Interdisciplinary Study of Science, Technology, and Society: Midterm Exam, Exams of Nursing

Download Interdisciplinary Study of Science, Technology, and Society: Midterm Exam and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Science- Technology- and Society – Midterm Comprehensive Exam with Correct Answers 100% Accuracy STS: Introduction - Correct Answers -is an interdisciplinary field of study -seeks to explore and understand the many ways science and technology shape culture, values, and institution and how such context shape science and technology. STS: Definition - Correct Answers -is an interdisciplinary field of study -seeks to explore and understand the many ways science and technology shape culture, values, and institution and how such context shape science and technology. Objectives of STS - Correct Answers provides resource for thinking critically and more ethical, examines how science and technology emerge, how they affect society, and how they evolve through social processes. Understand both the technical and social dimensions of science and technology, helps us become more well-informed citizens. Importance of STS - Correct Answers intimately bound up with three leading concerns of citizens and governments in contemporary societies: military power, economic strength, and medical well-being. Military Power - Correct Answers it is controversial because the outcome of WWII depended heavily on the superior scientific and technological capabilities of the US and its Allies. Technical resources remain vital to be the national security of national governments. That's why many countries invest in military to not get bullied. Economic Strength - Correct Answers technology plays the major role in increasing the country's productivity, a factor to critical to long-term economic growth and an increasing standard of living. In fact, almost half of the increase in productivity achieved in the US came from technological develop, a contribution far greater than those of capital, education, resource allocation, or economies of scale. Medical Well-Being - Correct Answers advancement in diagnosis and surgery to vaccines, therapeutic drugs, prosthetic devices, and rehabilitative apparatus. Human success and failures - Correct Answers while science and technology may be spectacular at the species level, however there are still lapses. Science - Correct Answers -combating irrationality -preeminent source of cognitive authority Technology - Correct Answers - sustaining the private corporation - Source of Personal Identity -Social integration and stratification Science: Combating irrationality - Correct Answers - Began in 18th century - Became imbued with a skeptical view and approach to traditional knowledge claims. - Deflate narcissism and combat assorted obnoxious claims to inherent superiority associate with racisms, sexism, ageism, ethnocentrisms, and anthropocentricism. Science: preeminent source of cognitive authority - Correct Answers - 20th century, science has become recognized as the leading source of cognitive authority in modern western life. - Before people turn to sacred text and religious leaders for assistance in making the necessary determination. - However, there is now a relatively firm social consensus about the direction in which to turn in such instances: to science. - Contemporary western society the situation faced by Galileo has been reversed. Technology: sustaining the private corporation - Correct Answers - Technology has long been important in individual and group survival struggles, whether in hunting-and- gathering or agricultural societies. - Outside of government, the dominant role played by technology in contemporary society is that of helping corporations survive and increase their profits, something assumed to translate into substantial benefits for society at large. - In the late 20th century, most influential circle of the western world, corporation- controlled technological innovation is regarded as the leading contributor to and sine qua non (something that is absolutely needed) have continued and enhanced societal well-being. Technology: source of personal identity - Correct Answers - This socioeconomic role, reflecting the interests of producers and owners, is complemented by a sociopsychological on involving consumers. - The items of technology a person possesses have, along with work, become increasingly important source of identity and self-esteem. - In contemporary Western society identity and esteem are increasingly rooted in the individual's personal technological inventory. - This suggests that one can secure an identity and garner self-esteem by acquiring and displaying the right -to artifacts. Technology: social integration and stratification - Correct Answers - It carries out this integrative role by promoting shared political awareness, common value orientations, and similar consumption patterns, as well as by facilitating intermittent contact between parties at a distance. Introduction of STS - Correct Answers The term technology and science are commonly used and unselfconsciously