Siaya County Spatial Plan: Demographic Characteristics and Urbanization, Exams of Biomechanics

Download Siaya County Spatial Plan: Demographic Characteristics and Urbanization and more Exams Biomechanics in PDF only on Docsity! SIAYA COUNTY SPATIAL PLAN 2018-2028 KAKAMEGA fa Si. -~ VIHIGA i>) UGANDA PLAN APPROVAL I certify that the plan has been prepared as per section 110 of the County Government Act 2012 and the physical planning standards and guidelines. Signature…………………………...……… Date………………………………………. Plan. Maurice Ochieng County Director of Physical Planning RECOMMENDED Signature ………………………………... Date…………………………………… Dismas Omondi Odhiambo Wakla Executive Committee Member Land, Physical Planning, Surveying and Housing APPROVAL Hansard No. Date ………………………………… ………………………………………………….. County Assembly ENDORSED Signature………………………………… Date………………………………………... H.E Cornel Rasanga, The Governor Siaya County iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This County Spatial Plan is the first of its kind for Siaya under the new Constitution of Kenya, 2010, which created the 47 county governments Siaya being one of them. The Plan is a strategic vision that defines the general trend and direction of spatial development for the county, covering the entire thirty Wards in the six Sub counties; Gem, Ugenya, Ugunja, Alego, Bondo and Rarieda. It is a ten (10) years term Plan spanning the period from 2018 to 2028. The preparation of the County Spatial Plan is a requirement under the County Government Act, 2012 which provides for all County Governments in Kenya to prepare and implement county spatial plans. The County Spatial Plan has been prepared within the existing legal and policy frameworks and International treaties. The Sustainable Development Goals, County Government Act, the Urban Areas & Cities Act & the Physical Planning Act (Cap 286) guided the preparation of the Plan and give it requisite legitimacy. Policies that espouse the broad objectives of the National Government and the County Government within given sectors provide the principles that put them into effect. These are: Sustainable Development Goals, Kenya Vision 2030, National Spatial Plan, The National Land Policy and the National Urban Development Policy. The purpose of the Spatial Plan is to provide a county spatial structure that defines how its space will be utilized to ensure optimal and sustainable use of land. This will facilitate the achievement of the land policy principles of efficiency, equity, sustainability and productivity, and promote the attainment of social, economic and environmental goals and objectives. Further, the Plan provides strategies and policies to deal with challenges including urbanization, regional imbalances/inequalities, rural underdevelopment, environmental degradation, and underutilization of the massive resources available in the country. The Siaya County Spatial Plan is organized into seven parts. Part 1, Background and the Planning Context). The background covers the purpose of the plan, vision, objectives and the scope of the County Spatial Plan. The planning context includes the location and size, administrative units, approach used in plan preparation, constitutional, policy and legal framework as well as linkage to other plans. Part 2 Situation Analysis: Presents the base maps, physiographic characteristics, population and demography, land, land tenure and categorization, environment and natural resources, human settlement and urbanization, transport, infrastructure and services, and economic base of Siaya County. Part 3 Synthesis: This section presents the summary of planning issues including opportunities, challenges and potentials, and scenario building. Part 4 Plan Proposals: This part covers policies, strategies and actions and a spatial structure that leads to actualization of the desired future state, spatial structure depicting the vision of the county and land use zoning, system of green and open spaces as well as system of human settlement. Part 5 Spatial Development framework and action plans: Land use structure and plan, future land requirement for the key sectors, land use zoning plan. This section also includes policies, strategies and actions for the proposed land use zones. Part 6 Plan Implementation strategy: This section highlights programmes and projects for the development of land, areas for priority spending, capital investment framework and monitoring and evaluation framework. v LIST OF ACRONYMS CBD Central Business District CIDP County Integrated Development Plan CIP Capital Investments Plan DFRD District Focus for Rural Development ECD Early Childhood Development ERSWEC Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation FAO Food and Agricultural Organization GDP Gross Domestic Product GIS Geographic Information System GPS Geographic Positioning System ICT Information Communication Technology JOOUST Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology SCSP Siaya County Spatial Plan SME Small and Medium Enterprise TOR Terms of Reference KENHA Kenya National Highways Authority KFS Kenya Forest Services KNBS Kenya National Bureau of Statistics KWS Kenya Wildlife Service MDG Millennium Development Goals MSE Medium Sector Enterprise NGO Non-Governmental Organization NDPs National Development Plans NEMA National Environment Management Authority NIB National Irrigation Board NLC National Land Commission NSP National Spatial Plan PPA Physical Planning Act RCMRD Regional Centre for Mapping of Resources for Development RDAs Regional Development Authorities RPDP Regional Physical Development Plans RTPC Rural Trade and Production Centres SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SDG Sustainable Development Goals WARMA Water Resources Management Authority vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAN APPROVAL ....................................................................................................................... i FOREWORD................................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... iv LIST OF ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................ v LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... xii LIST OF MAPS.......................................................................................................................... xiv LIST OF PLATES ...................................................................................................................... xv PART I- INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND .................................................................................................. 