Science, Technology and Society, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Statistics for Psychologists

Download Science, Technology and Society and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Statistics for Psychologists in PDF only on Docsity! LESSON INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY SGT — At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: «discuss how the ideas postulated by Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud contributed to the spark of sientific revolution; and * analyze how scientific revolution is done in various parts of the world like in Latin America, Eas: Asia, Middle East, and Africa, This lesson will give light to the development of science and scientific ideas in the heart of the society. It is the goal of this lesson to articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology. r Scientific Revolution ‘Science is as old as the world itself. There it no individual that can exactly identify when anc witere science begau. From the genesis of time, science has existed. It is always interwoven with the society. So, how can Scitnce be defined? |. Science as am idea, It includes ideas, theories, and all available systematic explanations and observations about the natural and physical world. } Science, Technology, and Society 2. Sclence as an intellectual activity. It enco.npasses a systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world. This process of study involves systematic observation and experimentation, 3. Science as a body of knowledge. It is a subject or a discipline, a field of study, or a body of knowledge that deals with the Process of learning about the natural and physical world. This ‘is What we refer to as school science. 4. Science as a personal end social activity. This explains that science is both knowledge and activities done by human beings to develop better understanding of the world around them. It is a means to improve life and to survive in life. It is interwoven with people's lives, Human beings have embarked in scientific activities in orderto know and understand everything around them. They have persistently observed and studied the natural and the physical world in order to find meanings and seek answers to many questions, They have developed noble ideas, later known as philosophy, to provide alternative or possible explanations to certain phenomena. Humans also used religion to rationalize the origins of life and all lifeless forms. The idea of scientific revolution is claimed to have started in the early 16th century up to the 1th century in Europe. Why in Europe? The probable answer is the invention of the printing machine and the ‘blooming intellectual activities done in various places of learning, and the growing number of scholars in various fields of human interests, This does not mean, however, that science is a foreign idea transported from other areas of the globe. Anyone who can examine the history of scicace, technology, medicine, and mathematics is aware that all great civilizations of the ancient world had their own sophisticated traditions and activities related to these disciplines. Scientific revolution was the period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature, It explained ‘the emergence or birth of moder science as a result of these developments ‘Chapter I: General Concepts and Historical Events In Science, Technology, and Socley = £3 Sua aie from the disciplines mentioned. The ideas generated during this period enabled the people to reflect, rethink, and reexamine their beliefs and their way of life. There is no doubt that it ignited vast human interests to rethink how they do science and view scientific processes. Scientific revolution was the golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science but it was also a deeply trying moment to some scientific individuals that led to their painful death or condemnation from the religious institutions who tried to preserve their faith, religion, and theological views. Some rulers and religious leaders did not accept many of the early works of scientists. But these did not stop people especially scientists to satisfy their curiosity of the natural and physical world, SCIENCE (DEAS SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS HUMANS SOCIETY a, Figure 2. influences to Stlentift: Revokition Scientific revolution is very significant in the development of human. beings, transformatio: of the society, and in the formulation of scientific ideas. It significantly improved the conduct of scientific investigations, experiments, and observations. The scientific revolution also led to the creation of new research fields in science and prompted the establishment ‘of a strong foundation for modern science. In many ways, scientific revolution transformed the natural world and the world of ideas. ms Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas To further understand what exactly happened during the scientific revolution, it is important to examine the different individuals whose ideas have shaken and contested the dominant theories and ideas during this period—the truths of their time. Scientists in all periods of time are driven FA, seieme, Tecnology. ant Sotely by their curiosity, critical thinking, and creativity to explore the physical and natural world. Their love for science is driven by their deep passion io know and io discover, Creativity SCIENTISTS: ‘SCIENCE IDEAS Passion to SCIENCE Curlosity fnow — | DISCOVERIES Passion to discover TECHNOLOGY (Critical Thinking Figure 2. Variables that Influence the Development of Science Ideas, Science Discoveries, and Technology Scientists are not driven by clamor for honor and publicity. They are ordinary people doing extraordinary things. Some scientists were never appreciated during their times, some were sentenced to death, while others were condemued by the Church during their time. In spite of all the predicaments and challenges they experienced, they never stopperl experimenting, theorizing, and discovering new knowledge and ideas. In this part of the lesson, three notable scientists are discussed. For sure, there were scientists who worked before and after these individuals. However, it is important to note that these men, particularly through their ideas, had shaken the world. Nicolaus Copernicus. ‘One of the Renaissance men, particularly in the field of science, js Nicolaus Copemicus. Knowledge about the nature of '.¢ universe had ‘been essentially unchanged since the great days of Ancient Greece, some 1,500 years before Copernicus came on the scene (Gribbin, 2003). This continued up to the Renaissance period. In one important way, ‘Copemicus resembled the Greck ancient philosophers or thinkers—he did not do Chapter I: General Concepts. and Historical Evers in Scisnce, Technology, and Society G) 1. By looking for other sources and literatures, what are the controversies or questions on Freud’s ideas? 2. How can you describe Freudian ideas as a scientist? 3. If Freud is still alive, what do you think are the major changes ‘he would make to his theory? Cradles of Early Science Development of Science in Mesoamerica Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central America from. Southern Mexico up to the border of South America. There is no doubt that the Mesoamerican region is rich in culture and knowledge prior to the arrival of its European colonizers. The Maya civilization is one of the famous civilizations that lasted for approximately 2,000 years. These people are know; for their works in astronomy, They incorporated their advanced understanding of astrcnomy into their temples and other religious structures. This allows them to use their temples for astronomical observation. For example, the pyramid at Chichée Itz4 in Mexico is situated at the location of the Sun during the Mayan knowledge and understanding about celestial bodies was advanced for their time, as evidenced by their knowledge of predicting eclipse and using astrological cycles in planting and harvesting. The Mayans are also known for measuring time using two complicated calendar systems. ‘These calendars were very useful for their lite especially in planning their activities and in observing their religious rituals and cultural celebrations. ‘The Mayans also developed the technology for growing different crops and building elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and tools. They built hydraulics system with sophisticated waterways to supply water to different communities. fot Science, Technology, and Society Furthermore, they used various tools and adapt themselves to innovations especially in the field of arts, The Mayans built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from a mineral called mica. They are also believed to be one of the first people to produce rubber products 3,000 years before Goodyear received its patent in 1844, The Mayans are considered one of the most scientifically advanced societies in Mesoamerica, They are also famous as one of the world’s first civilizations to use a writing system known as the Mayan hieroglyphics. They were also skilled in mathematics and created a number system based on the numeral 20. Moreover, they independently ceveloped the concept of zero and positional value, even before the Romans did The Jnca civilization is also famous in Mesoamerica. The Incas made advanced scientific ideas considering their limitations as an old civilization. The following were scientific ideas and tools that they developed to help them in everyday life: 1. roads paved with stones; 2. stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters; 3. irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all typzs of land; 4, calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting season; 5. the first suspension bridge; 6 quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret; and | 7. ‘Inca textiles since cloth was onc of the specially prized artistic achievements. Following the Inca, the Aziec civilization has also made substantial contributions to science and technology and to the society as a whole. Some of their contributions are the following: 1. Mandatory education. The Aztec puts value on education; that is why their children are mandated to get education regardless ‘Chapter I: General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Techaolagy, and Society ¢ u fo AS NE WS of their social class, gender, or age. It is an early form of universal or inclusive education. 2. Chocolates. The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during their time. In the Mayan culture, they used it as currency. The Aztec. valued the cacao beans highly and made it as part of their tribute to their gods. 3. Antispasmodic medication. They used a type of antispasmodic qmedication that could prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles, which could help during surgery. 4, Chinampa. Tt is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals. 5. Artec calendar. This enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and planting season. 6. Invention of the canoe. A light narrow boat used for traveling in water systems. evelopment of Science in Asia Asia is the biggest continent in the world and the home of many ancient civilizations. It is a host to many cultural, cconoric, scientific, and political activities of all ages. In the field of science, technology, and mathematics, great civilizations have stood out: India, China, and the Middle East civilizations. These civilizations were incomparable in terms of their contributions to the development of knowledge during their time. India India is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and fortified by huge mountains in its northem boarders. The Indians creatively developed various ideas and technologies useful in their everyday lives. ‘They are known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works. Their iron steel is considered to be the best and held with high regard in the whole of Roman Empire. #9 Science. Technology. and Society India is also famous in medicine. For example, Ayurveda, a system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC, is still practiced as a form of alternative medicine. They discovered some medicinal properties of plants that led them to develop medicines to cure various illnesses. Some ancient texts, like the Susrwta Samhita, describes different surgical and other medical procedures famous in Ancicat India. Ancient India is also notable in the field of astronomy. They developed theories on the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each. Sama (2008) noted that their interest in astronomy was also evident in the first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani, written in the 12th century. According to Sama (2008), this ancient text covered topics such as: mean longitudes of the planets; true longitudes of the planets; the three problems of diurnal rotation; syzygies, lunar eclipses, solar eclipses; latituaes of the planets; risings and settings; the moon's crescent; conjunctions of the planets with each other; conjunctions of the planets with the fixed stars; and the paths of the Sun and Mocn. Ancient India is also known for their mathematics, Bistt (1982) noted that the earliest traces of mathematical kncwledge in the Indian subcontinent appeared in the Indus Valley Civilization. The peuple uf this civilization, 2ccording to Bisht (1982), tried to standardize measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy and designed a nuler, the Mohenjo- daro ruler. Clifford (2008) and Bose (1998) pointed out that Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata (476-550), in his Arabhatiya, introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques, as well as algorithms of algebra. In 628 AD, another Indian, Brahmagupta, also suggested tha! giavity was a force of attraction, and lucidly explained the use of zero as both a placeholder and a decimal digit, along with the Hindu-Arabic numeral system now used universally throughout the world (Clifford, 2008; Bose, 1998), Another Indian named Madhava of ‘Sangamagrama is also considered as the founder of mathematical analysis (Joseph, 1991). Chapter I: General Concepts and Historical Evenis in Science, Technology, and Society ©) TW RHE EAP oi Chinais one of the ancient civilizations with substantial contributions in many areas of life like medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, philosophy, and music, among others. Chinese civilizations have greatly influenced many of its neighbor countries like Korea, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, and other countries that belong to the old Silk Road. The Chinese are known for traditional medicines, a product of centuries of experiences and discovery of the Chinese people. They discovered various medical properties and uses of different plants and animals to cure human illness, An example is the practice of acupuncture. In terms of technology, the Chinese are known to develop many tools. Among the famous discoveries and inventions of the Chinese civilizations were compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing walt that became known in the West only by the end of the Middle Ages (Davies, 1995). They also invented other tools like iron plough, wheelbarrow, and propeller, among others. They developed a design of different models of bridges (Zhonggno ke xue yuan, 1983), invented the first seismological detector, and developed a dry dock facility (Needham et al., 1971). In the field of astronomy, the Chinese also made significant records. ‘on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses, and comets, which were carefully recorded and preserved to understand better the heavenly bodies and their effects to our world (Mayall, 1939). They observed the heavenly bodies to understand weather changes and seasons that may affect their daily activities. They used lunar calendars, too. The Chinese are also known in seismology. This made them more prepared in times of natural calamities. Chine made substantial contributions in various fields. Tie list of their discoveries and inventions is overwhelming, These contributions were made along with mathematics, logic, philosophy, and medicine. However, cultural factors prevented these Chinese achievements from developing into modem science. According to Needham (1986), it. may have been the religious and philosophical framework of Chinese intellectuals that made them unable to accept the ideas of laws of nature. f a} Science, Technology, and Society Middle East Countries The Middle East countries are dominantly occupied by Muslims. ‘With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, or what is called the Golden Age of Islam lasted until the 13th century. The common language of Arabic, access to Greek texts from the Byzantine Empire, and their proximity to India were contributory to the intellectualization of the Muslims and provided their scholars knowledge 10 create innovations and develop new ideas. But contrary to the Greeks, Muslim scientists placed greater value on science experiments rather than plain-thought experiments, This led to the development of the scientific method in the Muslim world, and made significant improvements by using, experiments to distinguish between competing scientific theories set within a generally empirical orientation. A Muslim scientist named Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the Father of Optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light. In mathematics, the mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al- Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr, the veginning of the title of one of his publicetions. What is now known as the Arabic Numeral System originally came from India, but Muslim mathematicians did make several reficcments to the number system, such as the introduction of decimal point notation. Muslim chemists and a!chemists also played an important role in. the foundation of modern chemistry (Durant, 1980). In particular, some scholars considered Jabir ibn Hayyan to be the “Father of Chemistry” (Derewenda, 2007; Warren, 2005). In the field of medicine, Ibn Sina pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials (jacquart, 2008). His two most notable works in medicine, the Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, were used as standard medicinal texts in both the Muslim world and ir. Europe during the 17th century, Among his many contributions are the discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases and the introduction of clinical pharmacology (Craig & Walter, 2000). Chapicr I: General Concepts and Historical Events in Seience, Technology, and Society AP WEEE RSS Mayall, N. (1939). The Crab Nebula, a Probable Supernova, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets, 3, 145, ss Needham, J, (1986). “Science and Civilization in China.” Tn Mathematics and the Sciences of the Fleavens and the Earth 3. 208. SCIENCE, TECHNO! ¥, AND Needham, J., Wang, L. & Lu, G. (1971). Sefence and Civilization in acasnenieinees China. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Rosenfels, P. (1980). "Freud and the Scientific Method.” Accessed February 17, 2017. hup: www gender eserver.org/rosenfels/ Freud.htm. Ws aes —— Sarma, K. (2008). “Astronomy in India." Encyclopaedia of the History of At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: ‘Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (2nd Ed.). 3 ', * discuss the role of science and technology in Philippine Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. nation-building; Warren, J. (2005). “War and the Cultural Heritage of Iraq: A Sadly Mismanaged Affair.” Third World Quarterly. 26 (4-5): 815-830. - eee eee ened Pecaere te sicocn 48 . echnology in terms ir con 0 nation- ‘Weiner, E. (2016). The Geography of Genius: Lessons from the Worlds building; and ‘Most Creative Places, New York: Simon & Schuster. + identify actual science and technology policies of the Zhoreguo ke xue yuan, (1983). Ancient China's Technology and Science: government and appraise their impact on the development Beijing: Foreiga Languages Press. . of the Filipino nation. ‘This lesson will discuss the influence of science and technology in the development of the Philippine society. It identifies government Programs, projects, and policies geared toward boasting the science and technological capacity of the country. This lesson will also include discussions on Philippine indigenous science and technology. Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines The history of science and technology in the Philippines started way back before the country gained its independence from the American ino% and Sacien Chapeer I: General Concepts and Historica! Events in Science, Techology. and Society 2 2p & Science, Technology tv colonizers. Before the coming of the Spanish colonizers, the carly inhabitants of the archipelago had their own culture and traditions, They had their own belief system and indigenous knowledge system that keeps them organized and sustained their lives and communities for many years. Science, in pre-Spanish Philippines, is embedded in the way of life of the people. Scientific knowledge is observed in the way they plant their crops that provide them food, in taking care of animals to help them in their daily tasks, and for food production. ‘Science is observed in the way they interpret the movements of heavenly bodies io predict seasons and climates, and in organizing days into months and years. They use sclence in preparing the soil for agricultural purposes and like any other ancient cultures, they discovered the medicinal uses of plants. Technology is used by people in building houses, irrigations, and in developing tools that they can use in everyday life. They’ developed tools for planting, hunting. cooking, and fishing; for fighting their enemies during war or tribal conflicts; and for transportation, both on land ond on waterways. They also developed technologies in creating musical instruments. The different archeological artifacts discovered in different parts of the country also prove that the Metal Age also had a significant influenc= oa the lives of early Filipinas, The sophisticated designs of go'd and silver jewelry, ceramics, and metal tools proved that their technological iaeas helped in the development cof diffurent tools, Also, trading with China, Indonesia, Japan, and other nearby countries have influenced their lives by providing different opportunities for cultural and technological exchange. All these ancient practices in science and technology are considered now as indigenous science or folk science. When the Spaniards colonized the country, they brought with them their own culture and practices. ‘They established schools for boys and girls and introduced the concept cof subjects and disciplines. It was the beginning of formal science and technology in the country, known now as school of science and technology. ont Science, Tychnolagy,, uml Society one Learning of science in school focuses on understanding different concepts related to the human bady, plants, animals, and heavenly bodies. Technology focuses on using and developing house tools used in everyday life. Life during the Spanish era slowly became modernized, adapting some Western technology and their ways of life. The Filipinos developed ways to replicate the technology brought by the Spaniards using indigenous materials. Medicine and advanced science were introduced in formal colleges and universities established by the Catholic orders. The galleon trade has brought additional technology and development in the Philippines. Although it is only beneficial for the Spaniards, these trades allowed other ideas, crops, tools, cultural practices, technology, and Western practices to reach the country. Some Filipino students who were able to study in Europe also contributed to the advancement of medicine, engineering, arts, music, and literature in the country. The Philippines, being one of the centers of global trade in Southeast Asia during that time, was considered to be one of the most developed places in the region. Although tie country is blessed with these developments, the superstitious belicfs of the people and the Catholic doctrines and practices during the Spanish era halted the growth of science in the country. The Americans have more influence in the development cf science and iechnology in the Philippines compared to the Spaniards. They established the public education system, improved the engineering works and the health conditions of the people. They established a modern research university, the University of the Philippines, and created more public hospitals than the former colonial master. The mineral resources of the country were also explored and exploited during the American times. Transportation and communication systems were improved, though not accessible throughout the country. ‘The Americans did everything to “Amencanize” the Philippines. They reorganized the learning of science and introduced it in public and Chapter I: General Concepts and Histosical Events in Science, Technology, and Society £932 Se » £ f f é * i : ¥ private schools. In basic education, science education focuses on nature studies and science and sanitation, until it became a subject formally known as “Science.” The teaching of science in higher education has also greatly improved and modernized. Researches were done to control malaria, cholera, and tuberculosis and other tropical diseases. The desire of the Americans to develop the human resources of the Philippines to serve their own interests is, somehow, beneficial in the country. These allowed American scholars to introduce new knowledge and technology in the country. The Protestant church missions in different places in the country also brought hospitals and schools to far-flung areas. Little by little, these efforts built a stronger foundation for science and technology in the country. However, World War II has destabilized the development of the country in many ways. Institutions and public facilities were turned into ashes, houses were bumed, and many lives ~were destroyed. The country had a difficult time to rebuild itself from the mains of the war, The human spirit to survive and to rebuild the country may be strong but the capacity of the country to bring back whai was destroyed was limited. The reparation funds focused on building some institutions and public facilities like schools, hospitals, and transportation systems. The reparation money from Japan was also concenirated on building highways ana in providing technological training and human resuurce development in the country. Since the establishment of the new republic, the whole nation has been focusing on using its limited resources in improving its science and technological capability. It has explored the use of ODA or Overseas Development Allocations from different countries to help the country improve its scientific productivity and technological capability. Human resource development is at the heart of these efforts focusing on producing more engineers, scientists, technology experts, doctors, and other professionals in the country. The development of science and technology in the Philippines, hased on its brief history, is shaped by several factors and influences. Like in the history of science in other countries, it is always shaped by human ities, both internal and external. ‘4 Science, Technology, and Society a Internal influences 7 of Sciance and + Foreign —e Cotonizers + Trades with Foreign ‘Countries * International Economic’ Demands Figure 3. Influences in the Development of Science and Technology in the Philippines Science and technology may have significant impact on the lives of the people and in the development of the Philippine society. However, improving the quality of science education still remains as a big challenge in the country. School science from basic education to graduate education is improving slowly, and there are only few students enrolling in and tecnnology courses. ience He LULU USL 1.” Whet are the significant contributions of the Spaniards and Americans to the development of science and technology in the Philippines? 2. ‘What can you say about the state of science and technology during the Spanish and American period? 3. How does school science shape science and technology in the country? Chapicr I: General Concepts and Historical Events ia Sctence, Technology, and Society &) National Goats Intematonal Treaty SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY |_| + Policies + Programs + Projects Legal Fremeworks [Social Naeds, Issues, and Problems Figure 4, Development of Science and Technology Policies in the Philippines As shown in the diagram, the development of policies in science and technology is shaped or influenced by several variables: policies need to be aligned to national goals, consider international commitments based ‘on legal frameworts, and respond to various social needs, issues, and problems. Science and technology policies ensure that the whole country and all people will experience tie progress that science can bring. Policies are guides to direct all efforts to a goai of developing a scientifically advanced country. Famous Filipinos in the Field of Science School science is filled with names of foreign scientists: Einstein, Galileo Galilei, Newton, Faraday, Darwin, and many other Western scientists. We iarely hear of Filipino sciemists being discussed in science classes. Lee-Chua (2000) identified 10 outstanding Filipino sciemtists who have made significant contributions in Philippine science. These scientists arc also famous abroad especially in different science disciplines: agriculture, mathematics, physics, medicine, marine science, chemistry, engineering, and biology. £50" soeree. Technology. and Socey ed BS Sete eS Be cS eee These Filipino scientists are: 1, Ramon Cabanos Barba — for his outstanding research on tissue culture in Philippine mangoes . 2. Josefino Cacas Comiso — for his works on observing the characteristics of Antarctica by using satellite images 3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. — known internationally in the field of electrical engineering; was elected as officer of the famous. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 4, Lourdes Jansuy Cruz — notable for her research on sea snail venom 5, Fabian Millar Dayrit — for his research on herbal medicine 6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero II] — for his research on rifapia culture 7, Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. — for inventing the meconium drugs testing 8. Lilian Formalejo Patena — for doing research on plant biotechnology 9, Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz — for being an outstanding educator and graph theorist 10, Gregory Ligot Tangonan — for his research iu the field of communications technology There are other outstanding scientists who are recognized here and abroad for their outstanding contributions in science: + Caesar A. Saloma — an intemationally renowned physicist + Edgardo Gomez — famous scientist in mavine science + William Padolina — chemistry and president of National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)—Philippines * Angel Alcala = marine science There are other scientists in the Philippines who were not identified in the list. Yet, the Philippines still need more scientists and engineers, and ‘there is a need to support scientific research in the country. The Jniversity of the Philippines-Los Baiios is a science paradise for agriculture, forestry, plant and animal science, and veterinary science. It has produced numerous: scientists and various research in the fields mentioned, The University of the F 2, Chapter Ir General Concepts and Historical Events im Science, Technology. and Socety = 2 3] = Nl Wa Mretiasr = “$e Raa Philippines—Visayas is also a national center for marine science, fisheries, and other related sciences. The University of the Philippines-Manila is @ center of excellence and has produced many researchers, doctors, health professionals, and scientists in the area of medical and public health. The University of the Philippines-Diliman also has established @ national science and engineering complex to develop more research and produce more scientists and engineers in the country. The government must find ways to establish more rescarch laboratories and research institutes. There js also a need to find ways on how their researches are disseminated to the public. Many of these Filipino scientists are products of good school science. It means they were taught and inspired by great teachers. Their jnterests in science started to manifest during their childhood years. Their natural environment ignited their curiosity to learn more about the natural and physical environment. Schools and the laboratories where they studied and worked nurtured this. individual Interests in Seionce I SCHOOL SCIENCE! SCIENCE LABORATORIES Family (REAL-LIFE CONTEXT) (TEACHERS AND LEARNING ENVIRONMENT) Natural Environment 1 (bee eI FILIPINO-SCIENTISTS: Figure §, Factors that Influence the Development of Filipino Scientists CG Science, Technology, and Society iE eae e ae, Many Filipino scientists, whether they are in the country or abroad, always excel in their job. The Filipino spirit in their souls has never faded. They continue to bring honor to the country, They make ordinary things in an extraordinary way. They are always at par with other scientists in. spite of the limited facilities we have here in the country. SU This lesson discussed the influence of science and technology in the development of the Philippines as a country. Even before the time of Spanish colonization in the Philippines, various people and communities already practiced science. They invented tools and built structures, studied the medicinal uses of plants, observed heavenly bodies to predict seasons and weather, and used indigenous science in agriculture. These are considered indigenous science, which is one of the foundations of modern science. ‘The growth of science and its development as a field in the country is a hybrid of indigenous and foreign ideas. Spain and the United States, being the former colonial masters of the country, played an important role in building the foundation of science in the Philippines. To further strengthen the science program in the Philippines, the government establishes various science programs, policies, and projects. Through the years, many Filipinos were able to establish themselves as scientists and science educators in various scientific areas and fields. Invention and innovations were done by these Filipino scientists. Finally, the demands of globalization, especially the ASEAN economic agenda, prompted the Philippines to invest in science and technology programs and projects. Chapter |: General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, anal Society e) ET Tess Tse l. Identify several issues in the Philippines. What science- and technology-related policies could be developed and implemented to solve these issues? 2. What can you say about the implementation of some science and technology policies and projects in the country? 3. What are the laws related to science and technology in the Philippines from the year 2000? 4. How are these laws implemented? L. Identify several Filipino scientists. 2. Research on their contributions in the field of science 3, Examine what made them pursue a career in science. ——z_=_ZohAVgxXKXxH=>__________ 4. Present the result of your work in class. Ri» Concepcion, G.P. (Editor). (2012). Science Philippines: r'ssays en Science iy Filipinos Volumes 1—3. Diliman, Quezon City: Universicy of the rhilippines Press. ‘Concepcion, G.P., Padlan, E.A. & Saloma, C.A, (Editors), (2008). Selected Essays on Science and Technology for Securing a Better Philippines. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, Lee-Chua. ©. (2000). 10 Quistanding Filipiso Scfentists, Quezon City. Anvil Publishing. Padilla~Concepcion, G. (2015). Science Philippines: Essays on Science by Filipinos Volume IM. Quezon City: University of the Philippines. Press. Philippine-American Association for Science and Engineering. (2008), “Science and Technology in Economic Development.” In Selected Essuns on Science and Technology for Securing a Better Philippines. 1. 6-9. yo, 34 € Science, Technology, and Society i LESSON SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES eee Ta At the end of chis lesson, the students should be able to: «discuss the concept of science education; and «identify science schools established to promote science education in the Philippines. BeeSEEEEE 1) 04 The Philippines is trying its best to improve the state of science education in the country. This lesson will discuss the coucept of science education and will icentiy some strategies to promote science education in the country. One of the strategies is to establish science schools that will encourage students to pursue their career in science and technology and to nurture their gifted potentials in science. The Concept of Science Education Science education focuses on teaching, learning, and understanding science, Teaching science involves developing ways on how to effectively teach science. This means exploring pedagogical theories and models in helping teachers teach scientific concepts and processes effectively, Learning science, on the other hand, includes both pedagogy and the most interesting aspect, which is helping students understand and love science. Chapter I: General Conceyts and Historical Evenis in Science, Technology, and Society is) & e - pe 2 This lesson focused on discussing the concept of science education and introduced science education in the Philippines from basic education to tertiary education. To promote science education, science schools were established to develop gifted students in science and mathematics, such as the Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS), Manila Science High School, Quezon City Regional Science High School, and the Special Science Elementary Schools Project. Scrence programs ard projects were organized and developed to nurture innovation in science in the country, and to encourage individuals to pursue careers and research in science and technology. See asa ae 1, What other government projects and programs are available for science education in the Philippines? 2. Are there private schools with outstanding science education programs? Identify and compare their science education pregrams with public science schools. zx a —__—_—_ 1. Discuss scienee-related issues and problems in the country. 2. Identify science and technology policies that could be adapted or implemented in the Philippines. —————————_—_—____- Carale, L.R., & Campo, P.C. (2003). Concept Development in Filipina Children: The Circulatory System. Quezon City: University of the Philippines, National Institute of Science and Mathematics Education. Serene, Technology, and Society Chapter I: General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, snd Society ‘Central Visayas Institute of Technology. (2013). “Science Curriculum for K-12." Accessed January 26, 2017. http://cvifawardspace. com/Department of Education. Department of Education. (2002). “Primer on 2002 Elementary Education Curriculum.” Department of Education. (2002). “The 2002 Basic Education Curriculum.” Department of Education Order 57 s. 2011. “Policy Guidelines in the Implementation of the Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project.” Knight, D. (1986). The Age of Science: The Scientific World-view in the Nineteenth Century. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Inc. Lind, K.A. (1997). “Science in the Developmentally Appropriate Integrated Curriculum.” In C.H. Han, D.C. Burts, and R. Charlesworth, (Eds.), Inregrated Curriculum and Developmentally Appropriate Practice: Birth to Age Eight. (pp. 75-101). New York: State University of New York Press. Marx, G. (1994). “Shortcut to the Future.” In B. Jennison and J. Ogborn, (Eds.), Wonder and Delight: Essays in Science Education in Honor of the Life and Work of Eric Rog2rs 1902-1990. (pp. 5-18). London: Institute of ?hysics Publishing. Manila Szience High School. Accessed January 26, 2017.. http:// manilascience.edu.ph/. Meadar, K.S. (2005). "Thinking Creatively About Sience: Suggestions for Primary Teachers.” In $, Johnson and J. Kendrick, (Eds.), Science education for Gifled Students (pp. 13-22). Texas: Pruftock Press, Inc. Quezon City Regional Science High School. Accessed January 26, 2017. http://quesci.com/ Tilghman, §.T. (2005). Strange Bedfellows: Science, Politics, and Religion. A George Romanes Lecture presented at Oxford University. Worth, K. & Grollman, S. (2003). Worms, Shadows, and Whirlpools Science in the Early Childhood Classroom. Newton, MA: Educational Development Center Publication. fay i LESSON INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES Ai the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: « discuss the concept of indigenous science; and * discuss the contribution of indigenous science in the development of science and technology in the Philippines. INTRODUCTION os ‘This lesson focuses on indigenaus science and technology in the Philippines. Filipinos, especially during the early times, tried to invent tools that will help them in everyday life. They also developed alternative ideas in explaining various phenomena and in explaining the world around them. This system of knowledge is called indigenous knowledge, which is the foundation of indigenous science. Indigenous Knowledge System Indigenous knowledge is einbedded in the daily life experiences of young children as they grow up. They live and grow in a society where the members of the community prominently practice indigenous knowledge. Their parents and other older folks served as their first teachers and their methods of teaching are very effective in transmitting cultural knowledge in their minds. The lessons they leamed are intimately interwoven with their culture and the environment, These lessons comprised of good values Science, Technology. and Society and life stories of people on their daily life struggles. Their views about nature and their reflections c 1 their experiences in daily life are evident in their stories, poems, and songs. Some examples of indigenous knowledge that are taught and practiced by the indigenous people are: + predicting weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in observing animals’ behavior and celestial bodies, «using herbal medicine; « — preserving foods; + classifying plants and animals into families and groups based ‘on cultural properties; «preserving and selecting good seeds for planting; * — using indigenous technology in daily lives, + building local irrigation systems; « — classifying different types of soil for planting based on cultural Properties; + producing wines and juices from tropical fruits; and «= keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetables in the yard. Indigenous Science Indigenovs science is pant of the indigenous knowledge system practiced by different groups of people and early civilizations (Gribbin, 200i; Mapa, 2004; Sibisi, 2004). It includes complex arrays of knowledge, expertise, practices, and representations that human societies in their enumerable interactions with the natural milicu: agriculture, medicine, naming anc’ explaining natural phenomena, and strategies for coping with changing environments (Pawilen, 2005), Ogawa (1995) claimed that it is collectively lived in and experienced by the people of a given culture. Chapter | Geneon! Concepts ind Mistrical Fsents in Science, Techontogy. and Society fs } According to Cajete (2004), indigenous science includes everything, from metaphysics to philosophy and various practical technologies practiced by indigenous peoples both past and present. laccarino (2003) elaborated this idea by explaining thal science is a part of culture, and how science is done largely depends on the cultural practices of the people. Indigenous beliefs also develop desirable values that are relevant ot consistent to scientific attitudes as identified by Johnston (2000), namely: (1) motivating attitudes; (2) cooperating attitudes; (3) practical attitudes; and (4) reflective aititudes, These cultural belicfS therefore can. be good foundation for developing positive values toward learning and doing science and in bringing science in a personal level. Pawilen (2005) explained that indigenous science knowledge has developed diverse structures and contents through the interplay between the - society and the environment. According to Kuhn (1962), developmental stages of most sciences are characterized by continual competition between a number of distinct views of nature, each partially derived from, and all roughly compatible with the dictates of scientific observation and method. Sibisi (2004) also pointed out that indigenous science provides ‘the basics of astronomy, pharmacology, food tecknology, or metallurgy, which were derived from traditional knowledge and practices. CMS SSS 1. What is your understanding of indigenous science? 