Air Pollution: Causes, Effects, and Control Technologies, Lecture notes of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

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AIR POLLUTION CONTROL CBE 9312/CBE 4405 Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, University of Western Ontario Hamid-Reza Kariminia Email: hkarimi6@uwo.ca Winter 2022 What is Air Pollution? • The presence of any substances in the ambient environment in quantities which are or may be harmful or injurious to human health, welfare, animal or plant life, or property or unreasonably interfere with the enjoyment of life or property. • Air pollution can be caused due to the burning of wood, coal, oil, petrol, or by spraying pesticides, emission of VOCs (car spray, paint booth, dry cleaning, gas station). • Some of the questions which might come to mind while thinking about air pollution are: –Are we doing something about solving these problems? –Do we know enough about the conditions under which a pollution episode occurs? –What are the regulations? –How to control emissions? Teaching Assistant: Moataz Khaled Abdrabou; email: mabdrab@uwo.ca Textbook: Air Pollution Control Engineering; Third Edition, Noel de Nevers, Wavelend Press, Inc., 2017. Course Notes: To be provided; posted at the OWL Evaluation: The final course mark will be determined as follows: Assignments: 20% Midterm Examination 30% (part open/part close) Final Exam: 50% (open book) Introduction • perform basic chemistry calculations and unit interconversions Air Pollution Effects • relate to the common indoor and outdoor problems. Air Quality Standards and Regulation • perform simple health risk calculations using given risk factors • understand the principal aspects of air pollution regulation Air Pollution Sources • identify the sectoral origins of major air pollutants in North America • calculate air pollutant emission rates, given emission factors Course Content Atmospheric Chemistry of Oxides of Sulfur and Nitrogen • describe the atmospheric chemistry of sulfur and nitrogen compounds relevant to acidic deposition Combustion as a Source of Air Pollutants • calculate the volume and composition of effluent gases evolved by combustion of fuels Photochemical Air Pollution • describe the formation of secondary pollutant due to photochemical reactions Atmospheric Dispersion • calculate dispersion of pollutants in atmosphere based on meteorology • calculate stack height for pollutant release Course Content (continued 1) Course Outline = < Sources & Sinks sii | articulates, | SMES TSDnOIe SS ("Nantquere Seompyivecoa Atmospheric Dispersion Atmospheric Removal & (Clean Air Acts & Amendments | Ambient Air Quality So Emission Standards: Stationary & Mobile py a Distribution olution Course Schedule • L: Lecture • T: Tutorial • Assignments due date: Assignment 1: Jan. 28, 11:59 PM Assignment 2: Feb. 11, 11:59 PM Assignment 3: Mar. 11, 11:59 PM Assignment 4: Apr. 8, 11:59 PM Week Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 9 10 Classes Start 11 12 13 14 15 2 L, L L 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 3 L, L L, T1 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 4 L, L L, T2 Assignment 1 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 5 L, L L, T3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 6 L, L L, T4 Assignment 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 7 L, L L, T5 Reading Week 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Reading Week Reading Week Reading Week Reading Week Reading Week Reading Week Reading Week 27 28 1 2 3 4 5 8 Reading Week Midterm Exam L 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 9 L, L L, T6 Assignment 3 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 L, L L, T7 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 11 L, L L, T8 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 12 L, L L, T9 3 4 5 6 7 8 Classes End 9 L, L L, T10 Assignment 4 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 CBE 4405/CBE9312 - Winter 2022 Jan. Feb. March April Air Pollution Examples Chinese ink is made of soot produced by burning oil or wood in a smoke house https://www.chinaartlover.com/china-ink-india-ink-or-is-there-a-difference A dust storm in Amboseli National Park in Kenya. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/13/science/air-pollution-fires-genes.html Dense smog in Milan. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/apr/20/air-pollution-may-be-key- contributor-to-covid-19-deaths-study | . 1 /oicanic as isl T VOICANIC asi) QiSfUpL  Smog formation due to gasoline and diesel-powered motor vehicles Gary, Indiana (c. 1912) Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D. C. Donora, PA (1948) www.eoerth.org Noon, Donora, PA. Oct. 29, 1948 Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Los Angeles (1920s) www.airfields-freeman.com Media-2.web.britannica.com Los Angeles (1930s) Uplaod.wikimedia.org www.nottingham.ac.uk Images.encarta.msn.com geles 1940s aia way ca ce: Los Angeles 1958 Los Angeles Public Library Los Angeles 1964 SS — Ro RRR al ” -. a a Daytime in Pittsburgh (1945) and NY City (1953) U.S. Library of Congress Sao Paulo Fre} leF=Le AVN] <lpatexel Mel e# anal dielsvell-Vicola lagteamic)) jevesele CMB = Bckye FF loss ycc Mio cnn emu nee + C Beijing Chinadaily.com.cn Sao Paulo upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Zona_Leste_-_São_Paulo-Brasil.jpg New Delhi Topnews.in Air Pollution • Indoor • Regional • Global • Stratospheric - Sources - Effects - Treatment Effect of Air Pollution on Global Scale Global Warming % http://www. illinoisfamily. org/content/img/f32925/ __ global-warming jpg whe Wwww_noaanews noaa_gov: ya ; stories2006/s2624 htm Acid Deposition http://www.city.sendai_.jp/soumu /kouhou/emailnews/ecolife- e/images/TokoroYukiyoshi.jpg www.atmosphere.mpg.de www.agen.ufl.edu gallery.hd.org  Changes in Animal I, Soe Changing Rain Migration and Life Cycles i Less and Snow Snow and Ice Patterns +a a? https://www.joboneforhumanity.org/what_is_climate_change_and_global_warming_and Implications of Air Pollution • The World Health Organization (WHO) released a report on 2014 saying about 8 million people are dying every year because of air pollution. • Air pollution cost Canadians $36B in 2015 due to premature death and illness. • The costs will rise to $250 billion by the year 2031 if no improvements are made. Pollution • Pollution moves via some pathway(s) in the environment, thereby exposing receptors (i.e., humans, plants, animals, building, statues, etc. ) to potential injury. • The significance of the pollution is related to its effects on a range of receptors, including humans and the resources and ecological systems on which we depend. • Pollution has a human source; natural inputs of the same materials (e.g. volcanic eruptions) are excluded. • Pollution should be judged on its impact on social values as well as its physical environmental effects. • Quantification is important so that the degree of danger or impact expected can be assessed. US-Canada Facts • Canadian and American facilities released an estimated 1.6 million tonnes of chemicals directly into the environment (1998), equivalent in weight to 900,000 minivans-2015 release to air-3,165,490 tonnes in Canada • • The report shows Canadian plants produced 30 percent more total pollution, on average, than U.S. facilities; difference is largely due to weaker air pollution and landfill regulations in Canada. • Coal and oil-fired power plants, and vehicular emissions are the top air polluters (46 of the top 50 polluters) in the United States and Canada according to most recent data Distribution of world carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion, 2009 (Air pollutant emissions) = population x economic activity per person x pollutant emission