2 1.1 Purpose of the Plan ................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Vision ........................................................................................................................................ 2 1.4 Scope of the Plan ...................................................................................................................... 2 1.5 Organization of the Plan ........................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2: PLANNING CONTEXT ..................................................................................... 4 2.1 Location and Size ...................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Administrative Units ................................................................................................................. 4 2.3 Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 8 2.3.1 Plan Preparation Process ........................................................................................................ 8 2.3.2 Public Participation and Consultation .................................................................................... 9 2.4 Constitutional, Policy and Legal Framework ......................................................................... 10 2.4.1. The Kenya Constitution 2010 ............................................................................................. 10 2.4.2. The National Land Policy, 2009 ......................................................................................... 11 2.4.4. The National Land Use Policy 2017 ................................................................................... 11 2.4.5 Physical Planning Act, 1996 ................................................................................................ 12 2.4.6 County Governments Act, 2012 .......................................................................................... 12 2.4.7 Urban Areas and Cities Act, 2011 ....................................................................................... 12 2.4.7 National Land Commission Act, 2012................................................................................. 13 2.5 Linkage to other Plans ............................................................................................................ 13 2.5.1 The Sustainable Development Goals of 2015 ...................................................................... 13 2.5.2 The Sywnerton Plan of 1955................................................................................................ 14 2.5.3 Kenya's Vision, 2030 ........................................................................................................... 14 2.5.4 The National Spatial Plan 2015–2045 ................................................................................. 14 2.5.5 The Lake Region Development Block Economic Blueprint ............................................... 14 2.5.6 Siaya County Integrated Development Plan 2018-2022 ...................................................... 15 PART II: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 3: BASE MAP ......................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 4: PHYSIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS ................................................... 18 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 18 4.3 Geology ................................................................................................................................... 18 4.4 Hydrology ............................................................................................................................... 20 4.4.1 Siaya County Water Resources ............................................................................................ 20 4.4.2 Siaya Drainage Basins ......................................................................................................... 20 4.4.3 Surface and Ground Water Resources in Siaya ................................................................... 22 4.5 Soils......................................................................................................................................... 24 4.6 Climate .................................................................................................................................... 26 4.6.1 Rainfall ................................................................................................................................. 26 4.6.2 Ecological Conditions .......................................................................................................... 29 ix 11.1 Administrative Structure ..................................................................................................... 131 11.1.1 County Coordination Framework .................................................................................... 131 11.1.2 Project Implementation Framework ................................................................................ 131 11.2 Public Participation in Decision Making ............................................................................ 133 PART III - SYNTHESIS .......................................................................................................... 140 CHAPTER 12: SUMMARY OF PLANNING ISSUES ......................................................... 141 12.1 Situational Analysis ............................................................................................................ 145 12.2 Opportunities....................................................................................................................... 145 12.3 Challenges/Gaps ................................................................................................................. 145 CHAPTER 13: SCENARIO BUILDING ............................................................................... 147 13.1 Development of Alternative Scenarios ............................................................................... 147 13.1.1 No Action Alternative ...................................................................................................... 147 13.1.3 Full Implementation Alternative ...................................................................................... 147 13.2 Evaluation of the Alternative Scenarios ............................................................................. 