2. What are examples of indigenous science practices? 3. Why do some people believe in indigenous science? 4. Do you think indigenous science shouid be considered science? 5. What is the role of indigenous science in the development of science and technology? Science. Technalogy, and Society ® Pawilen (2006) developed a simple framework for understanding indigenous science. Accordingly, indigenous sci 12 is composed of taditional knowledge that uses science process skills and guided by community values and culture. INDIGENOUS SCIENCE uses guided by composed of ‘Community Traditional ‘Scien: lis ce Erne Be Culture and Values Knowiedge Figure 6. The Concept of Indigenous Science 1. _ Indigenous science uses science process skills such as observing, comparing, classifying, measuring, problem solving, inferring, communicating, and predicting. 2. Indigenous science is guided by culture and community values. such as the following: «The jand is a source of life. It is a precious gift from the creator. . + The Earth is revered as “Mother Earth.” It is the origin of their identity as people. «All livirg and nonliving things are interconnected and interdependent with each other. +- Human beings are stewards or trustee of the land and other natural resources. They have a responsibility to preserve it. + Nature is a friend to human beings—it needs respect and proper care. 3. Indigenous science is composed of traditional knowledge practiced and valued by people and communities such as. ethno-biology, ethno-medicine, indigenous farming methods, and folk astronomy, Chapter I; General Concepts and Historical Events in Scicnce, Technwlogy, and Society fs) 4% € _ - As times change, elements that comprise human flourishing changed, which are subject to the dynamic social history as written by humans. People found means to live more comfortably, explore more LESSON places, develop more products, and make more money, and then repeating the process in full circle, In the beginning, early people relied on simple HUMAN FLOURISHING machines to make hunting and gathering easier. This development allowed them to make granderand more sophisticated machines to aid them in their endeavors that eventually led to space explorations, medicine innovations, and ventures of life after death. Our concept of human flourishing today proves to be different from what Aristotle originally perceived then— eee essere canis - humans of today are expected to become a “man of the world.” He is supposed to situate himself in a global neighborhood, working side by side At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: among institutions and the government to be able to reach a common « — identify different conceptions of human flourishing; goal. Competition as a means of survival has become passé; coordination : * determine the development of the scientific method and is the new trend, & validity of science; and Interestingly, there exists a discrepancy between eastern and westem : * critic human flourishing vis-a-vis progress of science and conception regarding society and human flourishing. It has been observed technology to be able to define for themselves the meaning. that western civilization tends 10 be more focused on the individual, while of a good life. those from the east are more community-centric. Human flourishing as an end then is primarily nore of a concern for western civilizations over Ca | eastem ones, This is not to discredit our kinsfolk from the east, perhaps : Peper 1 ce 1 Ue ae in their view, community takes the highest régacd that the individual should sacrifice himself for the sake of the society. This is apparent in the Chinese Confucias system or the Japanese Bushido, both of which view the whole as greater than their components. The Chinese and the Japanese encourage studies of literature, sciences, and art, not entirely for oneself but in service of a greater cause. The Greek Aristotelian view, on the other hand, aims for ewdaimonia as the ultimate good; there is no indication whatsoever that Aristotle entailed it instrumental! to achieve some other goals. Perhaps, a person who has achieved such state would want to serve the community, but that is brought upon through deliberation based on st s Eudaimonia, literally “good spirited,” isa term coined by renowned Greek philosopher Aristotle (385-323 BC) to describe the pinnacle of happiness that is attainable by humans. This has often been translated into “human flourishing” in literature, arguably likening humans to flowers achieving their full bloom. As discussed in the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle's human flourishing arises as a result of different components such as phronesis, friendsiiip, wealth, and power. In his values rather than his belief that the state is greater than him, and thus the Ancient Greek society, they believe that acquiring these qualities will is only appropriate that he should recognize it as a higher entity worthy surely bring the seckers happiness, which in effect allows them to partake of service. in the greater notion of what we call the Good, ‘Chapter I; Sckcave. Technology, und Society and the Human Condition fot Schence, Technology, and Society San Nevertheless, such stereotypes cannot be said to be true given the current stance of globalization. Flourishing borders allowed people full access to cultures that as a result, very few are able to maintain their original philosophies. It is in this regard that we would tackle human flourishing—in a global perspective and as a man of the world, Science, Technology, and Human Flourishing In the previous chapters, contributions of science and technology have been laid down thoroughly. Every discovery, innovation, and success contributes to our pool of human knowledge. Perhaps, one of the most prevalent themes is human’s perpetual need to locate himself in the world by finding proofs to trace evolution, The business of uncovering the secrets of the universe answers the question of our existence and provides us someting to look forward to. Having a particular role, which is uniquely ours, elicits our idea of self-importance. It is in this regard that human flourishing is deeply interwined with goal setting relevant to science and technology. In this case, the latter is relevant as a tool in achieving the former or echoing Heidegger's statement, technology is a human activity that we excel in as a result of achieving science. Suffice to say that the end goals of both science and technology and human flourishing are related, in that the good is inhereatly related to the ruth. The following are two concepts about science which ventures its claim on truth. Science as Method and Results For the most part, science’s reputation stems from the objectivity brought upon by a. arbitrary, rigid methodology whose very character absolves it from any accusation of prejudice. Such infamy effectively raised science in a pedestal untouchable by other institutions—its sole claim to “reason and empiricism—gamering supporters who want to defend it and its ways. fot Science, Technokwy. and Society Sout In school, the scientific method is introduced in the earlier part of discussions, Even though the number of steps varies, it presents a general idea of how to do science: 1. Observe and determine if there are unexplained occurrences unfolding. 2. Determine the problem and identify factors involved. 3. Through past knowledge of similar instance, formulate hypothesis that could explain the said phenomenon. Ideally, the goal is to reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis for the study “to count as significant” (can also be separated into additional steps such as “to generate prediction” or “to infer from past experiments"). 4. Conduct experiment by setting up dependent and independent variables, and trying to see how independent ones affect dependent ones. 5. Gather and analyze results throughout and upon culmination of the experiment. Examine if the data gathered are significant enough to conclude results. 6. Formutate conclusion and pruvide recommendation in case others would want to bioaden the study. At least in the students” formative years, the above routine is basic methodology when introducing them to experimentation and empiricism— two distinct features that give science edge over other schools of thought. Throughout the course of history, however, there exists heavy objections on the scientific procedure; the line separating science and the so-called pseudoscience becomes more muddled. Verification Theory ‘The earliest criterion that distinguishes philosophy and science is verification theory. The idea proposes that a discipline is science if it can be confirmed or interpreted in the event of an alternative hypothesis being accepted. In that regard, said theory gives premium to empiricism and only takes into account those results which are measurable and ‘Chapter Hl; Sctence, Technology, and Sdciely and the Haman Condition Pt Aa ry is aks experiments which are repeatable. This was espoused by a movement in the early twentieth century called the Wenna Circle, a group of scholars who believed that only those which can be observed should be regarded as meaningful and reject those which cannot be directly accessed as meaningless. Initially, this proved to be attractive due to general consensus from people, which happened to see for themselves how the experiment occurred, solidifying its validity and garnering supporters from esteemed figures, Its shortcomings, however, proved to be a somewhat too risky— several budding theories that lack empirical results might be shot down prematurely, causing slower innovation and punishing ingenuity of newer, novel thoughts. Celebrated discoveries in physics, for instance, are initially theorized without proper acknowledgment of their being. Einstein's theory on the existence of gravitational waves would, following this thought, be dismissed due to lack of evidence almost a hundred years ago. Quantum mechanics would not have prospered if the scientific society during the time of Edwin Schrodinger did not entertain his outrageous thought that the cat in the box is both dead and alive, which can only be determined ‘once you look in the box yourself. ‘Aside from above critique, this theory completely fails to weed out bogus arguments that explain things coincidentally. A classic example is astiulogy, whose followers are able to employ the vorification method in ascertaining its reliability. The idea is that since one already has some sort of expectations on what to find, they will interpret events in line with said expectations. American philosophe: Thomas Kuha warned us against bridging the gap between evidence and theory by attempting to interpret the former according to our own biases, that is, whether or not we subscribe to the theory. Below is a short story illustrating this point: Suppose, for instance, this girl, Lea has a (not-so- scientific) theory that her classmate lan likes her. Good, she thought, I fike him too. Bur how do f know that he likes me? She began by observing him and his interactions with her. Several gestures she noted include his always « xchanging pleasantries with her whenever they bump into each other, his big smile when he sees her, and him going out of his way to greet her even when riding a jeepney. Through these observations, she was (hen able to conclude that lan does like F eh Science. Technology, and Society her because, she thought, why would anyone do something like that for a person he does not like? As it turns out, however, lan is just generally happy to meet people he knew, He had known Lea since they were in first year and regards her as a generally okay person. It is no surprise then that upon learning that lan basically does this to everyone, Lea was crushed. She vowed to herself that she would never assume again. Based from above story, is it justified for Lea to think that Lan does not like her? Not quite. The next criterion also warns us about the danger of this view. Falsification Theory Perhaps the current prevalent methodology in science, falsification theary asserts that as long as an ideology is nol proven. to be false and can best explain a phenomenon overt alternative theories, we should accept the said ideology. Due to its hospitable character, the shift to this theory allowed emergence of theories otherwise rejected by verification theory. It does not promote ultimate adoption of one theory but-instead encourages research in order to determine which among the theories can stand the test of falsification. The strongest one is that which is able to remain upheld amidst various tests, while being able to make particularly risky predictions about the world. Karl Popper is the known proponent of this view. He was notorious for stating that up-znd-coming theories of the time, such as Marx's Theory of Social History and Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis, are not testable and thus not falsifiable, and subsequently questioning their status as scientific. Albeit majority of scientists nowadays are more inclined to be Popperian in their beliefs, this theory, similar to the theory above, presents certain dangers by interpreting an otherwise independent evidence in light of their pet theory. re Chapier I: Science, Teshnoligy, and Society and the Human Condition 55 we PRIMER Rt now. If this continues in its currently alarming rate, we might bring about our own extinction. ——E_E__ Human flourishing is defined as being “good spirited” in the classical Aristotclian notion. Humans generally have a notion on what it means tc flourish; albeit in the advent of science and technology, they chose to hinge their ends alongside the latter's results. While it is true that science equips: its knowers some details about the world, its main claim to objectivity and systematic methodology is at the very least flawed. However, that docs. not stop institutions to favor those who excel in said discipline. Finally, the economic perception of enrichment, otherwise known as growth, is heavily fueled by technology and should be impeded. We have to rethink of our perception of a good life apart from one presented in this regard. THINK ABOUT THESE QUESTIONS 1. Is our reverence of science justified? Explain. 2. Were we successful so far in trying to tie down technology with what we conceive as human flourishing? 3. What do you think constitutcs human flourishing? Group Presentation. For each group, state a brief history en discovery that brought about the invention or discovery of the things stated below. State their contributions in our scientific development. a. Gravity b, Telescope c. Processed Food Fe} ene, Tad, a sx boul REED fe Microscope Radio Benzene Ring Large Hadron Collider Guns sr mo i Internet j. Cell phones 2. Brainstorming. By group, try to determine the possible alternatives to growth and development. List down several ways to promote sustainable living and start a mini-campaign advocating the method of your choice. i Bloor, D. (1981). “rhe Strengths of the Strong Programme.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 11 (2):199. Dayrit, F.M. (2011). “Sustainable Development: An Evolving Paradigm for the 21st Century.” stellar Origins Haman Ways. Ed. Ma. Assunta C. Cuyegkeng. 231-57. = Femgren, G. (Ed.). (2000). Encyclopedia of ihe History of Science and Religion in the Western Tradition. New York: Garland. Feyerabend, P. (1975). "Haw to Defend Society Against Science.” Radical Philosophy 11 (1):3-9. Hempel, C.G. (1966). Philacophy of Natural Science. Englewood Cliffs, 'NJ.: Prentice Hall. Hickel, J: (2015), "Forget ‘Developing’ Rich Countries, It’s Time to ‘De-Develop’ "ich Countries.” Accessed February 10, 2017. ups: //www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals -network/2015/sep/23/developing-poor-countries-de-develop- Fich-countries-sdgs. (Chapter Hl: Science, Technology. and Socicty and the Huan Condition 2 Gf a St nm Kuhn, T. (1996). The Structure of Sclentific Revolurlons. 3rd Ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Popper, K.R. (1989). Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge. Oxford: Routledge. Thagard, P. (1978). “Why Astrology is a Pseudoscience.” PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 1978; 223-234. Thomson, J.A. (2003). The Nicomachean Ethics. London: Penguin. Wilson, E.0. (2005). The Future of Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Seience, Technology, and Society LESSON : TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY OF REVEALING ran Mes iaai iss At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: + explain the concept of human condition before science technology; « — identify the change that happened in human condition after science and technology; and * fame ways on how technology aided in revealing the truth about the numan being. Poem UH) Ue) Comparing the lives of the people before ang now will make anyone realize the changes that happened in society not just in terms of culture, language, or rights but more importantly, changes ir people's way of life due to the existence of science and technology. The term “generation gap” is attributed mainly to the changes brought about by technology. Although the original idea is for technology to help everyone, it cannot be denied that until today, not everyone is comfortable in using the different kinds of technologies. Mostly those who belong to the older generation think that these technologies are too complicated to operate. They have been used to the simple i.ving in the past and these available technological devices, though very appealing, are a difficult puzzle to them. Chapter I: Science, Techmology. and Society und the Human Condition £63 ed proud to show off their hunt and how good of a hunter they were? Were they concemed with social standing and stratification? How about the meaning of life? Were they also curious on finding explanations to certain phenomena? At least for the last question, it seems that they have found their answer in the person of religion. Excavations on the latter half of the Stone Age inelude several figures thought to be ceremonial, meaning, that perhaps people of the time had also painstakingly wrought and hewed said figures in honor of some deity. This notion, as it was then and as it is now, is often people's resort to make sense of events happening outside their control. The initial roster of primitive gods includes objects they encounter through their day-to-day lives, so it is not surprising that different uibes may have different gods, Those who might have lived alongside majestic creatures, such as elephants and mammoths, might have been awed by their size and worshiped them as the owner of ine land, asking for blessings in their hunting ground. On the contrary, they might have hunted the mammoths for their woally coat and meat, taking down the anima! for the entire community to eat. In windy places near mountains, they might heve had a mountain gud to explain wind currents and ask for provisions. On the other hand, those who were near coastal areas or bodies of water might heve had water gods they referred to when asking for a good catch. However, it might be also the case that people of prior civilizations shared several generic gods, such as the sun. Nevertheless, it can be positively inferred that like the people of today, our ancestors also found the need to explaia things in a way that makes sense to them. They quickly realized that there are events outside of their control and attempted to justify things as being a work of a supernatural being. Throughout the course of history, religion remains to be the strongest contender to science arguably due to ins being the most casily grasped. Admittedly, once people stop connecting the dots between cause and effect, :hey turn to something that could possibly explain their inadequacies in making sense of the world, The people of yesterday appeared to have acknowledged early on that they could only do and understand as much, that perhaps other powers at play also existed alongside them. This notion effectively humbled and perhaps grounded © them, with their constant befuddiement serving as an early reminder that they were way behind several larger, more powerful forces in nature in terms of order of things. The Human Condition in the Common Era For a long time, humans were content with their relationship with nature. Earliest case of man-made extinction occurred over 12,000 years ago, possibly brought upon by hunting and ternitorial disputes. The Holocene extinction, also called the sixth extinction or more aptly Anthropocene extinction, occurred from as eutly as between 100,000 to 200,000 years up to the present. It pertains to the ongoing extinction of several species—both flora and fauna—due to human aciivity. Driven ty their primal need to survive and gaining the upp2r hand in terms of development and adaptability, humans were quick to find ways to