per unit of economic activity Emissions, Transport, Receptors Air pollution schematic, showing the interrelations among emissions, transport, dilution, modification, and effects. Primary vs. Secondary Air Contaminants • Primary contaminants: emitted directly into the air. • Secondary contaminants: produced by reactions in the air or within liquid aerosols. Commonly Used Units • Concentration of a pollutant in air is expressed as ppm by volume or by mol. • Standard temperature and pressure condition (STP): 1 atm pressure and 0oC Units and Measurements Gases • 1 ppm is one drop in 15 gallons • 1 ppb is one drop in a large swimming pool • 1 ppb is 5 people out of the Earth’s population (when population was 5 billion!) Volume of an Ideal Gas Ideal gas law: PV = nRT – P = absolute pressure (atm) – V = volume (m3) – n = mass (moles) – R = gas constant = 0.082056 L·atm·K-1·mol-1 – T = absolute temperature (K) – K = °C + 273.15 Exposure Limits The NIOSH recommended exposure limits (RELs) are listed first in this section. For NIOSH RELs, “TWA” indicates a time- weighted average concentration for up to a 10-hour workday during a 40-hour workweek. immediately dangerous to life or health concentrations time-weighted average concentration Converting to ppm (cont.) 0.0577 𝐿 𝐶𝑂 1000 𝐿 × 1000 𝐿 1000 𝐿 = 57.7 𝐿 𝐶𝑂 1,000,000 𝐿 = 57.7 𝑝𝑝𝑚 𝐶𝑂 0.078 𝑔 𝐶𝑂 × 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂 28 𝑔 𝐶𝑂 × 22.414 𝐿 𝐶𝑂 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂 × (30 + 273.15) 273.15 × 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 1.2 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 0.0577 𝐿 𝐶𝑂 1 mol gas at (STP) 1 atm, 0oC V=22.414 L 𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑃 Exceeds NIOSH standard ! Abbreviations for volumetric and gravimetric units Volumetric Gravimetric Parts per million (micro) 1076 ppm wl I! pmol mol! mg m~3 Parts per billion (nano) lo? ppb nl 17! nmol mol”! pgm? Parts per trillion (pico) 1o~!2 ppt pl I7! pmol mol! ng m7? Problem : An SO2 concentration is given as 830 mg/m3 at 25°C and 1 atm. Express this concentration in parts per million (ppm). Solution : Concentration of SO2 is 830 mg/m3 AT STP conditions (0°C and 1 atm), one mole of gas occupies 22.414 L (V=nRT/P). Molecular Weight of SO2 is 64g/mol 830 𝜇𝑔 𝑆𝑂2 𝑚3 𝑎𝑖𝑟 × 1 𝑔 𝑆𝑂2 106𝜇𝑔 𝑆𝑂2 × 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑂2 64 𝑔 𝑆𝑂2 × ( 22. 414 𝐿 𝑆𝑂2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑂2 × 25 + 273.15 𝐾 273.15 𝐾 ) × 1000 𝑚3 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑳 𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 0.317 𝐿 𝑆𝑂2 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑳 𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 0.317 𝑝𝑝𝑚 𝑆𝑂2 Correct for temperature: 𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑃 → 𝑉2 𝑉0 = 𝑇2 𝑇0 → 𝑉2 = 𝑇2 𝑇0 𝑉0 = 22.414 𝐿 𝑆𝑂2 × 25 + 273.15 𝐾 273.15 𝐾 Problem : Carbon Monoxide concentration at 90°C and 6 atm is 90 mg/m3. Express this concentration in ppm. Solution : Concentration of CO is 90 mg/m3 AT STP conditions (0°C and 1 atm), one mole of gas occupies 22.414 L (V=nRT/P). Molecular Weight of CO is 28 g/mol 90 𝜇𝑔 𝐶𝑂 𝑚3 𝑎𝑖𝑟 × 1 𝑔 𝐶𝑂 106𝜇𝑔 𝐶𝑂 × 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂 28 𝑔 𝐶𝑂 × ( 22. 414 𝐿 𝐶𝑂 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂 × 90 + 273.15 𝐾 273.15 𝐾 × 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 6 𝑎𝑡𝑚 ) × 1000 𝑚3 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑳 𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 0.0160 𝐿 𝐶𝑂 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑳 𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 0.0160 𝑝𝑝𝑚 𝐶𝑂 Correct for temperature: 𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑃 → 𝑉2 𝑉0 = 𝑇2 𝑇0 𝑃0 𝑃2 → 𝑉2 = 𝑇2 𝑇0 𝑃0 𝑃2 𝑉0 = 22.414 𝐿 𝐶𝑂 × 90 + 273.15 𝐾 273.15 𝐾 × 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 6 𝑎𝑡𝑚