149 PART IV – PLAN PROPOSAL............................................................................................... 150 CHAPTER 14: POLICIES, STRATEGIES AND ACTIONS .............................................. 151 14.1 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY .......................................................................... 151 14.1.1 Background to Social Development Strategy .................................................................. 151 14.1.2 Desired Outcomes of the Social Development Strategy .................................................. 151 14.1.4 Approach to Social Development .................................................................................... 152 14.1.5 Development Proposals on Social Development ............................................................. 154 14.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION STRATEGY................................................................................................ 160 14.2.1 Wildlife Migratory Corridors ........................................................................................... 160 14.2.2 Water Resources Development Strategy ......................................................................... 162 14.3 SEWERAGE AND SANITATION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ............................... 169 14.3.1 Development Proposals on Sewerage and Sanitation ...................................................... 169 14.3.2 Sewerage and Sanitation Recommendations ................................................................... 169 14.4 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ................................................................... 172 14.4.1 Tourism ............................................................................................................................ 172 14.4.2 Fishing.............................................................................................................................. 175 14.4.3 Agriculture and Rural Development ................................................................................ 175 14.4.4 Mining .............................................................................................................................. 176 14.4.5 Industrialization ............................................................................................................... 177 14.5 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ............................................ 180 14.5.1 Purpose of Human Settlement Development Framework ............................................... 180 14.5.2 Policies for Human Development Framework ................................................................ 180 14.5.3 What the Framework Covers ........................................................................................... 181 14.5.4 Principles for Human Development................................................................................. 181 14.5.5 Proposed growth areas and functionalities ...................................................................... 182 14.5.6 Criteria for delineating Urban Edges ............................................................................... 186 14.5.7 Proposed Growth Corridors ............................................................................................. 188 14.5.8 Proposed Developmental Guidelines for Rural Settlements ............................................ 190 14.6 TRANSPORT, COMMUNICATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ................................................................................................................................ 191 14.6.1 Transport .......................................................................................................................... 191 14.6.2 Information Communication Technology........................................................................ 203 14.6.3 Energy .............................................................................................................................. 206 14.6.4 Storm Drainage ................................................................................................................ 208 14.6.5 Solid Waste Management ................................................................................................ 209 14.6.6 Social infrastructure ......................................................................................................... 209 x 14.7 GOVERNANCE STRATEGY ........................................................................................... 213 14.7.1 Open and Collaborative Leadership................................................................................. 213 14.7.2 Governance Framework ................................................................................................... 213 14.7.3 Purpose of the Governance Strategy ................................................................................ 213 14.7.4 Principles of Governance ................................................................................................. 213 14.7.5 Objectives of the Governance Strategy ............................................................................ 214 PART V- SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK ..................................................... 224 CHAPTER 15: SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK ........................................... 225 15.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 225 15.1 Land use/ Zoning plan ........................................................................................................ 225 15.1.1 The Green Spatial Development Zone I .......................................................................... 225 15.1.2 The Brown Spatial Development Zone II ........................................................................ 228 15.1.3 The Blue Spatial Development Zone III: ......................................................................... 231 CHAPTER 16: ACTION PLANS............................................................................................ 236 16.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 236 16.2 Green Economy Development Strategy: Action Plan 2018-2028 ...................................... 236 16.3 Brown Economy Development Strategy: Action Plan 2018-2028 ..................................... 