drive off other megafaunas threatening a prospective hunting spot and eventually, settling grounds, Growing population also necessitated finding additional resources, leading to averhunting and overfishirg common prey, some of which were endemic to the area. Hunting, coupled with a changing terrain that tne humans began cultivating when agriculture emerged some 9,000 years ago, caused several species to lose competition in serritor; and food resources. Formation of communities caused humans to expand more in territory and more people to feed; large, scperate communities hailing from the same ancestors and residing in the same large community paved sway for civilizations. Even as a community, the people realized that though they were at most self-sufficient, they were in constant need of resources. Albeit waging wars with other tribes scemed to be the early solution, they were able to find out some 5,000 years ago that engaging in « peaceful negotiation was also a possible and less blorty method. They realized that they could get hold of things not present in their towns by offering. something of same value present in theirs. It is in this process that trade emerged, leading to cross-town and eventually cross-cultural interaction as more products were exchanged and the initial needs extended to wants. People then had a new objective—gather as much products as possible. They have turned to wealth as one of their goals as humans and Chapter I: Science, Teetnaleyy, and Soesety a the Ham Condon & ase \ I i 1 I two paradigms. They are still trying to discover and rediscover things that would give meaning to their lives—whether it be honor, strength, or merit. People are still trying to make sense of their existence in the world, and technology does little to aid them in their pursuit of life's meaning. It seems that the human condition, although more sophisticated, is nothing but a rehashed version of its former self, Nothing much has changed since then, and it appears that nothing will change in the times to come if we fail to shift our view elsewhere. While it is true that technology offered. us one compelling notion of the truth and the good, we should be staunch in our resolve if we want to know the real one. For-starters, we might begin with considering other concepts, which corresponds to the Good, such as Aristotle’s conception of human flourishing. His notion entertains the idea of holistic enrichment of a person situated in his society. A notable distinction on Aristotle’s idea is his subscription on evaluative concepts called virtues and their role in achieving the good life. Technological advancements are seemingly occurring in a rapid pace thai ‘our morality cannot quite keep up; no such consideration was given, this approach in achieving the good life. This will further be discussed the following chapters. explore the world, and’aisisted us in discovering more about curseives and the truth. However, it also leads us to a paradox in whiich we are only able to see the world in the lenses of technological innovations. Jn our pursuit, of growth; wer had conveniently forgotten that, hnology only ‘to evaluate objects as consumable or not—transcending to other human beings, determining their . capacity-to be productive. Our valuation of things became. one-aimensional, ‘geared ‘toward production’ of goods for more consumption, which we believe would lead us to the good life. This is only one conception of technology, as Heidegger also proposed that technology is what humans do. Advancements in the field expose us to fet Science. Technology. ind Society previously unknown predicaments, effectively helping us to reveal our own natures and enforcing one perspective in finding the truth, Now that it is acknowledged, we can try and divest our search to other approaches. Be as STS 1. What would have happened to humankind if technology did not exist? 2 Do you agree with Martin Heidegger in his idea that technology should only bs seen as onc of the approaches in perceiving truth? What are other possible approaches we should consider? 1. Role-playing. Try to imagine the world without technology. How do you think your day-to-day life would be like? Do this by illustrating a scenario where a certain technological innovation does not exist. Below are examples you could use: a. Watch b. Phone F “e) Light bulbs . Cas pe “ 2. Philosophical Debate. Discuss whether technology is a means to an end or an end in itself. The class will be divided into two groups. The first group supports the notioa that technology is an instrument to achieve human goals, and the second group supports the notion that technology is what humanity does. List down pertinent points and construct an individual position paper regarding your stance. ‘Chapter Il; Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition {n) f ' i i 4 f t , ! Blitz, M. (2014). “Understanding Heidegger on Technology,” The New Atlantis, Number 41, Winter, pp. 63-80. De Vries, MJ. (2005). Teaching About Technology: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Technology for Non-Philosophers. Switzerland: Springer. Derrida, J. (1989). Of Spirit: Heidegger and the Question. Trans. Geofirey Bennington and Rachel Bowlby. Chicago/London: Chicago UP. Grayson, D.K. and DJ. Meltzer. (2012). "Clovis Hunting and Large Mammal Extinction: A Critical Review of the Evidence.” Journal of World Prehistory. 16 (4): 313-359. Grayson, D.K, Human Population Growth and Extinction. (n.d.). Center Jor Bioiogical Diversity. Accessed August 1, 2016. http:// www. biologicaldiversity.org/programs/population_and_ sustainability/extinction/index.html.’ Heidegger, M. (1977). The Question Concerning Technology, and Other Essays. New York: Harper & Row. Holloway, A. (2014). "The Veaus Figurines of the European Paleolithic Era." Accessed February 10, 2017:* http://www. ancient-origins. net/ancient- places-europe/venus-figurines- european-paleolithic-era-001548?nopaging=1. Kolbert, E. (2014). The Sixth Extixcrion: An Unnatural History. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 3) te Rudgley, R. (2000). The Lost Cieitieattone of the Stone Age: New York: _ Simon and Schuster, Science. Technology, and Society SGP aOR» ra SS teal So, LESSON 3 THE GOOD LIFE pes ST eas At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: «examine what is meant by a good life; ¢ — identify how humans attempt to attain what is deemed to be a good life; and + recognize possibilities available to human being to ‘attain the good life. atl ; o In Ancient Greece, long before the word “science” has been coined, the need to ur.derstand the world and reality. was | bound with the need to understand the self and the good life. For Plato, the task of understanding ‘the things in the world runs parallel with the job of truly getting inca what will make the soul flourish, In an attempt,to understand reality and the external world, man must seck to understand himself, too, It was Aristotle who gave @ definitive distinction between the theoretical and practical sciences, Among the theoretical disciplines, Aristotle included logic, biology, physics, and metaphysics, among others, Among the practical ones, Aristotle counted ethics and politics. Whereas “truth” is the aim of the theoretical sciences, the “good” is the end goal of the practical ones. Every attempt to know is connected in some way in an attempt to find the "good" or as said in the previous lesson, the attainment of human flourishing. Rightly so, one must find the truth about what the good is before one can even try to locate that which is good. (Chapter 1: Science, Technology, and Society and the Haman Condition e In the previous lesson, we have seen how a misplaced or an erroneous idea of human flourishing can turn tables for all of us, make the sciences work against us rather than jor us, and draw a chasm between the search for truth and for the good. In this lesson, we endeavor to go back a little and answer these questions: What does it really mean to live a good life? What qualifies as a good existence? Granting this understanding, we are assumed to be in a better position to reconcile our deepest existential needs as human beings and science as tool to maneuver around the world. Aristotle and How We All Aspire for a Good Life It is interesting to note that the first philosopher who approached the problem of reality from a “scientific” lens as we know now, is also the first.thinker who dabbled into the complcx problematization of the end goal of life: happiness. This man is none other than Asistotle. Compared to his teacher and predecessor, Plato, Aristotle embarked - ‘on a different approach in figuring out reality. In contrast to Plato who thought that things in this world are not real and are only copies of the real in the world of forms, Aristotle puts everything back to the ground in vlait reality we can all access. For Plato, change is so perplexing ‘That it can only make sense if there aré two sealities: the world of forms and the world *< af matter; Consider the human person. When you try to see yourself in front of the mirror, you normally say and think that you ae looking at ’ yourself—that is, you are the person who slept last night and you are the same_person ooking at yourself naw, despite the occasional changes like a new pimple that grows on your nose. The same is true for a seed that you threw out of the garden last month. ‘When you peek into the same patch of land where the seed ingrained itself into, you may be surprised to see a little plant showing itself to you and to the sun. Plato’ recognized change as a process and as a phenomenon that happens in the world, that in fact, it is constant. However, Plato also claims that despite the eality of change, things remain and they retain their ultimate “whatness”; “that you remain to be you despite the pimple that now sits atop your nose. Plato was convinced that reality is full of these seemingly contrasting é 76% Science, Technology. and Society ing that this world is all there is to it and that this world is the only. manifestations of change and permanence. For Plato, this can only be . explained by postulating two aspects of reality, two worlds if you wish: the world of forms and the world of matter. In the world of matter, things are changing and impermanent. In the world of forms, the entities are only copies of the ideal and the models, and the forms are the only real entities. Things are red in this world because they participate in what it means to be red in the world af forms. Aristotle, for his part, disagreed with his teacher’s position and forwarded the idea that there is no reality over and above what the senses can perceive. As such, it is only by observation of the external world that one can truly understand what reality is all about. Change is a process that is inherent in things. We, along with all other entities in the world, start as potentialities and move toward actualities. The movement, of course, entails change. Consider a seed that eventually germinates and grows into a plant. The seed that tured to become the plant underwent change— from the potential plant that is the sced to its full actuality, the plant. Aristotle extends this analysis from the external world into the province of the human person and declares that even human beings are putentialities who aspire for their actuality. Every human being moves according to some end. Every action that emanates from a human person is a function of; the purpose (reios) that the person hac, When a boy. asks for a, burger from a Filipino burger joint, the action that he takes is motivated primarily by the, purpose that he has, inferab! io get full or to taste the burger, that he only secs on TY. When a girl tries to finish her degree in the university, , despite the initial failures.she may have had, she definitely is being propelled by a higner purpose’ than to just graduate. She wants something more, maybe to have a license and land a promising job in the' future. Every human person, according to Aristotle, aspires for an end, This end, we have learned from the previous chapters, is happiness or human flourishing. No individual—young or old, fat or skinny, male or female—resists happiness. We all want to be happy. Aristotle claims that happiness is the be all and end all of everything that we do. We may not realize it but the end goal of everything that we do is happiness. If you ask one person why he is doing what he is doing, he may not readily say that it is happiness ‘Chapter Il: Science, Technology. and Society and the Human Condition () HIN 1. What is the good life? 2, What is the relationship between the good life and science? i 3. Does technology always lead us to the good life? How and why? ZZ a _§_—— 1. . Good Life Collage. Cut out pictures in magazines or newspapers that demonstrate how technology has made the man’s desire for a happy life more realizable. You may also opt to print out pictures from websites and other sources. Explain how these technological advancements have made the campaign for the t attainment of gond life casier or otherwise. Present it in class. ' 2. Compare and Contrast. Identify two modes of doing the same thing where one involves a more technologically advanced method, Example would be. snail mali ve e-mail. List down as many examples. Brainstorm with a partner if a less technologically sophisticated mechanism can actually tum out to be better in zerms of reaching for the good life. Is the more technologically advanced always better? 7 feats + ‘ ; ——————______— Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (n.4.).. John Stuart Mill. Accessed February 3, 2017. http://www.iep.utm.edu/mill-eth. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (n.d.). Renaissance Humanism. Accessed February 2, 2017. http://www iep.utm.edu/humanism/. fnt Science, Technology, and Soclery Sane Macat Thinking News. (2016). Aristotle's Secret to Happiness: What Will Make Us Happy Now? \ccessed February 3, 2017. https://www macat.com/blog/aristotles-secret-happiness/. Psychology Today. (2013). Aristotle on Happiness. Accessed February 3, 2017. hrps://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/hide-and-seck/ 201301 /aristotle-happiness. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2001). Aristorle’s Ethics. Accessed February 3, 2017. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ istotle-ethi Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2005). Ancient Atomism. Accessed February 3, 2017. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ atomism-ancient. The Basics of Philosophy. (2008). Theism. Accessed February 3, 2017. http://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_theism.html. Chapter Il: Scienee, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition RS SR IT 3€ G LESSON WHEN TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITY CROSS At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: + know the different technological advancements in society; « discuss the development of science and technology 4 in the Philippines; « discuss the effects of the interplay between technology and ‘human‘ty through the dilemmajs) they face. OUTS The ever-growing society has made people see technology as ~ some form ‘of necessity. Tracing back its origins, the. word “technology” came from the Greek words fecknz and logos which mean art and word, respectively. Taking the two words together, technology means a discourse on arts (Buchanan, 2010). It first appeared in the seventeenth century where the concept was only used to talk about the arts, specifically applied arts, However, as technology progressed, the concept also started to have a wider range of meaning where art is no longer the only topic included. Concepts like machine and tools were also attached to the word "technology" which is tie mare popular sense of the concept nowadays. The roles played by technology these days are very crucial not only to a few but also to everyone. In one way or another, cach person in the society is directly or indirectly affected by technology whether he wills it or not. In fact, most people survive their everyday lives with great & Science, Technology, and Saclery reliance to the different technological advancements already available to the masses. While there may be some who would claim that thei: lives are not greatly affected by technology, the fact cannot be denied that technology is already an inevitable part of the society. It is with great effort that people were able to achieve such great inventions. It makes life so much easier and more convenient than ever ‘before. It can clearly be seen from the simplest task at home to the most complicated ones inside the office or laboratory. Technology these days enjoys such fame and glory because of the many different benefits it brings to mankind. Some would even say that it does not only bring convenience but also pleasure and happiness to people. This is because of the different leisure activities that technology can offer to people, For example, it allows people to listen to good music wherever they are. Another is, it allows them to communicatz with their loved ones anywhere in the world; but most of all, it allows them to surf and play games anytime, anywhere. The act of pinpointing a single activity that does not in any way require the’ use of technology has become very hard because almost all activities that humans perform already require the assistance of some kind of technelogical advancement. But this is not all, for there are people who would even argue that teclinology has become ity and no longer a'Want, At present; people work very hard in order to these “necessities” while in the past, peanle only used their money for the things that would help them survive like food, housing. and clothing. In effect, anything outside these categories was cousidered a luxury. However, that is no longer the case at present. © ae te In general, technology keeps on progressing due to not only the changing times and environment but also to the ever-progressing mind of mankind. |t would not be possible for all these technological advancements to exist if it were not fur the brilliance, creativeness, and power of the mind. However, it is also important to note that anything too much is bad. The same problem is faced by technology. Although it has been very helpful to people, it is still not immune to criticisms .nd backlash. Various ethical dilemmas have been identified throughout time involving the use of different technological devices and its effects to humanity. Usually, different problems arise when either the technological device available ‘Chaprer Ml: Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition is misused or if in the first place, it was invented to rtp are ware of the pb dangers of she we O- TIERS OO technology are not keeping still. They lay these dilemmas for the public to sec and realize What they are Ln for. In this lesson, several technological devices will be properly introduced, the roles they play in society and their effects, particularly to the lives of the people will be identified, and the problems they face will also be examined thoroughly. Television Sets, Mobile Phones, Computers, and Humanity can be easily found inside the home, the most accessible place to anyone. Having. said that, it can also be easily inferred — that these technological devices are some of the most popular and most commonly ised types of devices across all ape ” groups. Almost all households, if not all, own these types of devices. To be more specific, these-"cclebrities” in thé field of seh vrpmoloay are television sets, MOC Dhomes, anc COMPS. People all over the world use these Technologies every day to accomplish different purposes. : * First, according to Kantar Media, one of the most trusted television audience measurement providers, in the Philippines, 92 pereent of urban reread TO percent of ral hommcs own a east one televise: i is for this reason why television remains to be the ultimate, medium for advertisement placements (The Manila Times, 2014). This survey simply shows that almost all Filipinos use this particular Type of device. In fact, Filipinos are believed to have this big fascination for television. Most of the time, they watch television during their free time or any time of the day when they have nothing important to do. In addition 10 this, Kantar Media also reported that in the Philippines, the current count of & Science, Technology. and Society households with television set already reached 15.135 million (Noda, 2012). This number signifies something, that is, television plays a great role in the lives of the people or in this case, the Filipinos. Television was a product of different experiments by various: people. Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, a German student, in the late 1800s was successful in his attempt to send images through wires with the akd of @ rotating metal disk. This invention was then called ‘the “electric telescope” that had 18 lines of resolution. After some time, in 1907, two inventors, ‘Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton who was an English scientist and Boris Rosing who was @ Russian scientist, created a new system of television by ‘using the cathode ray tube in addition to the mechanical scanner system. ‘This success story gave rise 0 two types of television systems, namely, mechanical and electronic television (Jezek, n.d.). These experiments inspired other scientists to improve the previous. inventions, which led to the modern television people now have. However, it is important to remember that several scientists and several experiments were performed first before finally achieving the modem television at present. Second, Filipinos love to use their mobile phones anywhere, anytime, They use it for different purpases other than for communication. More than half‘of the Filipino population own al. Jeast one mobile phone regardiess-of type.” T2010, globai researchragency Synovate. conducted a survey and declared 67 percent product ownership in the ‘country. In. fact, twas also claimed that mobile phones are considered a mus Have among young Filipinos (ABS-CBN News, 2010), To prove. that Filipinas really Jove to use their mobile phones, the Ipsos Media-Atlas Philippines Nationwide Urban 2011-2012 survey results showed that one in’ every’ - three Filipinos cannot live without a mobile phone. In other words, 30 percent of the Philippine ban population nationwide said that mobile phones are necessities in life (Roa, 2012). Philippine streets are full of people using their mobile phones. Not only this, there are some Filipinos who even own more than one monile phone. Mobile phones have a very interesting background story. On Arc 3, 1973, Martin Cooper, a senior engineer at Motorola, made the world’s: first mobile phone call. He called their rival telecommunications company and properly informed them that he was making the call from a mobile Chapter Il: Sclence, Technolegy, and Sockty and the Human Condition i sv} ‘ Another dilemma faced by these technological devices is the moral -dilemma. People, especially the children who are not capable yet of rationally deciding for themselves what is right or wrong, are freely exposed to different things on television, mobiles phones, laptops, or computers. Because of the availability and easy access to the Internet, they can just easily search the web and go to different websites without restrictions. This allows them to see, read, or hear things which are not suitable for their very young age. This makes them very vulnerable to character change and can greatly affect the way they view the world and the things around them. On the first dilemma, it is really concerning to know that there are people who develop different kinds of sickness because of too much use of technological devices. Not only this, it also causes them to become . reclusive, alienating themselves from other people. Although some would argue that technology brings people together, it can also be argued that this is not always the case in the real world because it may bring them Virtually closer but not physically or personally. In fact, there are people who are friends, for example, only on social media but not in real life. This just shows that there are things that technology claims to do but in reality, does not. It is for these reasons why there are people who call for the establishment of ethics of technology. This subcategory of ethics will in one way or another guide peopic on how technology ought to be used in order to prevent abuse and other unfortunate results. Digging deeper, it can be said that these reasons make such devices somewhat unethical because they bring undesirable consequences to people. However, it can also be argued that it is not the fault of the technological devices but the agents using them ot the ones making them. ‘The classic deontological and teleological approaches to ethics are already too old to be applied in’such cases. This is because technology has become very ‘complicated and dynamic over time. Having said this, it is true that there are problems that can no longer be addressed by using these theories only. This is why the ethics of responsibility is an appropriate theory that can be used in these dilemmas. . ; The word “responsibility” in the'sense of being accountable for and accountable to is very appropriate to the ethics of technology because it makes each and every person in the scientific-technological development i Science, Technology, and Society Sone J S_ aae: @ proxy with reference to one another. In other words, each Person must indicate the priorities, values, norms, and principles that constitute: the grounds for one’s actions and define one’s contribution to the scientific- technological event. The ethics of responsibility focuses on the positive rather than the negative. Instead of asking “What ought not to be allowed?” ask “What ought to be allowed?” To put it in another way, people who are Pari of the scientific development ought to let the public know the good in their respective technological contribution/s. In this way, the People will have an idea how the devices ought to be used in order to maximize their positive results. However, it is also important for the people in the scientific world to inform the masses of the dangers of their contribution/s to the world of ‘technology. In this way, the people will be sufficiently aware of what to do and what not to do. In addition to this, the agents using the devices should also be accountable to and accountable for tieir use of their gadgets. Going back to the first dilemma, it can be said that the agents using the devices are the ones to be blamed for the undesirable consequences, namely, laziness and unhealthiness. However, it is the assumption that the people in the scientific-technological world have Properly informed the public of the positive tenor of their action in technology and the possible dangers of the misuse of their technological contribution. Thus, the undesirable consequences are brought about by the misuse of the agent. Now, talking aLout alienation, if can be concluded that the people in the scientific-technological world are blamevio.1L.y oecruse they tell the People something that seems positive but when examined closely, brings more bad than good. 6 a On the second dilemma, the people in the scientific world nor the ‘children are blameworthy because first; the children are not yet capable of rationally deciding for themselves what is good and what-is bad. Secorid, even if creators of these technologies ‘went out of their way to inform children of the pros and cons of these technological contributions, it would still be useless because the children have no capacity to understand them yet. So in this dilemma, the ones to be blamed are the adulis who allowed the children to have access to such devices in the first Place without any ‘Chapter II: Science, Technology, and Society and tho Human Condition { 3 i f fe F a CEE: + C supervision. It is the recklessness and overconfidence of the adults that cause the character change in children. Robotics and Humanity Another great product ~—— of the innovative minds of the people is the robot. Robots are now widely used. For example, there are the so-called service robots. These particular robots do specific tasks but focus mainly in assisting their masters in their everyday tasks. The International Federation of Robotics (IFR) and United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) mace it their task to formulate a working definition for service robots. A preliminary extract of ‘the relevant definition is (IER, 2012): «A robot is an actuated mechanism programmable in two or more axes with a degree of autonomy, moving within its environment, to perform intended tasks. Autonomy in this context means the ability to perform intended tasks based on ~~current state and sensing without human intervention. «A service robot is a robot that performs useful tasks for humans _. of equipment excluding industrial automation application. y Note: A robot may be classified according to its intended ~ application as an industrial robot or a service robot... .ctr © A personal service robot or a service robor for personal use is a service robot used fora noncommercial task, usually by laypersons. Examples are domestic servant robot. amtomated wheelchair, personal mobility assist robot, and pet exercising robot. : +A professional service robot ot a service robot for professional use is a service robot used for’a ‘commercial task, usually operated by a properly trained operator. Examples are cleaning robot for public places, delivery robot in offices or hospitals, fire- ) Science, Technology, and Society fighting robot, rehabilitation robot, and surgery robot in hospitals. In this context, an operator is a person designated to start, monitor, and stop the intended operation of a robot. or a robot system. Germany was one of the first countries to develop service robots. As part of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research's “Service Robotics Innovation Lead I ive,” it sponsored a collaborative project called DESIRE (Deutsche Servicerobotik Initiative-Germany Service Robotics Initiative) which was launched on October 1, 2005. DESIRE has the following individual objectives (DESIRE, 2009); * Toachieve a technological edge toward attaining key functions and components that are suited for everyday use = To create a refererice architecture for mobile manipulation * To promote the convergence of technologies through integration into a common technology platform + To conduct pre‘competition research and development activities for new products and technology transfer in start-up enterprises in the field of service robotics Some of the. expected work to be performed by DESIKE are the following: (1) “Clear up the kitchen table” — all objects on top of the kitchen table will be inaved to where they belong; (2) “Fill the dishwasher” — the dirty dishes will be soried correctly into the dishwasher, and (3) “Clear up this room” ~ all objects that are not in their proper places will be moved to where they belong (Mock, n.d.). ‘The earliest conception of robots can be traced around 3000 B.C. from the Egyptians. Their water clocks used human figurines to strike the hour bells. This mechanical device was built to carry out a specific physical task regularly, From that time on, different machines were already built that displayed the same mechanism and characteristics as the robots in the present. For example, there was a wooden. pigeon that could fly, a talking doll, steam-powered robots, and hydraulically-operated statues that could speak and gesture. However, the earliest robots as people know them were created in the early 1950s by George Devol. “Unimate” was his ‘Chapter Il; Science, Technology, and Soclety and the Human Condition @) first invention from the words “Universal Automation.” Unfortunately, his attempt to sell his product to the industry did not succeed. After Unimate, several robots were also invented which were better versions of the previous ones (Stanford, n.d.). Ever since, people never stopped their quest in the field of robotics. Roles Played by Robotics Robots play different roles not only in the lives of the people but also. iu the society as a whole. They are primarily used to ease the workload of mankind. They were invented to make life more efficient and less stressful. On one hand, they perform complicated activities which human beings are incapable of doing. On the other hand, they perform the simplest tasks at home so that their masters can perform the cump!=x ones without stressing themselves over the simple tasks. There are also robots which are made for pleasure. To be more specific, these types of robots perform activities to entertain people. They’can usually be found in amusement parks or ‘exhibits. In addition, there are also some robots which were made to serve as toys. They also perform different activities but they are usually child- friendly. Other examples of robots are those which can ne seen in movies. One of the reasons’ why: robots are ‘very famous is because of movies. A number of local and national movies were inspired by robots. This goes to * show that people have developed a distinct fascination over robots. Just like people living in the society, robots also have their own set of rules and characteristics that define what a good robot is, These, laws were formulated by Isaac Asimov back in the 1940s, when he was thinking, of the ethical consequences of robots. These are the following (Stanford, n.d.): Law One: i A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, e'low. a human being to come to harm. me ' 6 i Science. Technology, and Society Law Two: A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. Law Three: A robot_must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. Ethical Dilemma/s Faced by Robotics Just like any other technological advancements, robotics also faces different problems and dilemmas. Although the idea is to help people and make their lives a lot easier than before, it is still not immune to different ethical dilemmas and possible undesirable outcomes. One of the dilemmas faced by robots is safety. Who should be held accountable if someone's safety is compromised by a robot? Who should be blamed, the robot, the agent using the robot, or the maker/inventor’ of the robot? It is important to know who should be blamed and who should be held responsible if such thing happens. Another ethical dilemma faced by robots is the emotional component. This may seem 2 little absurd as of the moment, but looking at how fast technology progresses nowadays, it is not completely impossible for robots to develop emotions (Evans, 2007). So here, the ouestions become. “What if robots become sentient? Should they be granted robot rights? Should they have their own set of rights to be upheld, respected, and protected by humans?" It is interesting to know how people would react if the time comes when robots can already fel pain and pleasure. Would they act differently or not at ail? In the field of robotics, there are the so-called partial autonomy and full autonomy. Partial aionomy includes active human-robot interaction while fidl autonomy excludes active human-robot interaction. In other words, a robot with full autonomy can perform actions or activities even without a master telling it what should be done or what should be performed next (IFR, 2012). Chapter Hl: Science, Technology. and Society and the Haman Condition Po7t San Rappler. (n.d.), “A Profile of Internet Users in the Philippines.” Recessed February 4, 2017. http://www.rappler.com/brandrap/ profile-internet-users-ph. Roa, A. (2012). “One of 3 Filipinos Can't Live Without Cell Phones — Survey.” Accessed February 3, 2017. hups://technology. inquirer.net/18168/one-of-3-filipinos-cant-live-without-cell- phones-survey. ‘Schuurman, E, (2011). “Technology and the Ethics of Responsibility.” Accessed February 6, 2017. htip://www.metanexus.net/essay/ technology-and-ethics-responsibility. Stanford. (n.d.). “Robotics: A Brief History.” Accessed February 6, 2017. hutps://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/courses/soco/projects/ 1998-99/ robotics/history. html. Steitz, B. (n.d.). “A Brief Computer History."Accessed February 4, 2017. http://people.bu.edu/baws/orief%20computer% history. html. “ The Manila Times, (2014). “TV Ownership on the Rise, While Filipinos Still Read Newspapers.” Accessed February 3, 2017. http://www, manilatimes. net/tv-ownership-on-the-rise-while- filipinos-still-read-newspapers/77179/. ie CC Science, Technology, and Society Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society Cloning ard Designing Genes LESSON . 1 THE INFORMATION AGE ESE At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: « define Information Age; * — discuss the history of Information Age; and + understand the, factors that need to be considered in checking website sources. cee rere UU DU enct 7 Highly modernized, automated, data-driven, ard technologically advanced—these best describe our society nowadays, as evidenced by how information couid be transferred or shared quickly. The different areas ‘of society have been influenced tremendously such as communication, to the growing d:velopment of information technology, the rapid upgrade cof information also has disadvantages. This lesson will discuss the history and impact of technological advancements to society. Life is accompanied ty endless transmission of information that Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, information is “knowledge communicated or obtained concerning a specific fact or circumstance." Hence, information is a very important tool for survival. The Information Age is defined as a “period starting in the last quarter of the 20th century when information became effortlessly accessible through publications and through the management of information by fod Science, Technology, and Society Nott 3 * e \ economics, industry, health, and the environment. Despite our gains due. - takes place within and ouside the human body. According to Webster's. computers and computer networks” (Vocabulary.com, n.d). The means of conveying symbolic information (¢.g., writing, math, other codes) among humans has evolved with increasing speed. The Information Age is also called the Digital Age and the New Media Age because it was associated with the development of computers. According to James R. Messenger who proposed the Theory of Information Age in 1982, “the Information Age is a true new age based upon the interconnection of computers via telecommunications, with these information systems operating on both a real-time and as-needed basis. Furthermore, the primary factors driving this new age forward are convenience and user-friendliness which, in tum, will create user dependence.” History The table below traces the history and emergence of the Information Age (United States American History, n.d.). ‘Table 1, Timeline of the Information Age ‘words 2900BC | Beginnings of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing 1300BC, | Tortoise shell and oracle bone writing were used 500BC | Papyrus roll was used 220BC | Chinese small seal writing was developed - = - 100.AD | Book (parchment codex) 105.AD | Woodblock printing and paper way b.vented by the Chinese 1455 Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press using movable metal type : 1755 Samuel Johnson's dictionary standardized Er sJish spelling Chapter III: Specific Isswcs in Science, Technology, and Society (3 6 ere os. > The Library of Congress was established « Invention uf the carbon arc lamp 1824 Research on persistence of vision published 1830s « First viable design for a digital computer + Augusta Lady Byron writes the world’s first computer ‘program. 1837 Invention of the telegraph in Great Britain and the United States 1861 Motion pictures were projected onto a screen 1876 ‘Dewey Decimal system was introduced 1877 ‘Eadweard Muybridge demonstrated high-speed photography 1899 First magnetic recordings were released 1902 Motion picture spacial effects were used. 1906 Lee DeForest invented the electronic amplifying "ube (triode) 1923, “Television camera tube was invented by Zvorkyn 1926, First practical sound movie 1939 Regularly scheduled television broadcasting began in the us 1940s Beginnings of information science as a discipline 1945 "Varinevar Bush foresaw the invention of hypertext | 1946 ENIAC computer was developed 1948 Birth of field-of-information theory proposed by Claude E. Shannon i 1957 Planar transistor was developed by Jean Hoerni 1958 First integrated circuit 1960s Library of Congress developed LC MARC (machine- readable cude) 1969 UNIX operating system was develeped, which could handle multitasking 1971 Intel introduced the first microprocessor chip 1972 ‘Optical laserdisc was developed by Philips and MCA 1974 MCA and Philips agreed on a standard videodisc encoding format (6% Science, Technology. and Society (Pape eles ein sis ie apenas 1975 ‘Altair Microcomputer Kit was released: first personal computer for the public 1977 RadioShack introduced the first complete personal computer 1984 ‘Apple Macintosh computer was introduced Mid 1980s _ | Artificial intelligence was separated from information science 1987 Hypercard was developed by Bill Atkinson recipe box metaphor 1991 ‘Four hundred fifty complete works of literature on one CD- ROM was released January RSA (encryption and network security software) Internet 1997 security code cracked for a 48-bit number Tae g Figure 7. Evolution of Man and Informatioa _ As man evolved, information and its dissemination has also evolved in many ways. Eventually, we no longer keptthem to ourselves; instead, we share them and manage them in different means. Information got ahead of us. It started to grow at a rate we were unprepared to handle. Because of the abundance of information, it was difficult to collect and manage them starting in the 1960s and 1970s. During the 1980s, real engst set in. Richard Wurman called it “Information Anxiety.” In the 1590s, information became the currency in the business world. Information was the preferred medium of exchange and the information managers served as information officers. In the present generation, there is no doubt that information has turned out to be a commodity, an overdevelaped product, ‘mass-produced, and unspecialized. Soon, we become overloaded with it. Chapter IIL: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society . Moreover, from the pharmaceutical industry's point of view, bioinformatics is the key to rational drug discovery. It reduces’ the number of trials in the screening of drug compounds and in identifying potential drug targets for a particular disease wsing high-power computing, workstations and software like Insight. This profound application of bioinformatics in genome sequence has led to a new area in pharmacology— Pharmacogenomics, where potential targets for drug development are hypothesized from the genome sequences. Molecular modeling, which requires a ot of calculations, has become faster due to the advances in computer processors and its architecture (Madan, n.d.). In plant biotechnology, bioinformatics is found to be useful in the areas of identifying diseases resistance genes and designing plants with high nutrition value (Madan, n.d.). How to Check the Reliability of Web Sources The Intemet contains a vast collection of highly valuable jnformation but it may also ‘contain unreliable, biased information that mislead people. The following guidelines can help us check the reliability of web sources that we gather. Jt is noteworthy to consider and apply the following guidelines to avoid misinforrratiun. (Lee College Library, n.d.) 1. Who is the author of the article/site? « — How to find out? Look for an “About” or “More About the Author” link at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the webpage. Some pages will have a corporate author rather than a single person as an author. If no information about the author(s) of the page is provided, be suspicious. ¥ Does the author provide his or her credentials? What type of expertise does he or she have on the subject he or she is writing about? Does !.