Sex and Gender - Sociological Imagination - Lecture Slides, Slides of Sociology

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Chapter 10 Sex and Gender docsity.com Questions for You… • How are issues of gender “socially constructed” in society? • How do social institutions such as the family, the peer group, eductional institutions and the media facilitate social expectations of gender? • Is there evidence that gender role socialization is becoming more “gender neutral?” docsity.com Sex and Gender • Sex refers to the biological differences between females and males. • Gender refers to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males. docsity.com Society and Gender • The organization and social structures within society significantly impact how power, property and prestige are distributed based on gender. • Women make up the world’s largest minority population as women, collectively, do not have the sam degrees of power, property and prestige as men world wide. docsity.com The Pay Gap • There is a “pay gap” that exists between men and women in virtually all professions. • According to data published by the AFL-CIO, women earn approximately 80% of a man’s income. What social factors could account for the pay gap? Take a look at the link below. docsity.com How Much Do You Know About Body Image and Gender? • False – Many people do not have a very accurate perception of their bodies. – For example, many girls and women think of themselves as “fat” when they are not. – Some boys and men believe that they need a well- developed chest and arm muscles, broad shoulders, and a narrow waist. docsity.com How Much Do You Know About Body Image and Gender? • True or False? – Young girls and women very rarely die as a result of anorexia or bulimia. docsity.com How Much Do You Know About Body Image and Gender? • False. – Although the exact number is not known, many young girls and women die as a result of starvation, malnutrition, and other problems associated with anorexia and bulimia. docsity.com Hermaphrodites • Caused by a hormone imbalance, a hermaphrodite has a combination of male and female genitalia. • Western societies acknowledge two sexes, other societies recognize three: – Men – Women – Berdaches - males who behave, dress, work,and are treated as women. docsity.com Gender: The Cultural Dimension • Most “sex differences” are socially constructed gender differences. • Gender is embedded in the images, ideas, and language of a society. • Gender is used as a means to divide up work, allocate resources, and distribute power. docsity.com Gender Socialization • The process of learning to be male or female. • Gender Scripts: The social expectations of gender assigned to males and females. docsity.com Gender Stereotypes • Men – strong, rational, dominant, independent, less concerned with appearance • Women – weak, emotional, nurturing, dependent, anxious about appearance docsity.com Polling Question • If you were taking a new job and had your choice of a boss, would you prefer to work for a man or a woman? A.Man B.Woman C.No preference docsity.com Gendered Division of Labor Three factors: • Type of subsistence base. • Supply of and demand for labor. • The extent to which women's child-rearing activities are compatible with certain types of work. docsity.com Agrarian Economic Characteristics Labor-intensive farming Control of Surplus Men who own land or herds Inheritance Patrilineal Control over Procreation Men—to ensure legitimacy of heirs Women’s Status Low docsity.com Industrial Economic Characteristics Mechanized production of goods Control of Surplus Men who own means of production Inheritance Bilateral Control over Procreation Men—but less so in later stages Women’s Status Low docsity.com Postindustrial Economic Characteristics Information and service economy Control of Surplus Corporate shareholders and high-tech entrepreneurs Inheritance Bilateral Control over Procreation Mixed Women’s Status Varies by class, race, and age docsity.com Peers and Gender Socialization • Peers help children learn gender-appropriate and inappropriate behavior. • During adolescence, peers often are more effective at gender socialization than adults. • College student peers play an important role in career choices and the establishment of long term, intimate relationships. docsity.com Schools and Gender Socialization • Teachers provide messages about gender through classroom assignments and informal interactions with students. • Teachers may unintentionally show favoritism toward one gender over the other. docsity.com Sports and Gender Socialization • From elementary school through high school: – Boys play football. – Girls are cheerleaders, members of the drill team, and homecoming queens. • For many males, sports is a training ground for masculinity. docsity.com % of Women, African Americans, and Hispanics in Selected Occupations docsity.com By The Wage Gap — By Age Age Women Women Women Women Women ages 16-24 ages 25-34 ages 35-44 ages 45-54 ages 55-64 docsity.com The Wage Gap — By Racial-Ethnic Group By Racial-Ethnie Group 100% 79 76 75% 67 6a 61 50% 25% White White African African Hispanic Hispanic men women American American men women men women 3 docsity.com Views of Division of Labor by Gender Theory View Functionalism Women’s roles as caregivers are crucial in ensuring that societal tasks are fulfilled. Conflict Division of labor within families and the workplace results from male control and dominance over women and resources. docsity.com The Human Capital Model • According to this model, individuals vary in the amount of human capital they bring to the labor market. • Human capital is acquired by education and job training; it is the source of a person’s productivity and can be measured in terms of the return on the investment (wages) and the cost (schooling or training) . docsity.com Sociological Perspectives on Gender Stratification Perspective Focus Theory/hypothesis Functionalist Macrolevel analysis of gender roles. Traditional roles ensure that important tasks will be performed. Conflict Power and economic differentials between genders. Unequal power heightens gender-based social inequalities. docsity.com 1. Primary sex characteristics are: A. genitalia. B. ones that are most important in a relationship. C. clothing that a person wears. D. characteristics such as facial hair and tone of voice that are obvious when meeting someone. docsity.com Answer: A • Primary sex characteristics are genitalia. docsity.com 2. A ________ is a person whom the sex- related structures of the brain that define gender identity are opposite from the physical sex organs of the person's body. A. transsexual B. hermaphrodite C. transvestite D. berdaches docsity.com Answer: D • A hermaphrodite is a person in whom sexual differentiation is ambiguous or incomplete. docsity.com 4. In hunting and gathering societies: A. Neither sex is more dominant because neither has the ability to provide all the food necessary for survival. B. males are more dominant because they hunt for game. C. equality exists due to indigenous religions that state this is necessary. D. females are more dominant because they collect fruits and vegetables docsity.com Answer: A • In hunting and gathering societies neither sex is more dominant, because neither has the ability to provide all the food necessary for survival. docsity.com 6. In agrarian societies there is gender equality. A. False. B. True. docsity.com Answer: A • There is not gender equality in agrarian societies. docsity.com 7. Gender socialization typically stops once one discontinues school. A. False. B. True. docsity.com