Self Reflection about Agricultural Policy, Essays (high school) of English

Download Self Reflection about Agricultural Policy and more Essays (high school) English in PDF only on Docsity! Agricultural Policy SELF REFLECTION Agricultural Policy is concerned with the relations between agriculture economics, and society. Land ownership and the structure of farm enterprises were traditionally regarded as primarily social problems. The growth of agricultural production in the 20" century, accompanied by a decline in size of the rural population, however, gave impetus to research in agricultural policy. In the capitalist countries, this policy has concentrated on the influence of prices and market mechanisms; in the centrally planned countries, emphasis has been placed on artificially created market structure. Agricultural policy shaped in the axis of increasing productivity and competitiveness, ensuring food security and safety and sustainable development. The main objective of agricultural policy in the early years was to increase production due to the needs of increasing food supply. Because of the national priorities and needs, a protective policy was followed with government intervention. In order to increase production, price supports were given and customs duties were kept at a high level. While the aim of agricultural policy was self-sufficiency during 1923-50 periods, it was aimed to focus on exports besides self-sufficiency by increasing production through mechanization with Marshall Aid in 1948. Agricultural Policy are divided into 28 lectures. Lecture 1 focuses mainly on Development Economics which is a branch of economics that focuses on improving fiscal, economic, and social conditions in developing countries. Development economics considers factors such as _ health, education, working conditions, domestic and international policies, and market conditions with a focus on improving conditions in the world’s poorest countries. Lecture 2, Economist and statisticians are use several methods to track economic growth. The most well-known and frequently tracked is the gross domestic product (GDP). Over highlighted limitations and biases in the GDP calculation. Organizations such as Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) also keep relative productivity metrics to gauge economic potential. Some suggest measuring economic growth through increase in the standard of living, although this can be tricky to quantify. Lecture 3, Amartya Sen is an internationally renowned economist who currently serves as Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University. Sen has also held positions at many other universities, including the University of Cambridge, the Delhi School of Economics, the London School of Economics, and Oxford University. Lecture 4, There are three core values of development: sustenance, self-esteem, and freedom. Sustenance: Sustenance is the ability to meet basic needs of people. All people have certain basic needs without which life would be impossible. This basic needs include food, shelter, health, and protection. People should have access to these basic needs. Self-esteem: Sense of worth and self-respect and feeling of not being marginalized are extremely important for individuals’ wellbeing. All peoples are societies seek some form of self- esteem (identity, dignity, respect, honor etc.). the nature and form of self- esteem may vary from on culture to another and from time to time. Self- esteem may be based on material values: higher income or wealth may be equated with higher worthiness. One may consider individual’s worthy based on their intellect or public service. Freedom from Servitude: Human freedom, the ability to choose, is the essential for the wellbeing of individuals. Freedom involves an expanded range of choices for societies: economic and political. It involves freedom from bondage, serfdom, and other exploitative economic, social, and political relationships. Lecture 5, Welfare economics is the study of how the allocation of resources and goods affects social welfare. This relates directly to the study of economic efficiency and income distribution, as well as how these two factors affect the overall well-being of people in the economy. In practical terms, welfare economists seek to provide tools to guide public policy to achieve beneficial social and economic outcomes for all of society. However, welfare economics is a subjective study that depends heavily on chosen assumptions regarding how welfare can be defined, measured, and compared for individuals and society as a whole. Lecture 6, The Structural Diversity of Developing Countries. In lecture 7, A developed economy is typically characteristic of a developed country with a relatively high level of economic growth and security. Standard criteria for evaluating a country’s level of development are income per capita or per capita gross domestic product, the level of industrialization, the general standard of living, and the amount of technological infrastructure. Lecture 8, Everett Hagen, in his book ‘On the Theory of Social Change (1962)' tried to answer the question, “Why have the people of certain societies entered upon technological progress sooner or more effectively than other?” He sought explanations for this question in anthropology, sociology and psychology. Lecture 9, Walt Rostow took a historical approach in suggesting that developed countries have tended to pass through 5 stages to reach their current degree of economic development. Lecture 10, Theories of Economic Growth. Lecture 11, The Solow residual is based on the work of Nobel prize- winning economist Robert Solow, whose growth model defined productivity growth as rising output with constant capital and labor. Lecture 12, Sir Arthur Lewis was an economist who made lasting contributions to the field of development economics. In 1979, Lewis was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. Lecture 13, The