science and technology and society, Essays (high school) of Earth science

Download science and technology and society and more Essays (high school) Earth science in PDF only on Docsity! INTRODUCTION TO SCIECE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY A. MEANING OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY  STUDY OF HOW SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND CULTURAL VALUES AFFECT SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS, REFERS TO THE INTER ACTIONS OF ECONOMIC CONTEXT WHICHSHAPE THE THE HUMAN HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT. B. SCIENCE SYSTEMATIZE BODY OF KNOWLEDGE , IT IS A KNOWLEDGE GAIN ED THRU OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENTATION LEDS TO FORMATION OF CONCEPTS, METHODS AND PRINCIPLES THEORIES AND LAW IN PROCEDURE  OF   TECHNOLOGY C. TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE IN SOLVING SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL PROBLEMS  THAT WILL HELP HUMAN TO SURVIVE. AND IMPROVE THEIR LIFE. D. NOT ABLE HUMAN SUCCESSES IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY     INVENTIONS OF ALL TIME     WHEEL THIS WAS DURING 3500 BC THIS WAS INVENTED BY THE PEOPLE FACILITATED AGRICULTURE AND COMMERECE, FOR THE TRANSPORTATION OF GOODS.       THE COMPASS THE CHINESE INVENTED THE FIRST COMPASS DURING THE 9TH AND 11TH CENTURY THE COMPASS ENABLED MARINERS TO NAVIGATE SAFELY FAR FROM LAND       PRINTING PRESS JOHANNES GUTENBERG A GERMAN INVENTED THE PRINTING PRESS AROUND 1440  INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE IT IS A HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS, THAT APPLIES FORCE TO A PISTON IT CAN BE USED IN AHUGE VARIETY OF CARS AND AIRCRAFT.       TELEPHONE ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL  INVENTED THE TELEPHONE  IN 1876 , IT IS A VOICE TRANSMISSION AND USE FOR GLOBAL BUSINESSES AND COMMUNICATION.       PENICILLIN IN 1928, SCOTTIST SCIENTIST ALEXANDER FLEMING DEVELOPED THE DRUG PENICILLIN USED  FOR  FOODS CONTAMINATED WITH MOLDS   AND BECOME AS BACTERIA       INTERNET A GLOBAL SYSTEM OF INTERCONNECTED COMPUTER NETWORKS , VINTON CERF  AND BOB KAHN   ARE CREDITED TO  INVENT THR INTERNET       ECO   FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGIES                  1- SOLAR ENERGY                   2- GEOTHERMAL ENERGY                   3- WIND POWER  LESSON 1 EARLY HUMANS ARE CURIUS ABOUT THEIR NATURE , THEY START YO OBSERVED AND RECORD PATTERNS OF WHAT WAS HAPPENING ,WITH THEIR EXPERIENCE, THEY WERE ABLE TO ANALIZE AND ORGANIZE INFORMATIONS A. - DAWN OF THE FIRST CIVILIZATION ( PRIMITIVE )       HUMANS DISCOVER AND INVENT TOOLS , IN THIS ERA, THERE WAS NO HISTORICAL EVIDENCES OF HOW PEOPLE LIVED , BECAUSE WRITTEN RECORDS WAS DATED AT ABOUT 5000 BC., PEOPLE LEARNED AND DEVELOPED SCI. AND TECHNOLOGY AS THEIR CONSEQUENCE FOR THEIR  SEARCH OF FOOD AND OTHER SURVIVAL NEEDS DISCOVERY OF MUD PLASTER THAT LED TO POTTERY AND MUD BRICKS FOR HOUSES. FIRST KNOWN POTTERY           WAS IN JAPAN AROUND 10,000 BC. B- PRE HISTORIC TIMES (3000-5000 BC)           MANS ACHIVEMENTS ARE CATEGORIZE AS A- DISCOVERY,( RECOGNITION, AND OBSERVATION OF NEW OBJECTS) B- INVENTIONS ( MANS DISCOVERIES AND OBSERVATIONS ARE PUT TOGETHER TO PRODUCE  NEW WAYS OFTOOLS.                   STONE AGE- THIS PERIOD WAS MARKED BY WHICH STONE WAS WIDELY USED TO MAKE TOOLS THIS ERA IS DIVIDED INTO 3 SEPARATE PERIO PALEOLITHIC ( EARLY) MESOLITHIC ( MIDDLE ) NEOLITHIC ( NEW )IN THIS PALEOLITHIC  ERA FIRE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT DISCOVERY AND INVENTION OF MAN HOMO MAN WAS A FOOD GATHERER DEPENDED ON HIS HUNTING, WILD ANIMALS AND BIRDS ,                                            FISHING  AND COLLECTING WILD FRUITS , NUTS AND BERRIES .                    