238 16.4 Blue Economy Development strategy: Action Plan 2018-2028 ......................................... 241 CHAPTER 17: COUNTY SPATIAL PLAN IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY ............ 244 17.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 244 17.1 Land Use Planning, Administration and Management ....................................................... 244 17.2 Capital Investment Projects ................................................................................................ 246 17.3 Monitoring and Evaluation Matrix ..................................................................................... 252 17.4 Strategic Environmental Assessment .................................................................................. 257 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 272 APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................ 274 Appendix 1: Population Density and Distribution per Ward ...................................................... 274 Appendix 2: Siaya County Water Demand Projection per Ward ............................................... 276 Appendix 3: Stakeholder Consultative Meetings (minutes) ...................................................... 281 Appendix 4: List of Participants ................................................................................................. 308 xi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. 1: Conceptual Framework Plan Development ................................................................ 3 Figure 2. 2: Planning Process and Methodology ........................................................................... 8 Figure 5. 1: Siaya County Population Structur………………………………………………….36 Figure 6. 1: A graph indicating land use percentage……………………………………………44 Figure 8. 1: Percentage Distribution of Households by Floor Material in Siaya County……....59 Figure 8. 2: Percentage Distribution of Households by Roof Material in Siaya County.......... ..59 Figure 8. 3: Percentage Distribution of Households by Wall Material in Siaya County ............ .60 Figure 8. 4: Monocentric spatial pattern ...................................................................................... 66 Figure 8. 5: Twin city development ........................................................................................... ..67 Figure 8. 6: Poly nucleated spatial pattern ................................................................................... 67 Figure 8. 7: Bi-polar corridor spatial pattern ............................................................................... 68 Figure 8. 8: Transit corridor cum ring development .................................................................... 68 Figure 8. 9: Proposed settlement patterns for Siaya County ........................................................ 69 Figure 10. 1: Trend of Cereal Crop Production (area under crop) 2013-2016………………...108 Figure 10. 2: Trend of Cereal Crop Production (Tonnes) 2013-2016 ...................................... .109 Figure 10. 3: Trend of Cereal Production (Value in KES) 2013-2016 ...................................... 109 Figure 10. 4: Percentage Value of Milk and Beef Production by Sub-county .......................... 111 Figure 10. 5: Fish Value in Kenya Shillings (KES) 2014-2015 ................................................ 119 Figure 10. 6: Value of Fish in Kenya Shillings in Million 2010-2015………………………..120 Figure 11. 1: Siaya County Administrative structure……………………………..…………...132 Figure 11. 2: Siaya County projects implementation structure.................................................. 133 Figure 14. 1: Standard buffer radius for Boreholes and Wells……………………………...…162 Figure 14. 2: standard buffer distance for wetlands ................................................................... 163 Figure 14. 3: Buffer radius for protection of rivers……………………………………………163 Figure 14. 4: Buffer radius for protection of Lakes ................................................................... 164 Figure 14. 5: Recommended Protection for water pans and ponds ........................................... 164 Figure 14. 6: Provision of Shade by Trees along Walkways and Driveways ............................ 198 Figure 14. 7: Provision of Cycle Lanes and Walkways ............................................................. 199 xiv LIST OF MAPS Map 2. 1: Siaya County location in Kenya .................................................................................... 5 Map 2. 2: Administrative and Political Units ................................................................................ 7 Map 3. 1: Base map……………………………………………………………………………..17 Map 4. 1: Siaya County Geology……………………………………………………………….19 Map 4. 2: Siaya County Drainage Basins .................................................................................... 21 Map 4. 3: Siaya County Water Resources and Sources. .............................................................. 23 Map 4. 4: Siaya County Soils ...................................................................................................... 25 Map 4. 5: Siaya County Rainfall distribution .............................................................................. 28 Map 4. 6: Siaya County Agro-Ecological zones .......................................................................... 31 Map 5. 1: Siaya County Population Density 2016……………….……………………………..34 Map 5. 2: Siaya County Projected Population Density 2026 ...................................................... 38 Map 6. 1: Siaya County Land Use Classification and Distribution…………………………….45 Map 6. 2: Siaya County Land Capability and Suitability analysis .............................................. 47 Map 7. 1: Classification of Green and Open space……………………………………………..53 Map 7. 2: Siaya County Flood Risk Areas .................................................................................. 56 Map 7. 3: Distribution of Natural resources in Siaya County...................................................... 57 Map 8. 1: Hierarchy of Urban Centres in Siaya County………………………………………..64 Map 8. 2: Siaya County Urban Settlements and Connectivity .................................................... 71 Map 9. 1: Siaya County Roads classification…………………………………………………...73 Map 9. 2: Siaya County Solar Radiations from January to December, 2019 .............................. 76 Map 9. 