in everyday discourse and writing. People who use these expressions take it for granted that they and their listeners or readers have Humans - Correct Answers Who attempted through technology to decrease vulnerability by extending their capacities. TRUE - Correct Answers The technology nowadays is beyond the purpose of human survival. e.g. transistors, fiber-optics, nuclear reactors, etc... Aristotle - Correct Answers -"All men by nature desire to know". -The human being is an innately curious creature. -Where possible, this primal propensity manifests itself in marvel at the world and attempts to understand it intellectually. Friedrich Nietzsche - Correct Answers: -Theoretical inquiry into life is viewed as a sophisticated defense mechanism against the fear and anxiety experienced by vulnerable humans in confronting the awesome phenomena of the natural world. -Through scientific knowledge, the human condition will eventually come to seem less horrific. Materialist conjecture sees the origin of science essentially the same as technology - Correct Answers A. • Science is an attempt to compensate for an aspect of human finitude: the fact that humans are not omniscient. • Well-grounded scientific knowledge of the forces and phenomena of the natural world affords new power to its possessors and gives them an advantage over those who lack it. Hunting and Gathering Societies: Historical Period - Correct Answers Only type of society until 12000 years ago; still common several centuries ago; the few examples remaining today are threatened with extinction. Hunting and Gathering Societies: Productive Technology - Correct Answers Primitive weapons Hunting and Gathering Societies: Population Size - Correct Answers 25-40 people Horticultural and Pastoral Societies: Historical Period - Correct Answers From about 12,000 years ago, with decreasing numbers after about 3000 a.m. Horticultural and Pastoral Societies: Productive Technology - Correct Answers uses hand tools for cultivating plants; pastoral societies are based on the domestication of animals Horticultural and Pastoral Societies: Population - Correct Answers Settlements of several hundred people connected through trading ties to form societies of several thousand people. Agrarian Societies: Historical Period - Correct Answers From about 5,000 years ago, with large but decreasing numbers today. Agrarian Societies: Productive Technology - Correct Answers Animal-drawn plow Agrarian Societies: Population - Correct Answers Millions of people Industrial Societies: Historical Period - Correct Answers From about 1750 to the present Industrial Societies: Productive Technology - Correct Answers Advanced sources of energy; mechanized production Industrial Societies: Population - Correct Answers Millions of people Postindustrial Societies: Historical Period - Correct Answers Emerging in recent decades Postindustrial Societies: Productive Technology - Correct Answers Computers that support an information-based economy Postindustrial Societies: Population - Correct Answers Millions of people Nomadic: Social Organization - Correct Answers Family-centered; specialization limited to age and sex; little social inequality Nomadic: Examples - Correct Answers Pygmies of Central Africa, Bushmen of Southwestern Africa, Aborigines of Australia, Semi of Malaysia, Kaka Indians of Canada Horticulturalist form small permanent settlements; pastoralists are nomadic: Social Organization - Correct Answers Family oriented; religious system begins to develop; moderate specialization, increased social inequality Horticulturalist form small permanent settlements; pastoralists are nomadic: Example - Correct Answers Middle eastern societies about 5000 be various societies today in new guinea and other pacific islands, Yanomamo today in South Africa Cities become common, but they general contain only a small proportion of the population: Social Organization - Correct Answers Family losses significance as distinct religious, political, and economic systems emerge; extensive specialization; increased social inequality. Cities become common, but they general contain only a small proportion of the population: Examples - Correct Answers Egypt during construction of the Great Pyramids, medieval Europe, numerous predominantly agrarian societies of the world today. Cities contain most of the population: Social Organization - Correct Answers Distinct religious; political, economic, educational, and family systems; highly specialized, marketed social inequality persists, lessening somewhat over time. Cities contain most of the population: Example - Correct Answers Most societies today in Europe and North America, Australia, and Japan, which generate most of the world's industrial production Population remains concentrated in cities: Social Organization - Correct Answers Similar to industrial societies, with information processing and other service work gradually replacing industrial production Population remains concentrated in cities: example - Correct Answers Industrial Societies are now entering the postindustrial stage.