BRONZE AGE- HARDER AND MORE DURABLE, METALS ARE RAW MATERIALIRON AGE-PRE HISTORY TIME WHEN TOOL MATERIAL WAS IRON   SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY  AND   SOCIETY LESSON 3 CONTRIBUTION OG GREEKS, PERSIAN AND ROMANS 1-     GREEK PHILOSOPHERS GREECE IS A COUNTRY IN SOUTHERN EUROPE, ITS MAINLAND IS LOCATED IN BALKAN 1-PENINSULA      TALES OF MILETUS- DEVELOPED THE  THEORY OF MATTER BASED UPON WATER 2-     SOCRATES- EMPHASIZE THE STUDY OF HUMAN NATURE IN RELATION TO SOCIETY 3-      EMPEDOCLES- ASSUMED THAT THERE WERE MORE THAN ONE KIND OF MATTER AND POSTULATED FOUR ROOTS OF ELEMENTS EARTH, AIR, FIRE AND WATER 4-      HIPPOCRATES- STARTED THE SCIENCE OF MEDICINE , AND THE GREATEST PHYSICIAN IN ANTIQUITY. HIPPOCRATES- STARTED THE SCIENCE OF MEDICINE ,( FATHER OF   MEDICINE ) , GREATEST PHYSICIAN IN ANTIQUITY. HE GIVES THE ETHICAL STANDARD THE HIPPOCRATIC  OATH  TO PRESERVED LIFE. 5-      ARISTOTLE- THE FATHER OF BIOLOGY UNDERTOOK A LARGE SCALE OF  CLASSIFICATIONS OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS, INTRODUCED THE METHOD OF SCIENTIFIC THINKING . STUDIED MANY AREAS OF SCIENCE  LIKE PHYSICS, ASTRONOMY, METEOROLOGY, ETC. 6-      ARCHIMEDES- PERFORMS EXPERIMENT WHICH LED HIM TO DISCOVER THE LAWS OF THE LEVER  AND PULLEY ., INVENTED MACHINE WHICH COULD EASILY MOVE LOADS 7-      PTOLEMY- FOUNDED GEOCENTRIC THEORY  ( THAT THE EARTH IS AT THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE) 8-     DEMOCRITUS – DEVELOPED ATOMIC  THEORY , ELABORATED THAT MATTER CONSISTED OF ATOMS 9-     PHYTAGORAS- GREATEST MATHEMATICIAN  ( PHYTAGOREAN THEOREM) 10-  PLATO- DEALT WITH THE  NATURE OF THE UNIVERSE   ASCRIBED GEOMETRIC FORMS COMPOSED WITH THE ELEMENTSOF EARTH,  FIRE,  AIR AND WATER 11-   ARISTARCHUS- MATHEMATICIAN AND ASTRONOMER  DISCOVERED THE WAY PLANETS MOVE IN THEIR ORBITS , AND ALSO THE EARTH  REVOLVES AROUND  THE SUN. 12-   HIPPARCHUS- DISCOVERED THE LENGTH OF THE MONTH 13-   ERATOSTHENES- DETERMINED THAT THE DISTANCE AROUND THE  EARTH, WAS 28,000 MILES MORE THAN WHAT WE KNOW TODAY. 14-   THEOPHRASTUS- FATHER OF PLANT SCIENCE , HE WROTE HISTORY OF PLANTS , AND CAUSES OF PLANTS , HE IS THE MOST OUTSTANDING BOTANIST , AND DEALS WITH THE MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS. 1-     PERSIAN  CIVILIZATION IT IS THE FORMER NAME OF IRAN ,IT WAS FOUNDED BY  CYRUS THE GREAT IN THE 6TH CENTURY BC . LARGEST EMPIRE OF THE ANCIENT WORLD , THEIR CULTURE IS ONE OF THE OLDEST  IN THE MIDDLE EAST , ONE OF RICHEST ART HERITAGES IN WORLD HISTORY , INCLUDING  ARCHITECTURE, WEAVING, PAINTING, POTTERY, CALLIGRAPHY, METALWORKING AND STONE MASONRY , THEY MAKE PERSIAN RUGS ( CARPET)                        SOME CALLIGRAPY OF PERSIANS ARE PAINTING , HAND LETTERING , CURSIVE  ETC. 1-     NASTALIQ- THE MOST BEAUTIFUL CALLIGRAPHY  AND COMPLICATED 2-      POTTERY- DESIGN OF THEIR WARES, CERAMIC ART OBJECTS SUCH AS FIGURES TILES AND TABLE WARE MADE FROM CLAY AND OTHER RAW MATERIALS. CONTINUATION: 3-     DOMES- CONSTRUCTED  IN FIRST LARGE SCALE  THEY ARE MOSTLY MOSAIC  FACE WITH MAGICAL VIEW 4-     STRUCTURES LIKE MOSQUES, MAUSEOLEUM, BAZAARS, BRIDGES, AND PALACES 5-     WIND TOWER IS A CHIMNEY LIKE STRUCTURE POSITION ABOVE THE HOUSE TO CATCH THE PREVAILING WIND. 111- ROMAN CIVILIZATION: IT IS THE CAPITAL OF ITALY , IT IS A CHARACTERIZE OF A GOVERNMENT HEADED BY AN EMPERORS AND LARGE TERRITORIAL HOLDINGS  AROUND THE MEDITERANIAN SEA IN EUROPE  , IT IS KNOWN TODAY THE ETERNAL CITY. LATIN  IS THEIR LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: 1-ROMANS USE WATER POWER AND WATERMILLS 2-MADE GREAT AQUEDUCTS, DAMS, BRIDGES,  AND AMPHITHEATERS 3-CONSTRUCTED NUMEROUS AQUEDUCTS  TO SUPPLY WATER 4-MANY RESOURCES TO THE STUDY OF ASTRONOMY, ASTROLOGY, GEOGRAPHY AND OTHER SCIENCES . 5-THEY USED SUNDIALS TO TELL TIME 6-ADVANCED IN GLASSBLOWING TECNIQUES  IN THE FORM OF WINDOW GLASS, HANGING GLASS OIL LAMPS. 7-ROMES MILITARY TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS TO WEAPONS SHIELD, AND ARMOUR NOTABLE ROMANMSCIENTIST 1-     GALEN- GREAT PHYSICIAN AND SURGEON 2-     VITRUVIUS- WRITER PROVIDES IMPORTANT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ANCIENT  ROME 3-     PLINY- DESCRIBED ALMOST THOUSAND SPECIES OF PLANTS FOR THEIR MEDICINAL USES.