Science N.A.T reviewer, Study notes of Earth science

Download Science N.A.T reviewer and more Study notes Earth science in PDF only on Docsity! Science Achievement Test Reviewer Pointers to Review  Understanding the Pieces – Plate Tectonics  Collide, Moving Apart, and Slide – Plate Boundaries  This is How It is Built – Earthquakes, Waves, and Volcanism  Looking Through the Earth Inside – Compositional and Mechanical Layers  Electromagnetic Waves and the Wave Nature of Light  Reflection and Mirrors  Refraction and Lenses  Life Giving Systems  Paired Networks  How Your Genes Determine Who You Are  Biotechnology Throughout the Years  Evidence of Evolution  Dancing Gases  Boyle’s Law  Charles’ Law and Gay-Lussac’s Law  Avogadro’s Law and Ideal Gas Law Understanding the Pieces – Plate Tectonics Plate Tectonics Theory: What is it about?  Plate Tectonics Theory – It is a theory that explains the different processes that cause the formation of different geological features and phenomena. - It states that the Earth’s lithosphere is composed of fragments or plates that move and interact with one another. - The movement of each tectonic plate is slow and constant relative to one another.  Alfred Wegener – is a German meteorologist and geophysicist. He hypothesized and proposed that the landmasses of Earth were once merged into a supercontinent known as Pangaea.  Continental Drift Theory – is a process or scientific hypothesis where the continents split, break, drift to one another.  Tektonikos - is a Greek term for tectonics, which means “to build”.  Lithosphere – is the outermost layer of the Earth composed of the upper mantle and the crust. - Lithospheric plates – are not stationary and immobile. It is continuously constantly moving. Earth’s Crust has Two Types  Continental crust is thicker and less dense which makes it “float” over a denser and relatively thinner oceanic crust.  The plate tectonic theory suggests that the lithosphere is divided into fragments known as plates.  The 7 major plates are – North America, South America, Eurasian, Pacific, Indo- Australian, African, and Antarctic Plates Evidences for the Theory of the Plate Tectonics: 1. Volcano Distribution (Dikes) - Question: The first piece of evidence was the discovery of heated magma rising through dikes in the oceanic crust. Regarding the first evidence, what is the realization of the scientist about our planet? - Answer: Earth is reforming and reshaping. 2. Proximity of the Location of Earthquakes 3. Fossils that were found on different continents Volcano Distribution  Volcano arc – a series of volcanoes that magma builds Mountain Ranges  Question: Surface pressure is raised as a result of tectonic plate movement, and human-made activity. Which geological feature is generated by natural geological process? - Answer: Mountain Ranges (Choices: Mountain Ranges, Earthquakes, Volcanic Eruption, and None of the Above) Understanding the Pieces – Plate Tectonics Principles of Plate Tectonics  Alfred Wegener – the father of the plate tectonics theory  Continental Drift Theory (1912) & Plate Tectonics Theory (1960s)  Convection current – is the driving mechanism of the lithospheric plates’ movement - is under the lithosphere causes the plates to move. Each convection current is divided into cells that move in the opposite direction. - Question: Why do lithospheric plates move on different ways? - Answer: because of the different circulation of the cells on the convection current  Asthenosphere – is a ductile layer of the Earth under the solid lithosphere because of its high pressure and temperature Earth’s Tectonic Plates  Plate boundaries are also known as plate margins. - All the major interactions happen along the plate margins. Types of Plate Boundaries I. Divergent plate boundaries – are plate boundaries where the plates move apart from each other, resulting in the new production of a new seafloor or oceanic crust - How does the divergent plate boundary form? - Answer: when two tectonic plates move away from each other