3: Spatial Distribution of ECDE Centres in Siaya County .............................................. 82 Map 9. 4: Spatial Distribution of Primary Schools in Siaya County ........................................... 83 Map 9. 5: Spatial Distribution of Secondary Schools in Siaya County ....................................... 84 Map 9. 6: Spatial Distribution of Tertiary Institutions in Siaya County ...................................... 86 Map 9. 7: : Hexagon analysis for ECDE centres in Siaya County .............................................. 96 Map 9. 8: Hexagon analysis of Primary Schools in Siaya County .............................................. 97 Map 9. 9: Hexagon analysis for secondary schools in Siaya County .......................................... 98 Map 9. 10: Hexagon analysis of tertiary institutions in Siaya County ........................................ 99 Map 9. 11: Spatial Distribution of Health Facilities in Siaya County ....................................... 101 Map 9. 12: Hexagon analysis of Health Facilities in Siaya County .......................................... 103 Map 10. 1: Poverty Rate by Sub Counties as at 1999 …………………………………………107 Map 10. 2: Siaya County Cattle Density ................................................................................... 113 Map 10. 3: Siaya County Small-Scale Irrigation Schemes ........................................................ 116 Map 10. 4: Siaya County Fishing Areas (Landing Beaches) ..................................................... 118 Map 10. 5: Siaya County Tourism Sites .................................................................................... 124 Map 10. 6: Siaya County Location of Major Trading Centers .................................................. 127 Map 11. 1: Siaya County and Sub-County headquarters..…………………………………….139 Map 14. 1: Proposed wildlife migratory corridors………..………………………….………..161 Map 14. 2: Proposed Industrial Development Strategy .............................................................. 178 Map 14. 3: Human settlements development strategy ................................................................ 187 Map 14. 4: Siaya County proposed growth corridors ................................................................. 189 Map 14. 5: Proposed road classifications in Siaya County ......................................................... 193 Map 14. 6: Proposed Airstrips in Siaya County ......................................................................... 195 Map 14. 7: Proposed Waterways in Lake Victoria ..................................................................... 197 Map 14. 8: Proposed ICT network plan ...................................................................................... 205 Map 14. 9: Proposed Governance Centres in Siaya County ....................................................... 223 Map 15. 1: Siaya County Green Spatial Development Zones…..…………………...………...227 Map 15. 2: Siaya County Brown Spatial Development Strategy................................................ 230 Map 15. 3: Siaya County Blue Spatial Development Zones ...................................................... 234 Map 15. 4: Proposed Siaya County Spatial Development Framework ...................................... 235 xv LIST OF PLATES Plate 2. 1: Stakeholder participation and consultation ................................................................. 10 Plate 5. 1: Siaya County Food Culture and Artefacts……………………………...……………41 Plate 10. 1: Local use water to sort out gold at a mining site in Bondo, Siaya (Daily Nation, 9th October, 2018)…………………………………………………………………………………121 Plate 14. 1: An example of a Solar Farm……………………………………………………...207 Plate 15. 1: Proposed lakefront development for ecotourism……………………………….. 232 Plate 15. 2: Proposed harbor development in the beaches of Lake Victoria ............................. 232 1 PART I- INTRODUCTION 4 CHAPTER 2: PLANNING CONTEXT 2.1 Location and Size Siaya County is one of the 47 counties in Kenya located in East Africa. It is one of the six counties in the Nyanza region of the western Kenya forming the Lake Basin Economic block. The land surface area of Siaya County is 2,530km² and the water surface (Lake Victoria) area is 1,005 km2. It is bordered by Busia County to the North West, Vihiga and Kakamega counties to the North East, Kisumu County to the South East and Homa Bay County across the Winam Gulf to the South (figure 1.3). The water surface area forms part of Lake Victoria (the third largest fresh water lake in the world). It approximately lies between latitude 0º 26´ South to 0º 18´ North and longitude 33º 58´ and 34º 33´ East. Mother nature has been kind to Siaya County, giving it a potential advantage in terms of economy, culture, climate, tourism, the World's second largest fresh water Lake Victoria gives the County a competitive advantage in tourism, irrigation and supply of fresh water to its residents. 2.2 Administrative Units The County landscape comprises land surface area of about 2,530km² and water surface area of 1,005 km2, and sparsely dotted with highlands, wetlands and agricultural lands. Administratively, the county is divided into six Sub-Counties and 30 Wards, both of which are devolved planning units for resource allocation and service delivery (map 2.1). The County is divided into six administrative sub-counties namely; Gem, Ugunja, Ugenya, Alego- Usonga, Bondo and Rarieda. Alego-Usonga sub-County is the largest, covering an area of 605.8 km2 and has the most locations (Table 1.2 and 1.3). The sub counties are further divided into wards with the county having a total of 30 wards. KAKAMEGA HOMA BAY Map 2. 1: Siaya County location in Kenya 5 SIAYA COUNTY LOCATION & SIZE LEGEND (EPS Contours — Siaya County ad Wetlenus Boundary OS Gills — Sub county boundaries — Rivers TANZANIA Coordinate System Arc_1960_UTM_Zone_36N Projection: Transverse_Marcator Datum: D_Arc_1960 Spheroid: Clarke_1880_RGS N Scale 1:520,000 % . s County Government of Siaya 6 Table 2. 