Understanding Information Systems: A Comprehensive Guide, Summaries of Pest Management

Download Understanding Information Systems: A Comprehensive Guide and more Summaries Pest Management in PDF only on Docsity! Sadat Academy for Management Science Faculty of Management Science Intro to Info Tech Comp Info Sys. Represented to Prof. Raghda Naser Proposed by Zeyad Yasser Ahmed 4A 2021-2022 Table of Contents Information SYStOM .ussescescssscsssceseescesccsscssssessescsccssssessessesssssssessessessssssssssessessessssssssssesseassaseoses 3 Types of information SYStOM....scscssssssessesscsecesscessescssscssssessessessssesssssessssssssssessessessesssssseseesees 6 Information system development. List of figures Figure 1: information SySteM......ccecsesssesssesssesssessecsecssecssecssecssecesecssecesecssecssecssecssecesecssecesesseeeseseee 3 Figure 2: information system develOopMent ........cccscecsecssecssecsecseceseceuecesecssecssecesecesecssecsseceseeeseseee 8 List of tables Table 1: kinds of information Table 2: Types of information system devices and communications devices. In pre-computer information systems, the hardware might include ledger books and ink. 2. Software: The term software refers to computer programs and the manuals (if any) that support them. Computer programs are machine-readable instructions that direct the circuitry within the hardware parts of the system to function in ways that produce useful information from data. Programs are generally stored on some input/output medium, often a disk or tape. The "software" for pre-computer information systems included how the hardware was prepared for use (e.g., column headings in the ledger book) and instructions for using them (the guidebook for a card catalog). 3. Data: Data are facts that are used by systems to produce useful information. In modern information systems, data are generally stored in machine-readable form on disk or tape until the computer needs them. In pre-computer information systems, the data are generally stored in human-readable form. 4. Procedures: Procedures are the policies that govern the operation of an information system. "Procedures are to people what software is to hardware" is a common analogy that is used to illustrate the role of procedures in a system. 5. People: Every system needs people if it is to be useful. Often the most overlooked element of the system is the people, probably the component that most influence the success or failure of information systems. This includes "not only the users, but those who operate and service the computers, those who maintain the data, and those who support the network of computers." 6. Feedback: it is another component of the IS, that defines that an IS may be provided with feedback (Although this componentisn't necessary to function). Data is the bridge between hardware and people. This means that the data we collect is only data until we involve people. At that point, data is now information. Volume of Type of Management System support information information level Low condensed _| Unstructured Upper DSS Medium Moderately Middle MIS moderately structured processed Large detail Highly structured | Lower DPS reports Table 1: kinds of information Table 1: kinds of information Types of information system The "classic" view of Information systems found in textbooks in the 1980s was a pyramid of systems that reflected the hierarchy of the organization, usually transaction informatic system at the bottom of the pyramid, followed by management information system, decision support system, and ending with executive information system at the top. Although the pyramid model remains useful since it was first formulated, a number of new technologies have been developed and new categories of information systems have emerged, some of which no longer fit easily into the original pyramid model. A computer(-based) information system is essentially an IS using computer technology to carry out some or all of its planned tasks. [2] The basic components of computer-based information systems are: « Hardware- these are the devices like the monitor, processor, printer, and keyboard, all of which work together to accept, process, show data, and information. « Software- are the programs that allow the hardware to process the data. « Databases- are the gathering of associated files or tables containing related data. e Networks- are a connecting system that allows diverse computers to distribute resources. e Procedures- are the commands for combining the components above to process information and produce the preferred output. The first four components (hardware, software, database, and network) make up what is known as the information technology platform. Information technology workers could then use these components to create information systems that watch over safety measures, risk and the management of data. These actions are known as information technology services. Certain information systems support parts of organizations, others support entire organizations, and still others, support groups of organizations. Recall that each department or functional area within an organization has its own collection of application programs or information systems. These functional area information systems (FAIS) are supporting pillars for more general IS namely, business intelligence systems anddashboards. As the name suggests, each FAIS supports a particular function within the organization, e.g.: accounting IS, finance IS, production-operation management (POM) IS, marketing IS, and human resources IS. In finance and accounting, managers use IT systems to forecast revenues and business activity, to determine the best sources and uses of funds, and to perform audits to ensure that the organization is fundamentally sound and that all financial reports and documents are accurate. Other types of organizational information systems are FAIS, transaction processing system, enterprise resource planning, office | automation system, management __ information system, decision support system, expert system, executive dashboard, supply chain management system, and electronic commerce system. Dashboards are a special form of IS that support all managers of the organization. They provide rapid access to timely information and direct access to structured information in the form of reports. Expert systems attempt to duplicate the work of human experts by applying reasoning capabilities, knowledge, and expertise within a specific domain.