¢ or she indicate what his or her education is? fy Science, Technology. and Society ¥ What type of experience does he or she have? Should you trust his or her knowledge of the subject? Try searching on the Internet for information about the author. ¢ What kinds of websites are associated with the author's name? Is he or she affiliated with any educational institution? ¥ Do commercial sites come up? Do the websites associated with the author give you any clues to particular biases the author might have? Who published the site? How to find out? Look at the domain name of the website that will tell you who is hosting the site, For instance, the Lee College Library website is: hnp://www.lee.edu/ library. The domain name is “lee.edu.” This tells you ‘that the library website is hosted by Lee College. Search the domain name at bitp://www.whois.sc/. ‘The site provides information about the owners of registered domain names. What is the organization's main purpose? Check the organization’s main website, if it has one. Is it educational? Commercial? Is it a reputable organization? Do not ignore the suffix on the domain name (the three-letter part that comes after the “."). The suffix is usually (but not always) descriptive of whet type of entity hosts the website. Keep in mind thet it is possible for sites to cbtain suffixes that are misleading. Here are some examples: edu = educational com = commercial Chapter Ill: Specific Isswes in Science, Technology, and Society m3) ® mil = military .gov = government .org = nonprofit What is the main purpose of the site? Why did the author write it and why did the publisher post it? « Tosell a product? + Asa personal hobby? * As public service? + To further scholarship on a topic? « To provide general information on a topic? + To persuade you of a particular point of view? Who is the intended audience? + Scholars or the general public? «* Which age group is it written for? . + — Is it aimed at people from a particular geographic area? + Is it aimed at members of a particular profession or with specific training? What is the quality of information provided on the website? » Timeliness: When was the website first published? Is it regularly updated? Check for dates at the bottom of each page on the site. «» Does the author cite sources? Just as in print sources, web sources that cite their sources are considered more reliable, + What type of other sites does the website link to? Are they reputable sites? * What types of sites link to the website you are evaluating? Is the website being cited by others? ‘Science, Technology, and Society Examples of Useful and Reliable Web Sources AFA e-Newsletter (Alzheimer's Foundation of America newsletter) American Memory — the Library of Congress historical digital collection, Bartleby.com Great Books Online — a collection of free e-books including fictions, nonfictions, references, and verses. Chronicling America — search and view pages from American newspapers from 1880-1922. Cyber Bullying —a free collection of e-books from ebrary plus additional reports and documents to help better understand, prevent and take action against this growing concern. Drug information websites: + National Library of Medicine's MedlinePlus * Drugs.com + PDRhealth Global Gateway: World Culture & Resources (from the Library.of Congress) Googie Books Googlescholar.com History sites'‘with primary documents: * AMDOCS: Documents for the study of American history «Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy (Yale Law School} + Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Colonial Latin America * Teacher Oz's Kingdom of History ‘Chapter II: Specific Lanies in Science, Technology, and Sockety @ 21. (% Science. Technology, and Society | Illinois Digital Archives — the Illinois State Library working . Internet Public Library . ipl? — a merger of Librarians’ Internet Index and Internet . Librarians’ Internet Index . Making of America — a digital library of primary sources in |. Maps — from the University of Texas at Austin collection. i . Nursing sites: fa» Selon WS 4 with libraries, museums, and historical societies in Illinois provides this collection of materials related to Illinois history. Internet Archive — a digital library of Internet sites and other cultural artifacts in digital form. Internet Archive for CARLI digitized resources Public Library. Special interest may include the "Literary Criticisms” page which can be found after clicking on the “Special Collections” link. American social history. Includes historical and thematic maps. NationMaster — a massive central datz source and a handy way to graphically campare nations. [t is a vast compilation of data from such sources as the CIA World Factbook, UN, ard ‘OECD. ee + AHRQ (www.ahrg.gov) + National Guidelines Clearinghouse (wvew guideline gov) } «PubMed (www.nim.nih.cov) Project Gutenberg — the first and largest single collection 1 of free electronic books with currently over 20,000 e-books available. | 22. Shmoop — literature, US history, and poetry information written primarily by PhD and masters students from top universities like Stanford, Berkeley, Harvard, and Yale. 23. StateMaster — a unique statistical database which allows you to research and compare a multitude of different data on US states using various primary sources such as the US Census Bureau, the FBI, and the National Center for Educational Statistics. It uses visualization technology like pic chars, maps, graphs, and scatter plots to provide data. 24. Virtual Reference — selected web resources compiled by the Library of Congress. One can also visit the university library and seck help from librarians as they are knowledgeable and the library has a rich collection of online library resources that are very useful for academic and research purposes. Su Nowadays, information could be shared or transferred quickly. People are becoming more interested in sharing information about themselves, Various aspects of our suciety are also being influenced by the Iufuumativn Age especially comnunication, cconomics, industry, health, and the environment. The rapid upgrade of information poses both positive and negative impacts to our society. There‘ore, we need to carefully check our motives b2fore disseminating information and we also need to verify information before believing them and using and sharing them. We should share information that could help improve our lives and others. ease ait 1, Who are the contributors of the technological advances of the Information Age? 2. Aside from communication, what other aspects of society is/ are being influenced in the Information Age? 3. What other technological advancements can possibly be developed in the future? Chapter Ill: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society 1 oo LATS ET PEN a EE In simpler terms, it is true that people will always depend on biodiversity on the w!oleness of our being and in our everyday lives. More so, our health will ultimately depend upon the products and services that we acquire from the ecosystem. Somehow, there are ways and processes. in the ecosystem that are not apparent nor appreciated by us, human ‘beings, Think about the need to drink clean and fresh water, the need to eat healthy vegetables and food, or the need of man to transport which makes him rely on fuel. All of these are human needs that are answered and provided by our ecosystem. Thus, if we fail to keep the process of taking care of the ecosystem, it is us who are actually putting our lives at risk. Significant decline in biodiversity has direct human impact when ‘ecosystem in its insufficiency can no longer provide the physical as well as social needs of human beings. Indirectly, changes in the ecosystem affect livelihood, income, and on occasion, may even cause political conflict (WHO, n.d.). Changes in Biodiversity Alteration in any system could bring varied effects. A change in biodiversity could have erratic effects not only in wildlife or marine life but also in human beings. For example, humans inhabiting the forest would disturb the natural order of life. Trees and plants would be affected in the land- clearing operations where the liouses would be built. The animals, insects, and all types of life forms in the cleared arez would either be displaced or most likely be killed. The loss of these life forms could affect the entire ecosystem governing that environment. The food chain mighi be damaged. From this, we can clearly infer that when our ecosystem is not well taken care: of, biodiversity encounters changes that may impact human health on such different levels, Threats to Biodiversity There are major threats to biodiversity that were identified by the United Nations’ Environment Prograrame (WHO, n.d.). Tuese are the following: 1. Habitat loss and destruction. Major contributing factor is the inhabitation of human beings and the use of land for economic gains. (2% Science, Technology, ané Society ia olB Sat 2. Alierations in ecosystem composition, Alterations and sudden changes, cither within species groups or within the environment, could begin to change entire ecosystems, Alterations in ecosystems are a critical factor contributing to species and habitat loss. 3. Over-erploitation, Over-hunting, overfishing, or over-collecting of species can quickly lead to its decline. Changing consumption patterns of humans is often cited as the key reason for this unsustainable exploitation of natural resources, 4. Pallution and contamination. Biological systems respond slowly te changes in their surrounding environment, Pollution and contamination cause irreversible damage to species and varieties. 5. Global efintate change. Both climate variability and climate change cause biodiversity loss. Species and populations may be lost permanently jf they are not provided with enough time to adapt to charging climatic conditions. Consequences of Biodiversity Loss Even with the improvement of technology and science at present, we still have a lot to learn about biodiversity, more s0 about the consequences of biodiversity loss. However, the basic concept about biodiversity loss was from Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. Intact ecosystems function best since the organisms composing them are specialized io flinction in that ecosystem to capture, wansfer, utilize and, ultimately, lose both energy and nutrients. The Particular species making up an ¢cosystem determine its productivity, affect nutrient cycles and soil contents, and inJluence environmental conditions such as water cycles, weather patterns, climate, and other nonbiotic aspects. The loss of biodiversity has many consequences that we understand, and many that we do not. It is apparent that humankind is willing 10 susiain a great deal of biodiversity loss if there are concomitant benefits to society; we hope they are net benefits. In many cases, the benefits seem to accrue to a few individuals only, with net societal loss, However, it is extremely difficult to estimate the future costs of losses in biodiversity or of environmental damage (Rainforest Conservation Fund, 2017). Chapter Il: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Sociery re) een RRNA a See As stated by Tilman, “The Earth will retain its most striking feature, its biodiversity, only i) humans have the prescience to do so. ‘This. will ‘occur, it seems, only if we realize the extent fo which we use biodiversity (Rainforest Consevation Fund, 2017),” Nutritional Impact of Biodiversity According to the World Health Organization, biodiversity is a vital element of a human being’s nutrition because of its influence to food production. Biodiversity is a major factor that contributes to sustainable food production for human beings. A society or a population must have access to a sufficient variety of nutritious food as it is a determinant of their health as human beings. Nutrition and biodiversity are linked at many levels: the ecosystem, with food production as an ecosystem service; the species in the ecosystem; and the genetic diversity within species. Nutritional composition between foods and among varieties/cultivars/breeds of the same food can differ dramatically, affecting micronutrient availability in the dict. Healthy local diets, with adequate average levels of nutrients. intake, necessitates. maintenance of high biodiversity levels. Intensified and enhanced food production through irrigation, use of fertilizer, plant protection (pesticides), or the introduction of crop varieties and cropping patterns affect bi ity and thus impact global nutritional status and human bealth. Habitat simplification, species loss, and species succession often enhance communities, vulnerabilities as function of environmental receptivity to ill health (WHO, 2007). Health, Biology, and Biodiversity ‘Almost all living organisms are dependent to their environment to live and reproduce. Basic needs of living organisms such as air, water, food, and habitat are provided by its environment, The evolution of human beines was due to the improved access to these basic needs. Advances in agriculture, sanitation, water treatment, and hygiene have had a far greater impact on human health than medical technology. Although the environment sustains human life, it can also cause diseases. Lack of basic necessities is. a significant cause of human mortality. fines Science, Technology, und Society a Environmental hazards increase the risk of cancer, heart diszase, asthma, and many other illnesses. These hazards can be physical, such as pollution, toxic chemicals, and food contaminants, or they can be social, such as dangerous work, poor housing conditions, urban sprawl, and poverty. Unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation and hygiene are responsible for a variety of infectious diseases, such as schistosomiasis, diarrhea, cholera, meningitis, and gastritis. In 2015, approximately 350,000 children under the age of five (mostly in the developing world) died from diarrheal diseases related to unsafe drinking water, and approxima‘cly 1.8 billion people used. drinking wate: contaminated with feces. More than two billion people lacked access to basic sanitation. The interrelation between human health and biological diversity is considerable and complex. With the current biodiversity loss at unprecedented rates, the delicate balance berween human health and biological diversity is at risk. Environment-Related Illnesses Some human illnesses that are found to be related with its environment include Parkinson’s disease, heart disease, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, diabetes, obesity, occupational injuries, dysentery, arthrius, malaria, and depression. By contrast, activities that promote health and extend human life could have arverse environmental effects. For example, food production causes environmental damage from pesticides and fertilizers, soil salinization, waste produced by livestock, carbon emissions from food manofacturing and transportation, deforestation, and overfishing. Health care facilities also have adverse environmental impacts. Hospitals use large quantities of electricity and fossil fuels and produce medical wastes. To prevent some diseases, it may be necessary to alter the environment. For example, malaria Was. ‘eradicated in the United States and other developed nations in the 1940s and 50s as a result of draining wetlands and spraying DDT to kill mosquitoes. A reduction in mortality from starvation or disease can lead to overpopulation, which stresses the environment in many different ways—increasing use of fossil fuels, clearing of land, generating pollution and waste, and so on (Rensik & Portier, 2017). Chapter II: Specific Issues in Science, Technolgy. and Society 1275 dis ; | | aaa ae Interestingly, according to experts, climate change could also have a serious impact on human health and could deteriorate farming. systems and reduce nutrients in some foods. In this case, biodiversity increases resilience, thus helping adjust to new environmental conditions. Safeguarding of coral reefs, for instance, is essential to reduce the risk of floods, as this extraordinary ecosystem can reduce wave energy by 97%, ‘thus protecting over 100 million people all over the world. Relationships between human health and the environment raise many ethical, social, and legal dilemmas by forcing people to choose among competing values. Many of the issues at the intersection of health and the environment have to do with managing benefits and risks. For example, pesticides play an important role in increasing crop yields, but they can also pose hazards to human health and the environment. Altennatives to pesticide use create trade-offs in health. The extreme action of stopping all pesticide uses could significantly reduce agricultural productivity, Jeading to food shortages and increased food prices which would, in tum, increase starvation in some parts of the world. Public health authorities have opted to regulate the use of pesticides to enhance food production while minimizing damage to the environment and human health. Energy production and use help sustain human life, but it can also pose hazards to human health and the environment, such as air and water pollution, oil spills, and destruction of habitats (Rensik & Portier, 2017). No issue demands greater care in balancing benefits and risks than global warming. A significant percentage of global climate change is due to the human production of greenhouse gases. Climate change is likely to cause tremendous harm to the environment and human health, but taking steps to drastically reduce greenhouse gases could have adverse consequences for global, national, and local economies. For example, greatly increasing taxes on fossil fuels would encourage greatcr fuel efficiency and lower carbon dioxide emissions, but it would also increase the price of transportatien, which would lead to widespread inflation and reduced consumer spending power. Managing benefits and risks also raises social justice concerns. In general, people with lower socio-economic status have greater exposure to certain harmful environmental conditions in their homes or at work, such as lead, mercury, pesticides, toxic chemicals, or air and water pollution. Communities and nations should wisely choose a site for a factory, a power plant, or waste dump, or regulating safety in Science, Technology, and Socicty + process should be fair, open, and democratic, so that people who will be the workplace to minimize impact to the society. The decision-making affected by environmental risks have a voice in these deliberations and can. make their concerns known (Rensik & Portier, 2017). ‘When drafting and implementing environmental health regulations, it is important to consider vulnerable subpopulations. A vulnerable subpopulation is a group with an increased susceptibility to the adverse effects of an environmental risk factor, due to their age, genetics, health ‘status, or some other condition. If an environmental regulation is designed ‘tO protect average members of the population, it may fail to adequately protect vulnerable subpopulations. Justice demands that we take care of people who are vulnerable. However, almost everyone in the population has an above-average susceptibility to at least one environmental risk factor. Since providing additional protection to everyone would be costly and impractical, protections must be meted out carefully and the populations who are vulnerable to a particular envircamental risk factor must be defined clearly (Rensik & Portier, 2017). In addition to this, various public health strategies pit the rights of individuals against the good of society, such as mandatory treatment, vaccination, or diagnostic testing; isolation and quarantine; and disease surveillance. The owner of a coal-burning power plant must deal with many lavs concerning the operation of the plant, workplace salety, and carbon emissions. A developer who plans to build 150 new homes with land he kas purchased may also have to deal with laws concerming storm drainage, water and sewage lines, gas lines, sidewalks, and so on. Restrictions on property rights are justified to protect human heaith and the environment. However, opponents of these restrictions argue that they are often excessive or ‘not adequately supported by scientific evidence (Rensik & Portier, 2017). Human rights issues also come up with research on ¢nvironmental healt tat involves human subjects. For such research to be eth human subjects must give consent, and great care must be taken to ensure that they understand that they can opt out of the research project. Since the late 1990s, some: pesticide companies have tested their products on human subjects to gather data to submit to the goverment for regulatory purposes. Some commentators charge that these experiments are unethical because they place people at unacceptably high risk without a clear (Chapter 11k: Specific Issues tn Science, Technology. and Society in science laboratories. The general process of genetic engineering is the deliberate manipulation of the Ofganism’s genes, where it may involve transfer of genes from other organism An antibiotic-resistint E, coli bacteria was created in 1973, To date, there are ongoing researches on GMOs such as using genetically modified male mosquitoes as pest control over female mosquito carriers of Zika virus, However, despite the many possibilities of creating solutions for Problems and openiny doors for innovations, genetic engineering tices much opposition, Opponents raise ethical. social, and environmental issues related to genetic engineering and its GMOs. This lesson will present. the existence of genetic enginecring, specifically GMOs in the different areas of life. the impact to humankind, and the controversies {hat surround them, Genetically Modified Organism Genetically modified organism (GMO) is the term used for an ofganis created through genetic engineering. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2014) duires GMO a8 an “organism, either pla or nticroorenism, in which the genelic material (DNA) has been altere way Chit does not occur naturally by mating or natural Below iso diagrum of how bact ne is introduced IC CheMne ting to plant cells and tissues to develop and breed modified plant recombination throu a ger ‘Clomeg ana Lad "i stk ard Nee The development of GMOs was perceived to help in ihe advancement of technology for the benetit o like agricuiture and medicine, MM Hidast ries GMOs in Food and Agricultural Industries The Center for Ecogeneties and Environmental He 2013) identified the following roles of GMOs in the industries: Hh (CEEH. food and aprictilr | Pest resistance — Pests, oa Moditicd pkints te resist cenit An example is Br Corn. The DNA genome) of the Br Corn has been modified with the gene of Ausciiius thaeis 4 soil bacterium that produces proteins borers (worms). 2. Virus resistance — genetically modifi viruses, plants to resis) cerair An example is GM Papaya or ringspot virus (PRSV) is tn, wh to bh, plants. The protein of PRSY’ was intrenluc through y!ane tissue wl ch turned out to b lecll. The effet was hike the vaceines hy measles or influenza virus, PW papaya. The pap, Whial ty papas © the papaya plan SF estas Herbicide tolerance — genetically modified plants to tolerate herbicide. HET ‘An example is Roundup Ready soybean. Glyphosate, an herbicide for weeds, was introduced to soybeans making it tolerant to the herbicide itself. Farmers then can spray the herbicide killing the weeds but not the soybeans. Fortification — genetically modified plants fortified with certain minerals. An example is Golden Rice. Beta-carotene, & precursor of vitamin A, was introduced through biosynthesis genes to the rice, making the rice grains fortified with vitamin A. Cosmetic preservation — genetically modified plants resist natural discoloration. 4 An example is Arctic Apple. The apple variery was genetically modified to suppress the browning of apple due to superficial damage. Increase growth rate — a genetically modified organism that has higher yield in growth than normal species. An cxample is AquAdvantage salmon. A gene from an ocean. pout, an cel-like fish was introduced to Pacific Chinook salmon, making the salmon grow faster than its normal rate. Se : GMOs in Non-Food Crops and Microorganisms Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in non-food crops and some microorganisms involve the following: @ Flower production — GMOs in flower production are seen in modified color and extended vase life of flowers. Scienze, Technology, nd Society ntact ARTI Re. are, in reality, lilac or purple, contained cyanidin 3,5-dighucoside, together with large amounts of flavonols. The introduction of the flavonoid 31, 51-hydroxylase gene into pelargonidin- or cyanidin- producing rose cultivars diverts the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway toward the production of delphinidin glucosides and the flower color to blue (Elomaa & Holton, 1994). Paper production — modified characteristics of trees for higher yield of paper production, Examples are poplar trees. Lignin is a complex polymer in trees that is removed from wood to make paper through kraft process, through inserting genes that code for ferulic acid in young poplar trees, the lignin structure is modified, making lignin easier to breakdown (Veniza, 2014). Pharmaceutical productions — modified plants to produce pharmaceutical products. Examples are periwinkle plants. Bacterial genes were added to the periwinkle plant to enhance the production of vinblastine, an alkaloid usually added to drugs for cancer treatments like Hodgkin’s lymphoma (Runguphan, 2010). Bioremediation — use of modified plants that can assist in the bioremediation of polluted sites. ¢ _ An-example is shrub tobacco. Nicotiana glauca, or shrub tobacco genetically modified with phytochelatin TaPCSII, is used ‘for bioremediation. It shows high level accumulation of zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel, and boron and produces high biomass, Chapter HI: Specific Iasucs in Science, Technology, and Society Gi Examples are Blue Roses. The so-called “blue” roses, Which q 5. 6. Figure 9. icatlena glance Enzyme and drug production — use of modified microorganisms that can produce enzymes for food processing and medicines. One eyample of this is CGTase. Cyclomaltodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase), an enzyme used for food flavor enhancer, is produced in higher quantity by bacterium Bacillus which was genetically modified with the gene of a thermophilic anacrobe, Thermoanaerobacter, carrying CGTase (Pedersen & Jorgensen, 1995). Figure 10, Thermosnaerobacter Another example is artemesin. Arteny acid is a compound used for anti-malarial drug extracted from sweet wordwood plant.” Through genetic enginecring, it can be synthetically produced by yeast and bacteria with sweet wordwood plant gene (Zimmer, 2006). ‘GMOs in the medical field — genetic enginecring is playing a significant role from diagnosis to treatment of human-dreaded diseases. lt helps in the production of drugs, gene therapy, and laboratory researches. One classic example is Humulin, the genetically engineered insulin used by Type 1 diabetes patients who are insulin- dependent. In the past, insulin is extracted from the pancreases Science, Technology, and Society of pigs and cows that have caused allergic reactions to some diabetics using it. In 1978, researchers from the City of Hope National Medical Center and Genentech Biotechnology Company were able to produce humar. insulin, The gene for insulin was inserted to bacterial DNA that was able to produce almost exactly the same human insulin. This was a breakthrough in the mass production. of human insulin. In 1996, modified human insulin was approved, called the Humalog. Figure 11. Humutin, a sample of genetically engineered insulin, Beneiits of GMOs Studies show some of the poiential benefits of GMOs: * Higher efficiency in farming — with the use of pesticide- resistant/herbicide-tolerant GMO crops, there will be less use for herbicides/pesticides, and lower cost for labor and cultivation. + Increase in harvest’ ~ GMO crops resistant to Pests and diseases means increas* in potential growth and harvest. * — Control in fertility — controlling the purity of the hybrid seeds _ (GMO seeds) ensures higher yields. : + Increase in food processing — altered characteristics of GMO erops help ease food processing. * Improvement of desirable characteristics — GMOs offer longer shelf life, enhanced color and taste, enhanced production or reduction of enzymes, and other modified characteristics of plants, animals, and microorganisms. ‘Chapter I11; Specific Issurs in Science, Technology, and Society On the other hand, great fears loom in the process of this quest. There are many things to be considered before a cemtain medical process using genetic engineering be accepted. These concerns were affirmed bv the reports, of the World Health ‘Organization. WHO reported three major issues on GMOs that are in international public debates. These are the potenilal risks of allergic reactions, gene transfer/flow, and outcrossing (WHO, 2014). The primary issue on GMOs presented in public debate is its unnatural production or what is termed to be a violation of nature, The creation of new organisms, like GMOs, posts moral issues on defiance to natural laws. Another concem is the potential risks to the environment and human health, to which so much is unknown yet. Biosafety on GMOs There are initiatives for the protection of the general human population regarding the issues and concerns about GMOs. [nternational organizations developed principles and treaties that somehow ensure biosafety on GMOs. Some of these initiatives are as follows: % = The Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex). The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) together with the World Health Organization (WHO) created The Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex), Codex is an intergovernmental body that develops the Codex Alimentarius, know us the Intemational Food Code. Codex is responsible for the development of standards, codes of practices, guidelines, and recommendations on food safety. With the pressing issues and concems on GMOs, in 2003, Codex has developed principles for the human health risk analysis of genetically modified {GM) food products. The principles includ: pre-market assessments of GM food products and its evaluation of direct and indirect effects. However, the Codex principles has no binding effect on national legislation but through the sanitary and phytosanitary measures of the World Trade Organization, national legislators are encouraged to complement their national standards with the Codex Principles (WHO, 2014). * Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. Established in 2003, Cartagena Protocol is an international environmental treaty that regulaics the transboundary movements of Living Modified Organisms (LMOs). The Cartagena Protocol requires exporters to seek consent from the importers before its first shipment of LMOs (WHO, 2014), * International Trade Agreement on labelmg of GM food and food products. The agreement requires exporters of GM food and food products to label their products and give rights to imponing partics to reject or accept the GM products. The Premise of this policy is that consumers have the right to know and the freedom to choase GM or non-GM products (Whitman, 2000). The World Health Organization (WHO, 2014) claims that all GM Products that are available in the international market have passed safety assessment by national authorities. The safety assessments basically look x the environmental and health risk factors and food safety usually follows the Codex Food Code. : GMOs in Philippine Context Introduction of GMOs in our country created issues and controversies similar to other countries with GMOs. There are, of course, Proponents and opponents of these issues. The GMO concern started in the 1990s with the creailon of the National Committee on Biosafety of the Philippines (NCBP) through Executive Order No. 430 of 1990. The NCBP developed the guidelines ‘on the planned release of genetically manipulated organisms (GMOs) and Potentially harmful exotic species in 1998. In 2002, the Department of Agriculture released Administrative Order No. 8, the guideline for the importation and release into the environment of GM plants and plant products. On that same year, the entry of GMO importation started (Baumuller, 2003). The Philippines was marked to be the first country in Asia to approved commercial cultivation of GMOs when GM com planting was approved in 2002 (Serapio & Dela Cruz, 2016). ‘Chapter IIT; Specific Tames in Science, Technology, and Society @ > From December 2002 to present, there are 70 GMO applications approved by the Department of Agriculture for the release to the environment, 62 GMOs of which are approved for food feed and processing and the remaining § were approved for propagation (Aruelo, 2016). In 2004, the Philippines was classified by International Service for acquisition of agri-biotech applications as one of the fourteen biotech- mega countries which grow 50,000 hectares or more of GMO crops annually (James, 2004). In that same year, Senator Juan Flavier authored a bill on the mandatory labeling of food and food products with GMOs. The Senate did not pass the bill. In 2006, the Philippines became part of the Cartagena Protocol ‘on Biosafety. In the same year, Executive Order No. 514 was issued to address the biosafety requirements of the Cartagena Protocol and the establishment of the National Biosafety Framework (NBF). In 2010, the Organic Agriculture Act was issucd, encouraging organic agriculture than GMO-related agriculture. Prior to this act, there are several provinces like Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental which agreed to support organic agriculture. There was the establishment of the Negros Organic Island through a memorandum of agreement (MOA) between the nwo provinces in 2005. With this MOA, the two provinces were able to ban the entry of GMOs and living GMOs to their provinces through provincial ordinance. Similar to this case, Davao City passed the Organic Agriculture Ordinance in 2010 ‘This city ordinance helps the prevention of field testing of GM Bt eggplant in the UP Mindanao Campus (Amuelo. 2016). In 2012, Representative Teddy Casifo, together with other congressmen, filed a bill pushing for the mandatory labeling of GM food and food products. To date, there is no Philippine biosafety law, only biosafety regulations formed under NBF. A stady on the biosafety regulations of the Philippine: concluded that the existing regulation is weak. which can be fixed through legislation such as a republic act (Richmond, 2006). In December 2015, the Supreme Court ordered to put an end to the field testing of GMO Bt eggplant and declared Administrative Order No. 8, series of 2002 of the Department of Agriculture as null and void. This means that any actions or procedures related to GMO importations % Science, Technolngs, and Society and propagation is temporarily put to stop until a new administrative order e is issued in accordance with the law. In March 7, 2016, five government agencies namely, the Department of Science and Technology, Department of Agriculture, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Deparment of Health, and Department of the Interior and Local Government, passed a Joint Department Circular No. 1, series of 2016 on rules and regulations for the research and development, handling and use, transboundary movement, release in the environment, and management ‘of the genetically modified plart and plant products derived from the use of modem biotechnology. This joint department circular paves way to issuance of new permits for planting and importing GM crops in the country. iit Genetic engineering is an emerging field of science. Its quests are to preserve and prolong life. In more than four decades since the first genetically modified bacteria was produced, thousands of genetically modified organisms have been created and propagated. Some are approved by expers and government authorities for human use and consumption while others are kept in institutional research laboratories subject for more experiments. ; There are advantages and disadvantages in using genetic engineering in both fields of medicine and food and agriculture, there are controversies that are still debatable up to the present. The major concern of the apponents is the long-term effect of GMOs to humans while the proponents’ flagship is the success stories of the GMO recipients. There is still a long way to go for GMOs to prove itself, as humans seek answers to life's predicaments or as humans play like God, Chapter IT: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Socicty . 1. How would you reconcile the advantages and disadvantages that (GMOs bring to humans? 2, When do you think should the pursuit of GMOs research stop? 3. Is genetic engincering a pure scientific process or it is indeed an net of humans playing like God? 1. Agree or Disagree. Discuss the topics below according to your opinions. Group yourselves based on your opinions (If you agree or disagree). Wi hin your group, prepare pointers for your discussion. Aficr which, face the other group and start a debate. Topics: a. Use of genetically modified milk from animals for human beby consumption * b. Economie concerns over moral issues on GM food and fuud products Research Work. Write an individual research paper on the impacts of GMOs on one of the following topics: a. Golden Rice of the Intemational Rice Research Institute b. Genetically modified organism produced by Philippine researchers: c. Issues on Philippine biosafety policies yw ——___Z_Z_— i _________~ Akhter, J. (2001). “Genetically Modified Foods: Health and Safety Issues.” Research Gate. Accessed October 25, 2017. http://www. researchgate,net/publication/6539067/Genetically_Modified_ Foods_Health_and_Safety_Issucs. Aruclo, L. (2016). "Philippines GMO-Free Zones: Successful Roots in Organic Policy and Law” In GMO-Free Regions. Accessed August 1, 2017. http.//www.gmo-free-regions orp/tileadmin/ files/gmo-frec-regions/Philippines/The_Philippines_GMO- Free_Zones pdf. é Baumuller, H. (2003). "Domestic lmport Regulations for Genetically Modified Organisms afd their Compatibility with WTO Rules.” In International Institute for Sustainable Development. Accessed August 1, 2017. https://wew..ctsd.org/downloads/2008/08/tkn_ baumulter.pdf. Brar, D. “The History of Insulin.” In énternational ister Transplant Registry. Accessed August 1, 7017. hitp://www.med.uni-giessen, de/itr/history/inshist,. html. Elomaa, P. & Holton, T. (1994). Modification of Flower Colour using, Genetic Engineering, Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews. 12:1, 63-88, dol: 10.1950/02648725.1994.10647909. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Paula_Elomaa/ publication/284702780_Modificution_of_Flower_Colour_ using_Genetic_Enginecring/links/56b21 3dd0faeSec4ed4b22a8/ Modification-of-Flower-Colour-using-Genetic-Enginecring, pdf. Encyclopedia.com. (n.d.). “Genetic Engineering.” Accessed August |. 2017. http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/genetic_enginecring. aspx. Grace Communication Foundation. (n.d.). “Genetic Enginecring.” Accessed August 1, 2017. http://www.sustainabletable.oig/264/ genetic-engincering. Kerman, J. (2016). "Gene therapy and genome editing strategies for HIV resistance.” Accessed August 1, 2017. htps://www. * fredhuteh.org/en/news/spotlight/imports/gene-therapy-and- genome-editing-strategies-for-hiv-resistance html. International Service for Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications. (2006). "Biotech Plants for Bioremediation." Accessed August 1, 2017. http://www. isaaa.org/resources/publications/pocketk/25/ default.asp. Chapter III: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society & Manipulation of nanomaterials needs an adept understanding of their types and dimensions. The various types of nanomaterials are classified according to their individual shapes and sizes. They may be panicles, tubes, wires, films, flakes, or shells that have one or more nanometer sized dimensions. One should be able to view and manipulate them so that we can take advantage of their exceptional characteristics. How ts View Nanomaterials Scientists use special types of microscopes to view minuts nanomaterials. During the early 1930s, scientists used electron micrascopes and field microscopes to look at the nanoscale. The scanning tunneling qicroscope and atomic force microscope are just among the modern and remarkable advancements in microscopy. 1, Electron microscope German engineers Crost Ruska and Max Knoll built the first electron microscope during the 1930s, This type of microscope utilizes a particle beam of electrons te light up, a specimen and develop a well-magnified image. Electron microscopes produce higher and better resolution than older light microscopes because they can magnify objects up to a million times while conventional light microscopes can magnify objects up to 1,500 times only. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) are the two general types of electron microscope. 2. Atomic foree microscope (AFM) Tt was first developed by Gerd Binig, Calvin Quate. and Christoph Gerber in 1986. It makes use of a mechanical probe that gathers information from the surface of a material. 3. Scanning tunneling microscope This special type of microscope enables scientists to view and manipulate nanoscale particles; atoms, and smal! molecules. [1 1986, Gerd Binig and Heinrich Rohrer won the Nobel Prize in Physics because of this invention. Nanomanufacturing It refers to scaled-up, reliable, and cost-effective manufacturing of nanoscale materials, structures, devices, and systems. It also involves research, improvement, and incorporation of processes for the construction of materials. Therefore, nanomanufacturing leads to the development of new products and improved materials. Theré are two fundamental pried to nanomanufacturing, either bottom-up or top-down (NNI, Tr 1. Bottom-up fabrication It manufactures products by building them up from atomic- and molecular-scale components. However, this method can be time-consuming. Scientists and engincers arc still in search for effective ways of putting up together molecular components that scif-assemible and from the bottom-up to organized structures. 