1: County's administrative units Sub- County No of Wards Ward Ward Area Sub Location Area (Km2) Alego Usonga 6 Township 42.6 Mulaha, Nyandiwa, Karapul 605.8 Usonga 79.2 Sumba, Nyadorera A, Nyadorera B North Alego 53.8 Hono, Nyalgunga, Ulafu, Nyamila, Umala, Olwa South East Alego 191.5 Mur Ngiya, Bar Agulu, Bar Ding, Masumbi, Nyangoma, Pap Oriang, Randago, Bar Osimbo, Pap Oriang, Nyajuok, Murmalanga, Bar Olengo Central Alego 139.8 Kadenge, Obambo, Ojuando A, Nyandiwa, Kochieng A, Kochieng B, Ojuando B, Koyeyo, Kakumu kombewa, Komolo West Alego 98.9 Kaugagi Hawinga, Gangu, Kaugagiudenda, Maholaulawe, Sigomauranga, Kaburauhuyi, Kalkadauradi, Komenyakowala, Komenyakalaka, Kodiere, Gem 6 North Gem 86 Ndere, Nyabeda, Malanga, Got Regea, Maliera, Lundha, Asayi, Sirembe 405 South Gem 63.3 Kaudha West, Kaudha East, Kanyadet, Ndori, Rera, Kambare, Oyinyore, Gombe East Gem 71.9 Ramula, Uranga, Lihanda, Marenyo Central Gem 52.5 Siriwo, Kagilo, Gango, Nyandiwa, Nyawara Yala Township 46.1 Nyamninia, Sauri, Anyiko, Jina West Gem 85.2 Dienya West, Dienya East, Wagai West, Wagai East, Nguge, Uriri, Malunga West, Malunga East, Malunga Central 4 N. Ugenya 68 Kagonya, Sega, Jera, Nyamsenda, Ligala 322.3 East Ugenya 97.3 Anyiko, Sihay, Ramunde, Kathieno A, Kathieno B, Kathieno C Ukwala 55.9 Doho West, Doho East, Simur, Simur East, Yenga, Siranga, Simurkondiek West Ugenya 101.1 Sifuyo West, Sifuyo East, Masat West, Masat East, Karadolo West, Karadolo East, Ndenga, Uyundo, Nyalenya Ugunja 3 Ugunja, 80.3 Magoya, Rambula South, Rambula North, Ugunja, Ambira, Ngunya, Umala, Ligega 200.9 Sigomere, 68.4 Got Osimbo, Mungao, Sigomre, Madungu, Asango East, Asango West, Tingare East, Tingare West Sidindi 52.2 Simenya, Yiro East, Yiro West, Ruwe, Uhuyi Bondo 6 North Sakwa 96 Bar Kowino, Ajigo, Bar Chando, Abom 593 South Sakwa 102.7 West Migwena, East Migwena, Got Abiero, Nyaguda C. Sakwa 85.2 Ndeda/Oyamo, Uyawi, Nyang‟oma W. Sakwa 109.8 Maranda, Kapiyo, Usire, Utonga, Nyawita East Yimbo 159 Got Ramogi, Usigu, Nyamonye, Bar Kanyango, Pala, Othatch W. Yimbo 40.3 Got Agulu, Usenge, Mahanga, Mitundu Rarieda 5 North Uyoma 73.9 Masala, East Katwenga, West Katwenga, Ragegni, Ochieng‟a 403.4 S. Uyoma 57.8 Ndigwa, Lieta, Naya East Asembo 78.5 Omiamalo, Omiadiere, South Ramba, North Ramba, Omiamwalo W. Asembo 101.1 Nyagoko, Siger, Memba, Mahaya, Akom W. Uyoma 92.1 Nyabera, Kokwiri, Rachar, Kobengi, Kagwa 9 2.3.2 Public Participation and Consultation The planning process included the largest possible range of stakeholders into the preparation the Spatial Plan, while promoting principles of inclusiveness, transparency, efficiency, equality and sustainability. The Spatial Plan is a multi-sector plan, which includes sectoral programmes, projects, interventions and strategies within the society. Involving all stakeholders that have impact or are affected by the Plan is essential in implementing principles of public participation and ensures transparency in preparing the CSP. In all stages of the plan, public consultations have been held, where documents which represent conclusions of different stages were presented: challenges and opportunities of Spatial Development, the Vision and Strategic Goals, and the Spatial Development Strategy. Discussions and comments from these meetings have served to enriching and supporting the process of preparing the spatial plan. Public consultations on challenges and opportunities of Spatial Development – in the period between March, 2016 to May 2016, the Department of Physical Planning, Survey and Housing has organized public consultations on development challenges and opportunities of Siaya County, in cooperation with Pre-Envero Consultants, local and international NGO’s have participated in these public consultations including: citizens, intellectuals, and businessmen. The purpose of organization of these consultative public meetings, inviting participation for all national structures and citizen is to development a plan that serves the interest of the stakeholders. Public participation acted as the launch and inauguration of the work of the Spatial Plan for Siaya County. Public meetings were of a one-day stakeholder workshop, usually with agendas divided in three parts, the thematic presentation from planning team members, continuing with a session on thematic area discussions and finally the plenary session in the afternoon. The consultation process contributed to awareness of the stakeholder and other actors on importance of planning, active participation in decision-making, guarantees obtaining support for the plan. In this way, participants have gained experience in participation, providing opportunities to enhance these experiences in the process of drafting other plans. The Consultation process, was realized according to the projected framework of preparing process, and was successful, in the aspect of democratization and transparency at decision-making. All the interested parties were given opportunity to give comments and suggestions on County Spatial Plan preparation (Plate 2.1). 10 Plate 2. 1: Stakeholder participation and consultation 2.4 Constitutional, Policy and Legal Framework This plan has been prepared within the context of: the provisions of Constitution of Kenya; Kenya’s Vision 2030 national development blue print; Sustainable Development Goals; pertinent sectoral policy frameworks; strategies of the National Spatial Plan; relevant legislative provisions; Siaya County’s planning co-ordination; and stakeholder concerns. These are discussed below: 2.4.1. The Kenya Constitution 2010 The Constitution of Kenya is Kenya’s supreme law and establishes the basis and principles for planning and provides aspirations to be attained through county spatial planning. The Constitution espouses county planning to be a concurrent function between the National and County Governments. In the Fourth Schedule, Part 1 (21) it mandates to the National Government to set the general principles of land planning and the co-ordination of planning by the counties and in Fourth Schedule, Part 2 (8) its tasks County Governments to undertake County planning and development. It further gives the National Land Commission the function to monitor and have oversight responsibilities over land use planning throughout Kenya under Article 67 (2)(h). In Article 66(1), the Constitution gives explicit powers to the National and County governments to regulate the use of any land and property, in the interest of land use planning. The Constitution provides a package of environmental, economic and social rights which are mandatory in Article 42 and compels state organs deliver on them. These rights include the right to a clean and healthy environment and: (a) attainment of the highest standard of health which include the right to health care services, including reproductive health care; (b) access to adequate housing and to reasonable standards of sanitation; (c) freedom from hunger and access to adequate food of acceptable quality, (d) access to clean and safe water in adequate quantities; (e) access to social security; and (f) access to education as outlined in Article 43(1). Article 60 11 (1) states that land in Kenya shall be held, used and managed in a manner that is equitable, efficient, productive and sustainable. It also requires state organs to ensure, equitable access to land; sustainable and productive management of land resources; and sound conservation and protection of ecologically sensitive areas. Finally, Article 61(1) states that all land in Kenya belongs to the people of Kenya collectively as a nation, as communities and as individuals. 