, semicircle spect to look inspect, spectator, circumspect, retrospect, prospect, spectacle sub under, below submerge, submarine, substandard, subnormal, subvert super, supra above superior, suprarenal, superscript, supernatural, supercede syn together synthesis, synchronous, syndicate tele distance, from afar television, telephone, telegraph, telemetry theo, the God theology, theist, polytheist therm, thermo heat thermal, thermometer, thermocouple, thermodynamic, thermoelectric tract to drag, draw attract, tractor, traction, extract, retract, protract, detract, subtract, contract, intractable trans across transoceanic, transmit, transport, transducer un not uncooked, unharmed, unintended veh, vect to carry vector, vehicle, convection, vehement vert, vers to turn convert, revert, advertise, versatile, vertigo, invert, reversion, extravert, introvert vita life vital, vitality, vitamins, revitalize Explanation of Suffixes and Spelling Rules What is a suffix? A suffix is a word ending. It is a group of letters you can add to the end of a root word* e.g. walking, helpful *A root word stands on its own as a word, but you can make new words from it by adding beginnings (prefixes) and endings (suffixes). For example, 'comfort' is a root word. By adding the prefix 'dis' and the suffix 'able' you can make new words such as 'discomfort' and 'comfortable'. 1] For most short (one syllable) words that end in a single consonant (anything but 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u') you need to double the last letter when you add a suffix: e.g. run + ing = running Adding suffixes to words can change or add to their meaning, but most importantly they show how a word will be used in a sentence and what part of speech (e.g. noun, verb, adjective) the word belongs to. e.g. If you want to use the root word 'talk' in the following sentence: I was (talk) to Samina. You need to add the suffix 'ing' so that the word 'talk' makes better sense grammatically: "I was talking to Samina". There are various suffixes we use. Probably the most common are 'ed' and 'ing'. Here are some other suffixes and examples. Suffix spelling rules - double letters Usually when you add a suffix to a root word the spelling of both stays the same: e.g. care + ful = careful But there are several important groups of words where the spelling of the root word changes when you add a suffix. Sometimes the spelling changes because of the 'Doubling' rules. As always, there are exceptions to these 4 rules, but they are a good starting guide: More suffix spelling rules 'y' to 'i' rule When you add a suffix to a word which ends in a consonant followed by a 'y', change the 'y' to 'i'. e.g. The word 'happy' ends in 'py'. When you add the suffix 'ness', change the 'y' to 'i' to make the word happiness: happy + ness = happiness. Exceptions to the rule. If you are adding the suffix 'ing' to a word ending in 'y', keep the 'y'. e.g. The word 'copy' ends in 'py'. When you add 'ing' the 'y' doesn't change to an 'i' because you would have 2 'i's together: copy + ing = copying. Silent 'e' rule When you add a 'y' or a suffix which starts with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u) to a word which ends in a silent 'e', drop the silent 'e'. Silent 'e' words are ones that end with a consonant and have an 'e' at the end, such as hope, like, love. If you say the word to yourself you don't really hear the 'e' at the end. e.g. The word 'noise' ends in a silent 'e'. When you add the suffix 'y', the 'e' is dropped to make the word, noisy: noise + y = noisy. The word 'like' ends in a silent 'e'. Silent 'e' rule When you add the suffix 'ing', the 'e' is dropped to make the word, liking: like + ing = liking. Exceptions to the rule. If a word ends in 'ce', or 'ge', keep the 'e' if you add a suffix beginning with either an 'a', or an 'o'. (This is done to keep the 'c' or 'g' sounding soft.) e.g. The word 'peace' ends in 'ce'. When you add on the suffix 'able' the silent 'e' is kept to make the word, peaceable: peace + able = peaceable NB: All these rules also apply to words which have a prefix before the root word. For example if you add the suffix 'ness' to the root word 'unhappy' you would still change the 'y' to 'i': un + happy + ness = unhappiness Verbs, nouns and professions Adding a suffix to a word can change the job that word does. There are several forms of the 'shun' sound which are all suffixes that can change root words from nouns to verbs, or give you important clues about what the word is doing. From verbs to nouns... 1] Adding '-tion' Adding 'tion' to a root word can change the word from a verb (action word) to a noun (name of person, place or thing): e.g. inject (verb) + tion = injection (noun) instruct (verb) + tion = instruction (noun) From verbs to nouns... Sometimes the spelling changes slightly between the verb and the noun. The important thing is that you can see that the verb and noun are related in meaning. e.g. relax (verb) + tion = relaxation (noun) describe (verb) + tion = description (noun) Use this when: - there is a consonant before the 'tion' sound (normally the root word ends in 't') N.B. if the root word ends in 't', you drop the final 't' before adding the suffix. - the root word ends with a long vowel or a short 'l'