2. Top-down fabrication It tims down large pieces of materials into nanoscale. This process needs larger amounts of materials and discards excess raw materials, There: are new approaches to the assembly of nanomaterials based from the application of principles in top-down and bottom-up fabrication. These include: * Dip pen lithography Jt is a method in which the tip of an atomic force microscope is “dipped” into a chemical fluid and then utilized to "write" on a surface, like an old-fashioned ink pen onto Paper, ‘Chapter Ill: Specific Iewes in Science, Technutogy, and Society & Self-assembly It depicts ai: approach wherein a set of components join together to mold an organized structure in the absence of an outside direction. + Chemical vapor deposition It is a procedure wherein chemicals act in response to. form very pure, high-performance films. + Nanoimprint lithography It is a method of generating nanoscale attributes by “stamping” or “printing” them onto a surface. * Molecular beam epitaxy It is one manner for depositing extremely controlled thin films, * Roll-to-roll processing It is a high-volume practice for constructing nanoscale | devices on a roll of ultrathin plastic or metal. = Atomic layer epitaxy Tiisa surface. ans for laying down oac-siom-thick layers on a With the use of these techniques, nanomaterials are made more durable, stronger, lighter, water-repellent, ultraviolet- or infrared- yesistant, scratch-resistant, electrically conductive, antireflective, antifog, antimicrobial, self-cleaning, among others. The abovementioned chavacteristics lead to the manufacture of the present variety of nanotechnology-enabled products such as tennis rackets and baseball bats to catalysts for purifying crude oil and ultrasensitive recognition and classification of biological and chemical toxins. it is not impossible that in the near future, computers ihat are better, more efficient, with larger storage of memory, faster, and energy- saving, will be developed. Soon, the entire memory of a computer will be saved in a single tiny chip. Moreover, nanotechnology has the potential to construct high-efficiency, low-cost batteries and solar cells. & Science, Technology, and Society _ Figure 12. A product of nanomanufacturing: A 16 gauge wire, approximately 1.3 millimeters in diameter, made from carbon nanotubes that were spun into thread and the same wire on a 150 ply spool. (Source: Nanocomp). Distinct Features of Nanoscale Nanoteciinology involves operating at a very small dimension and it allows scientists to make use of the exceptional optical, chemical, physical, mechanical, and biological qualities of materials of that small scale (NNI, 2017). The fcllowing ure distinet features of nanoscale: 1. Seale at which much biology occurs. Various ectivides of the cells take place at the nanoscale. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) serves as the genetic ‘material of the cell and is only about 2 nanometers in diameter. Furthermore, the hemoglobin that transports oxygen to the tissues throughout the body is 5.5 nanometers in diameter. Agood number of modern researches focus on advancing procedures, therapies, tools, and treatments that are more accurate and custom-made than traditional, methods and cause no adverse effects on the body. An example of this is the bio-barcode assay, which is a fairly inexpensive approach for identification of specific disease markers in the blvod despite their small number in a particular specimen. ‘Chapter IH: Specific Issues in Sclence, Technology, and Society ®& Scale at which quantum effects dominate propertics of materials. Particles with dimensions of 1-1U0 nanometers have propertics that arc significantly diserete from narticles of bigger dimensions. Quantum effects direct the behavior and properties of particles in this size scale. The properties of materials are highly dependent on their size. Among the essential properties of nanoscale that change as a function of size include chemical reactivity, fluorescence, magnetic permeability, melting point, and electrical conductivity, One example is the nanoscale gold, which is not only the yellow-colored elemeat we are used to secing but it can also appear red or purple. Gold's electrons display restricted motion in the nanoscale, Practically, nanoscale gold particles selectively build up in tumors, where they permit both precise imaging and targeted laser destruction of the tumor while avoiding damage on healthy cells, Nanoscale mater‘als have far larger surface areas than sinvilat ses of langer-scale maicrials. As we increase the surface areca per mass of a particular material, a greater amount of the material comes in contact with another mateiial and can affect its reactivity. W 1 cubic centimeter is filled with micrometer-sized cubes—a trillion (1012) of them, each with a surface area of 6 square micrometers—the total surface area amounts to 6 square meters, or about the area of the main bathroom in an average house. When that single cubic centimeter of volume is filled with 1-nanometer-sized cubes—1021 of them, each with an area of 6 square nanometers—their total surface area comes to 6,000 square meters. Scienee, Technology, and Society Figure 13. The Effect of the Increased Surface Area Provided by Nanostruciured Materials Government Funding for Nanotechnology in Different Countries (Dayrit, 2005) I. U.S. Nationai Nanotechnology Initiative + The best-known and most-funded program is the National Nanoicchnology Initiative of the United States. Tie NNI was established in 2001 to coordinate U.S, federal nanotechnology R&D. The NNI budget in 2008 and 2009 were $1.4 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively. 2. European Commission + In February 2008, the EC officially launched the European Nanoelectronics Initiative Advisory Council (ENIAC). 3. Jepan (Nanotechnology Research Institute, under the National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST) : 4, Taiwan (Taiwan National Science and Technology Program. for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology) India (Nanotechnology Research and Education Foundation) 6. China (National Center for Nanoscience and Technology) 7. Israel (Israel National Nanotechnology Initiative) Chapter 111: Specific Insuss in Selence, Tecthology, asd Sockety = ame — : Eat Sy Dayrit, F.M. (2005). “Nanotechnology: Business and Practical Applications: Where the Philippines Is and Where It Should Be.” Ateneo de Manila University. National Nanotechnology Initiative. (2017). “Manufacturing at the Naneseale.” Accessed February 25, 2017. htups://www.nano. gov/nanotech- 10] Avhat/manufacturing. National Nanotechnology Initiative. (2017). “Nanotechnology 101." Accessed February 25, 2017. hups://www.nano.gov/ nanotech-101/. National Nanotechnology Initiative. (2017). “What is Nanotechnology?” Accessed February 25, 2017. https://www, nano.gov/nanotech-101 /Awhat/definition. National Nanotechnology Initiative. (2017). “What's so special about the Nanoscale?" Accessed February 25, 2017. https://www. nano.gov/nanotech-101/specia!. Roco, M. “National Wanotechnology Initiative: The Long-Term View.” In Proceedings Nanotechnology and the Environment: Applications and Implications, Progress Review Workshop III, EPA, Oct 26-28, 2005, Arlington, VA. Salamanca-Buentello et al. (2005). “Nanotechnology and the Developing World,” PLoS Medicine. Accessed February 25, 2017. http:// www.plosmedicine.org. University of Washington. “Societal and Ethical Implications of "i Nanotechnology.” Accessed February 25, 2017. http://depts. washington.edu/ntethics/. & Seseee, echoes, and Sxity LESSGN 5 THE ASPECTS OF GENE THERAPY Eee Sess ~ At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: + — describe gene therapy and its various forms; and * assess the issue’s potential benefits and detriments to global health. Medical science has detected many human diseases related to defective genes. These types of diseases are not curable by traditional methods like taking readily available medicines, Gene therapy is a potential method to either treat or cure genetic-related human illnesses. In 20i5, a team of researchers at the Harvard Medical Schoo! and the Boston Children’s Hospital stated that they were able to restore basic hearing in genetically deaf mice using gene therapy. The Boston Children’s Hospital research team also reported that they have restored a higher level of hearing—down to 25 decibels which is actually equivalent toa whisper. They used an improved gene, therapy vectof developed at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear that was identified as "Anc80" which enables the transfer of genes to the. inaccessible outer hair cells when introduced into the cochlea (Fliesler, 2017). . Human gene therapy was actually first realized in 1971 ‘when the first recombinant DNA experiments were planned. It can be simply viewed as insertion foreign DNA into a patient's tissue that hope to ‘Chapter TIT: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Saciety successfully eradicate the fame disease. It was actually inspired by the success of recombinant DNA technology which occurred over the last 20 years, Without a doubt, gene therapy is the most promising yet possibly unfavorable medical field being studied. The Basic Process There are several approaches to gene therapy. These are the following (Fliesler, 2017): « Replacement of mutated gene that causes disease with a healthy copy of the gene « [nactivation of a mutated gene that is functioning improperly + Introducing a new gene into the body to help fight a disease In general, a gene cannot be directly inserted into a human gene or cell. A gene is inserted into another gene using a cartier or vector. Al present, the most common type of vectors are viruses that have been genetically changed to carry normal human DNA. Viruses have evolved a way of encapsulating and transporting their genes to human cells in*a pathogenic manner (Science Daily, 2017). Two Types of Gene Therapy The idea of gene therapy is based on correcting a disease al its root; fixing the abnormal genes that appear to lead to certain diseases. There are essentiaily two forms of gene therapy. One of which is called somatic gene therapy. Somatic gene therapy involves the manipulation of genes in cells that will be helpful to the patient but not inherited to the next generation (Nimsergem, 1988). ‘The other form of gene therapy is called germ-line gene therapy which involves the genetic modification of germ cells or the origin cells that will pass the chang: on to the next generation (Your Genome, 2017). ® ‘Science, Technology, and Society nhs. " & | Stem cells are mother cells that have the potential to become any type of ceil in the body. One of the main characteristics of stem cells is their ability to self-renew or multiply while maintaining the potential to develop into other types of cells. Stem cells can become cells of the blood, heart, bones, skin, muscles, brain, among others. There are different sources of st=m cells wut all types of stem cells have the same capacity to develop into multiple types of cells. Stem Cell Gene Therapy Stem cells are derived from different sources. Two of which are embryonic and somatic stem cells. ‘The embryonic stem cells are derived from a four- or five-day-old human embryo that is in the blastocyst phase of development. The embryos are usually extras that have been created in ['VF (in vitro festilization) clinics wiere severa! eggs are fertilized ina test tube then implanted into a woman (Crosta, 2013). The somatic stem cells are ceils that exist throughout the body ufier embryonic development and are found inside of different types of tissuc. These stem cells have been found in tissues such as the brain, bone marrow, blood, blood vessels, skeicial muscles, skin, and the liver, They remain in a non-dividing state for years until activated by disease or tissue injury. These stem cells can divide or self-renew indefinitely, enabling them to generate a range of cell types from the originating organ or even regenerate the entire original organ. It is generally thought that adult or somatic stem cells are limited in their ability to differentiate based on their tissue of origin, but there is some evidence to suggest that they can differentiate to becume other cell types (Crosta, 2013). The Bioethics of Gene Therapy There are ethical issues involved in gene therapy. Some of the inquiries cited are (Genetics Home Reference, 2017): 1. How can “good” and “bad” uses of gene therapy be distinguished? 2. Who decides which traits are normal and which constitute a disability or disorder? ‘Chapter III: Specific Ismues in Science, Technology, and Society 3. Will the high costs of gene therapy make it available only to the wealthy? 4. Could the widespread use of gene therapy make society less accepting of people who are different? 5. Should people pe allowed to use gene therapy to enhance basic human traits such as height, intelligence, or athletic ability? Another controversy involves the germline therapy. As discussed, germline therapy is genetic modification of germ cells that will pass the change on to the next generation. There are a lot of questions on the effects of the gene alteration to the unborn child and the next generation, since the alteration can be passed on, In the United States, the government does not fund researches on human germline gene therapy. > Gene therapy is a method that may treat or cure penetic-relaied human illnesses. There are two forms cf gene therapy. One is somatic gene therapy which involves the manipulation of genes in cells that will be, helpful to the patient but not inherited to the next geuvration. The othe: is germline gene therapy which involves the genetic modification of germ cells or the origin cells tal will pass the change to the next generation. There are many ethical issues on gene therapy. Some of these issues are about questions on whose authority or power to decide which human traits should be altered; other concerns are on the discriminatory effects of those who may not or cannot avail gene therapy. Reena UU mr sem ODI Sy ThE Would you subject yourself for gene therapy without its 100% assurance of effectiveness or future negative side effects? Should gene therapy be limited to medical concerns only ur could it be used for aesthetic purpases? Flow chart. Make a flow chart of the basic process of gene therapy. Explain each part of the Process. You may use references for your guide, 2. Concept mapping. Using a Venn diagram, differentiate the two forms of gene therapy. 3. Debate. Have a debate on the bicethical issues on gene therapy. & Science, Techsology, and Society Crosia, P. (n.d.). “What Are Stem Cells?” Accessed August 1, 2017. http://www.medicainewstoday.com/info/stem_cell, Flicsler, N. (2017). “Now Hear This." Accessed August 1, 2017. https://hras.harvard.edu/news/now-hear. Genetics Home Reference. (2017). "What are the ethical issues surrounding gene therapy?" Accessed August 1, 2017. httpa:// ehr.nim.nih.gov/primer/therapy/ethics. Medicine Net. (n.d.). “Stem Cell.” Accessed August 1, 2017. hup:// www. medicinenet.com/stem_cells/article.htm#. Nimsergern, M. (1988). “Gene Therapy.” Accessed August 1, 2017. hitps://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~meclean/plsc43 I/students98/ nimsgren.htm. Science Daily. (n.d.). “Gene Therapy.” Accessed August 1, 2017, hutps://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/gene_theripy htnt. Your Genome. (nd.). "Is Gemline Gene Therapy Ethical” Accessed August 1, 2017. https://vww yourgenome,omg/debates/ is-germiline-gene-therapy-cthical, Chapter 111: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society ® The greenhouse gases mentioned are natural gases, However, the high level of these pases in the atmosphere contributes to the greenhouse effect. The increasing amount of these gases is due to huiman activities. High level of carbon dioxide comes from fossil fuel use in transportation; and the building, herting, cooling, and manufacture of cement and other goods. Deforestation releases carbon dioxide and reduces its uptake by plants. High methane emission {s related to agriculwre, natural gas distribution, and landfills. High nitrous oxide is also emitted by human activities such as fertilizer use and fossil fuel burming. Halocarbon gas concentrations have increased primarily due to human activities. Principal halocarbons include the chlorofluorocarbons (¢.g., CFC-L1 and CFC-12) which were used extensively as refrigeration agents and in other industrial processes before their presence in the atmosphere was found to cause stratuspheric ozone depletion. The abundance of chlorofluorocarbon gases is decreasing as a result of international regulations designed to protect the ozone layer (The Encyclopedia of Earih, 2016). (Ozone is another grceniiouse gas that is continually produced and destroyed in the atmosphere by chemical reactions In the troposphere, human activities have increased ozone through the release of gases such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide, which chemically react to produce ozonc. Halocarbons releaced by human activities destroy ozoné in the stratosphere and have caused the ozone hole over Antarctica. While water vapor is the most abundant and important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, human activities have only a small direct influence on the amount of atmospheric water vapor. Indirectly, humans have the potential to affect water vapor substantially by changing climate. For example, a warmer atmosphere contains more water vapor. Human activities alsn influence water vapor through CH, emissions, because CH, undergocs chemical destruction in the stratosphere, producing a small amount of water vapor, and aerosols, the small particles present in the atmosphere with widely varying size, concentration, and chemical composition. Some aerosols are emitted directly into the atmosphere while others are formed from emitted compounds. Aerosols contain both naturally occurring compounds and those emitted as a result of human activities. Fossil fuel and biomass Surning have increased aerosols containing sulphur compounds, organic: compounds, and black carbon (soot). Human activities such as surface mining and industrial processes have increased dust in the atmosphere ) Sclence, Technology, and Society (IPCC, 2007). On September 16, 1986, am international treaty was adapted. It is called the Montreal Protoco!. The treaty aimed to regulate the production and use of chemicals that contribute to Ozone layer depletion (Britannica, 2017). Effects of Climate Change on Society ‘Climate change could cause severe affects to all life forms around our planet. It direct affects the basic elements of people's lives like water, food, health, use of land, and the environment. ‘With the average global temperature which is predicted to rise by 2 to 3°C within the next fifly years, glaciers will continue to melt faster. Melting glaciers will increase flood risks during the wet season and strongly reduce dry-season water supplies to one-sixth of the world’s population, predominantly in the Indian subcontinent, parts of China, and the Andes in South America. Declining crop yields due to drought, especial!y in Africa, are likcly to leave hundreds of millions without the ability to produce or purchase sufficient food. At mid to high latitudes, crap yields may increase for moderate temperature rises (2 to °C), but then decline with greater amounts of warming. Ocean edification, a direct result of rising caroen dioxide levels, will have major effects on marine ecosystems, with possible adverse consequences on fish stocks (Stern, 2007). Climate change will increase worldwide deaths from malnutrition and heat stress. Vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever _ ould become more widespread if effective control measures arc not in place, Rising sea levels may result in more flooded areas each year with a warming of 3 or 4°C. There will be serious risks and increasing pressures for coastal protection (Stem, 2007). Ecosystems will be particularly vulnerable to climate change, with one study estimating that around 15-40% of species face extinction with 2°C of warming. The consequences of climate change will become disproportionately more damaging with increased warming. Higher temperatures will increase the chance of triggering abrupt and large-scale changes that lead to regional disruption, migration, and conflict. Warming may induce sudden shifts in regional weather patterns like the monsoons or the El Nifio. Such changes would have severe consequences for water availability and flooding in tropical regions and threaten the livelihood ‘Chapter IL: Specific Issues in Sclence, Technology, and Sackety & of billions. Melting or collapse of ice sheets would raise sea levels and eventually threaten at least 4 million km? of land, which today is home to §% of the world’s population (Stern, 2007). —————_—_______— Climate change is a worldwide issue that we have to face. Climate change is referred as statistically significant climate variation persisting for wn extended period of time. The continuous climate change could bring drastic effects to living and nontiving forms on Earth. Climate change is brought by several factors like natural processes and persistent human activities. Global warming is one of the major effects of climate change. Global warming threatens all life forms on Earth. It has drastic effects on water availability, food source, health issues, land use, and ecesystem. Le ECS SSS 1. What significant contribution car individuals make in response to climate change? 2. Is climate change preventable? 3. What should be the significant contribution of the society as well as the government in mitigating the hazards caused by climate change? I. Group Work, Each group will create an infomercial showing how the community can help mitigate the hazards caused by climate 2. Individual Work. Create an advocacy campaign by making'a poster via social media that tells about how the community will help mitigate the hazards caused by climate change. ‘Science, Technology, and Society Sn Academic Emporia. (n.d.). "Milankovitch Theory,” Accessed August I, 2017. hitp://academic.cmporia.edu/aberjame/student/ howard2/theory.him. Britannica. (n.d). “Montreal Protocol.” Accessed August 1, 2017, hittps://www_britannica.com/event/Montreal- Protocol. Esribano, R. & Tanarro, [. (2010). Spectroscopy of the Atmosphere. Madrid: 2010, Accessed Octaber 10, 2017. https://books.google. com_ph/books. Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change. (2007). “Climate Change.” Accessed August |, 2017. https://www.ipce.ch/ publications_and_data/ar4/wel /en/faq-2-|.huml. Pavico, J.M.F. (2015). Exploring Life Through Science. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Real Climate. (2010). "The Carbon Dioxide Theory of Gilbert Plas.” Accessed August |, 2017, http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/ archives/2010/01 /the-carbon-dioxide-theory-of-gilbert-plass/. Stern, N. (2007). “How Climate Change Affects People Around the World.” In The Economics of Climate Change. p. 56-65. https:/f books.google.com.ph/books. The Encyclopedia of Earth. (2016). “Climate Change.” Accessed October 25, 2017. http://www.editors.col.org/eocarth/wiki/ climate_change_main. (Chapter III: Specific: Issues in Science, Technology, and Society ©