2.4.2. The National Land Policy, 2009 The National Land Policy serves as the overall framework that outlines key measures required to address the critical issues of land administration, access to land, land use planning, restitution of historical injustices, environmental degradation, conflicts, unplanned proliferation of informal urban settlements, outdated legal framework, institutional framework and information management. It also addresses constitutional issues, such as compulsory acquisition and development control as well as tenure. It recognizes the need for security of tenure for all Kenyans despite their socio-economic status and including women, pastoral communities, informal settlement residents and other marginalized persons. The National Land Policy inspires a multi-sectoral approach to land use and champions for the provision of provide social, economic and other incentives that provide an enabling environment for investment, agriculture, livestock development and the exploitation of natural resources. The policy guides all government agencies to ensure that all land is put into productive use on a sustainable basis by facilitating the implementation of key principles on land use, productivity targets and guidelines as well as conservation. The National Land policy demands for sound and sustainable environmental management of land-based resources and thus requires that dealings in such land will be guided by conservation and sustainable utilization principles. The policy, further, advocates for the formulation and implementation of planning principles and guidelines for national, regional, urban, peri-urban and spontaneous settlements in a transparent, accountable, sustainable, comprehensive and participatory manner. This aspiration of the policy heavily influenced the preparation of the Siaya County Spatial Plan. 2.4.4. The National Land Use Policy 2017 The national land use policy aims to guide optimal utilization and productivity of land related resources (national, county and community) in a sustainable and desirable manner by providing legal, administrative, institutional and technological framework. The Policy is premised on the philosophy of economic productivity, social responsibility, environmental sustainability and cultural conservation and is informed by principles of efficiency, access to land use information, equity, elimination of discrimination and public benefit sharing. The Policy notes several factors that affect land use in Kenya to include geographic and ecological features, population distribution, social, historical, cultural and economic factors as well as administrative, institutional and policy instruments, investment, urbanization and land It identifies key measures to be taken by national and county governments, including Siaya County, to ensure efficient, productive and sustainable use of land, and all land users. These include: sound land use practices, conservation and enhancement of the quality of land and land- based resources and the proper management of demographic and health parameters. The policy bids County governments to institute mechanisms designed to induce productive land use and encourage the application of efficient technology for the intensification of land use. It identifies key measures to be taken by national and county governments, including Siaya County, to ensure efficient, productive and sustainable use of land, and all land users. These include: sound land use practices, conservation and enhancement of the quality of land and land- 14 2.5.2 The Sywnerton Plan of 1955 This pre-independence plan of Kenya aimed at intensifying the development of agricultural practice in the colony of Kenya. The plan specifically targeted expanding native cash crop production through improved markets and infrastructure, the provision of appropriate inputs and consolidation of land. The post – independence planning included the preparation of Sessional Paper No. 10 of 1965 on African Socialism and its application to planning in Kenya. The objectives of the paper included; political and social justice, human dignity, freedom of conscience, freedom from want, disease, exploitation, equal opportunities and equitable distribution of high and growing per capita incomes. Intensification of agriculture and other economic activities, poverty eradication, open and collaborative leadership, improved health services and sustainable planning of human settlements are the key focus for the Siaya County spatial plan. 2.5.3 Kenya's Vision, 2030 The Kenya Vision 2030 is the country’s current long-term development blueprint covering the period 2008-2030. It aims at transforming Kenya into a globally competitive and newly industrializing middle-income country by providing a high quality of life to all its citizens by 2030. The Vision is based on three “pillars”: the economic, the social and the political pillar. The economic pillar aims to improve the prosperity of all Kenyans through an economic development program, covering all the regions of Kenya, and aiming to achieve an average Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate of 10% per annum beginning in 2012. The social pillar seeks to create just, cohesive and equitable social development in a clean and secure environment. The political pillar aims to realize an issue-based, people-centred, result-oriented and accountable democratic system. All planning initiatives in Kenya should therefore be guided and informed by the national aspirations and goals as outlined by the Vision 2030 which is to be implemented in successive five-year Medium-Term Plans. The main aspirations of the Vision 2030 are that all development projects undertaken within the state across the thematic sectors should all aim to achieve the objectives set under the vision. The vision has “flagship” projects, which are expected to take the lead in generating rapid and widely shared growth. The Vision identifies key thematic sectors which are to be given priority in acting as key growth drivers in the journey to 2030. These include Infrastructure; Energy; Security; Tourism; Agriculture; Wholesale/Retail Trade; Manufacturing; Financial Services; and Business Process Outsourcing. The CSP is designed to align to the vision 2030 the strategies of provision of infrastructure, enhanced governance approach, sustainable economic and environmental growth as well as sustainable human settlement strategy. 