Glossary of Political Science Terms: A Comprehensive List, Quizzes of International Business

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TERM 1 deduction starts DEFINITION 1 with a general statement in order to reach a specific conclusion (top-down approach) TERM 2 induction DEFINITION 2 makes broad generalizations from specific observations (bottom-up) TERM 3 correlation DEFINITION 3 a mutual connection between two things TERM 4 causation DEFINITION 4 action of causing something TERM 5 dependent variables DEFINITION 5 variables changed as a result of any change in independent variables, used to measure TERM 6 independent variables DEFINITION 6 variables changed to test theory TERM 7 state DEFINITION 7 set of institutions that seek to wield the most force within a territory and carry out the functions required to provide security from internal/external threats (attacks and crime) TERM 8 four types of sovereignty DEFINITION 8 international legal, westphalia, internal or domestic, interdependence TERM 9 international legal sovereignty DEFINITION 9 territorial boundaries TERM 10 westphalia sovereignty DEFINITION 10 excludes other states from internal affairs TERM 21 high capacity/autonomy DEFINITION 21 risks authoritarianism TERM 22 high capacity/low autonomy DEFINITION 22 most advanced democracies, adaptation TERM 23 low capacity/high autonomy DEFINITION 23 weak democratic/authoritarian states, risks being ineffective TERM 24 national identity DEFINITION 24 political side of identity, about how people organize based on political ideals and aspirations TERM 25 nationalism DEFINITION 25 pride in one's people and the belief that they have their own sovereign political destiny seperate from others TERM 26 citizenship DEFINITION 26 individual or groups relation to the state TERM 27 political culture DEFINITION 27 traditional orientation of the citizens of a nation toward politics TERM 28 inflation DEFINITION 28 increase in prices and fall in purchasing value of money over time TERM 29 hyperinflation DEFINITION 29 monetary inflation occuring at a very high rate TERM 30 deflation DEFINITION 30 reduction of general prices in an economy TERM 31 monopolies DEFINITION 31 industries dominated by one or a few private or state enterprises TERM 32 tariffs DEFINITION 32 list of taxes or customs on imports TERM 33 quotas DEFINITION 33 quantitative restrictions on import of certain goods and services TERM 34 subsidies DEFINITION 34 monetary/equipment contributions, reduced taxes, provided to domestic companies or individuals TERM 35 IMF DEFINITION 35 cornerstone of international economic order, created in 1944 at bretton woods conference, gives short term loans for balance of payment problems TERM 46 democracy DEFINITION 46 political power exercised either directly or indirectly through participation, competition and liberty TERM 47 democratizaton DEFINITION 47 transition from a non democratic regime to a democratic regime TERM 48 advanced democracies DEFINITION 48 high development and prosperity, high GDP, service based industries, institutionalized democracy ex: US CANADA, JAPAN TERM 49 concrete judicial review DEFINITION 49 judicial review conducted on basis of facts of a specific case TERM 50 abstract judicial review DEFINITION 50 judicial review that occurs when legislative is suspected to be inconsistent with norms TERM 51 criteria to join EU DEFINITION 51 copenhagen criteriapolitical stability of institutions, existence of functioning market economy, acceptance of community acquis, can take obligations of membership, TERM 52 modernity DEFINITION 52 challenge to tradition and authority, faith in science, humanity, progress and voluntarism, TERM 53 postmodern DEFINITION 53 power is effect of structures individuals are effects of power that emerge from unstable environment TERM 54 european council DEFINITION 54 national leader of each state provides general politiccal directions and priorities of EU, treaties, treaty changes, meets at least four times a year at EU summits TERM 55 council of EU DEFINITION 55 made of ministers from appropriate fields, passes laws and approves budget in co-decision mechanism with european parliament, coordinates cooperation between courts and police forces TERM 56 european comission DEFINITION 56 turns goals into objectives, proposes legislation, 28 commissioners and institutional bureaucracy, represent EU interest, consults with council on choosing other commissioners, each responsible for policy area TERM 57 european parliament DEFINITION 57 pass legislation on co-decision with council of EU, non binding vote on EU treatiess TERM 58 polity scale DEFINITION 58 +10 to -10 +10 being consolidated democracy, -10 being hereditary monarchies, 0 being anocracies or illiberal democracies TERM 59 authoritarianism DEFINITION 59 government characterized by absolute obedience to authority as against individual freedom and related to expectation of unquestioning obedience TERM 60 totalitarianism DEFINITION 60 a form of non democratic rule that dominates and controls every aspect of political social and economic through some transformative ideology, goal is to use power/ violence to alter fabric of a nation TERM 71 what is comparative politics DEFINITION 71 politics across several nations, regions, or world wide TERM 72 types of comparative politics DEFINITION 72 studying one nation alonecomparing two nationscomparing many nations (area studies)global studies TERM 73 how to study comparative politics DEFINITION 73 starts with scientific method1)pick a good puzzle after observation2)come up with potential explanations for how things are the way they are3) collect data to test theory4)compare the data and test5) compare results TERM 74 difficulties in studying CP DEFINITION 74 controlling variables, interactions between variables, multicausality, limits to information, case access, uneven distribution of area studies, selection bias, endogeneity TERM 75 main competing paradigms of CP DEFINITION 75 institutionalism, culturalism structuralism, rational choice TERM 76 arguments of institutionalism DEFINITION 76 political, cultural, and social institutionsdifferent experiences with development due to institutions TERM 77 arguments of culturalism DEFINITION 77 political culture, civil culture, civil norms, religion norms, social identity, TERM 78 arguments of structuralism DEFINITION 78 class structure, dependency theory, marxism TERM 79 what is power DEFINITION 79 the ability to get other to behave in a way they normally would not, usually with force, coersion or persuasion TERM 80 how is power measured DEFINITION 80 military capabilities and resources, geographic area, economic strength, power conversion TERM 81 hard power DEFINITION 81 material threats and inducements leaders employ to achieve the goals of their state TERM 82 soft power DEFINITION 82 influence and authority deriving from an attraction that a country's practices have for people living in other countries TERM 83 smart power DEFINITION 83 a combination of hard and soft power strategies TERM 84 what is the relationship between states, regimes, and government? DEFINITION 84 government is less institutionalized, state is middle, and regimes are most institutionalized TERM 85 presidential system DEFINITION 85 president directly elected by the people, presidential term usually set, presidents power not beholden to legislature, usually denoted by weaker political parties, stronger system of checks and balances