2.5.4 The National Spatial Plan 2015–2045 The National Spatial Plan is prepared as a means of implementation of the Vision 2030, which identifies the spatial plan as a foundation for transformation and an anchor for all the proposed flagship projects. The Siaya county spatial plan is prepared as a guideline to ensure that the county follows the similar planning standards in implementing development social, demographic, environmental, economic and infrastructural projects within the county. 2.5.5 The Lake Region Development Block Economic Blueprint The Economic Blueprint for the Lake Basin Region was born out of the understanding that strategic connections between counties with shared interests seated in a desire for mutual benefit can be an effective and intelligent means of increasing the possibility of creating notable development impact across several counties. Additional reasons for a regional Blueprint are: 15  Access to New & Expanded Markets  Economies of Scale E.g. Large labour force  Comparative County strengths  Youth – The Demographic Dividend  Shared Resources I.e. Lake Victoria, River Yala, River Nzoia, Mt. Elgon etc.  Shared values i.e. economic growth as a vital Development Imperative to support t ailing social sectors such as Education, Health etc. The counties that constitute the Lake Region in this blueprint are Bungoma, Busia, Homa Bay, Kakamega, Kisii, Kisumu, Migori, Nyamira, Siaya and Vihiga. They not only have similar ecological zones and natural resources, they have analogous cultural histories that date back to historical migrations and trading routes. Thus, a partnership between the counties is both essential and timely and creates a practical framework through which county government efforts can be pooled to harness the abundant natural resources, build on existing strengths and address challenges. The proposed flagship projects substantively link to CSP strategies on improvement of the well-being of the residents of Siaya as illustrated in Table 2.2. Table 2. 2: Linkage between County Spatial Plan and LREB NO LREB Flagship project CSP Objectives 1 Proposed Flagship Project for Agriculture: Establishment of an Agricultural Commodities Exchange Improving Irrigation, Fish Auction, enhanced Value Chains and Agro processing Factories 2 Proposed Flagship Project for Tourism: Creation of a Lake Region Tourism Circuit Conservation of Nature and Wildlife, Culture, Heritage, Ecotourism 3 Proposed Flagship Project for Health: Establishment of Specialist Hospitals in each county. Planning for Centres of Excellence, Schools for children with disabilities 4 Proposed Flagship Project for Education: Creation of Centres of Excellence in each county. ICT/Digitization of Health and enhancement of County referral hospitals 5 Proposed Flagship Project for ICT: Improving service delivery through ICT. Regional Bank All ICT planning for ICT centres 6 Proposed flagship project for Financial Services: Creation of a Regional Bank Enhanced financial services 7 Proposed Flagship Project for Infrastructure: Creation of a Lake Region Ring Road Lake Victoria Ring Road • Road concessions • Great Lake Basin Railways • Water Ways 2.5.6 Siaya County Integrated Development Plan 2018-2022 Siaya County Integrated Development Plan 2018-2022 is a policy blueprint that will guide development in the county between 2018 and 2022. The document discusses county’s spatial development framework, natural resource assessment, key county development priorities, strategies and programmes to be implemented in the next five years. In each sector, the chapter outlines the county sectoral introduction and sectoral project and programme priorities. The Siaya CIDP advocates development of a sustainable spatial framework that supports sustainable development in the County. 16 PART II: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS UGANDA 600,000 Lake Victoria KAKAMEGA SIAYA COUNTY GEOLOGY LEGEND Siaya_ Geology Contours lcs Rivers _ N — Siaya County | |pp3 Boundary — Sub county i Q28 boundaries [_] WATER Abutting lm yec Counties UGANDA TANZANIA Coordinate System Arc_1960_UTM_Zone_36N Projection: Transverse_Marcator Datum: D_Arc_1960 Spheroid: Clarke_1880_RGS HOMA BAY Map 4. 1: Siaya County Geology 19 x Scale 1:520,000 vs : s County Government of Siaya 20 4.4 Hydrology 4.4.1 Siaya County Water Resources Water resources is key element of the natural resource capital to facilitate socio-economic development. Siaya County prides to host most of the water sources in the Republic of Kenya, namely, Lake Victoria, Yala Swamp, and Rivers Yala and Nzoia and other smaller rivers contributing to the main surface, sub-surface and ground water reserves. Lake Victoria is a dominant water body in Siaya County covering a third to the total land area. Development of Siaya County water resources is hinged on the lake and the two rivers and their tributaries. The Lake Victoria offers greater opportunities in fishing industry, lake transport and trade, water utilization and therefore high population within this environment. 4.4.2 Siaya Drainage Basins Siaya County as a hydro-geological landscape is discerned into three sub-drainage basins all 3 draining into Lake Victoria (Map 4.2): Sub-drainage 1: as defined by River Nzoia, and its tributaries to the North as represented by Basin ID 108, 118, 129 and 132; Sub-drainage 2 as: defined by River Yala and its tributaries to the central areas as represented by Basin ID 131 and 139; and Sub- drainage 3: a defined by smaller conglomeration of rivers to the south as represented by Basin ID 146 and 149. The two major rivers, Nzoia and Yala dominate the drainage basin of the county, and are sources of Yala Swamp, other small lakes and groundwater resource to the North. KAKAMEGA HOMA BAY Map 4. 2: Siaya County Drainage Basins 21 SIAYA COUNTY DRAINAGE BASINS LEGEND jiaya_River_Basins_ID mms 139 M129) 141 ~ siaya County 131 146 Boundary (7132 149 6 Lakes — Sub county @6 Wetlands boundaries | — Rivers 0¢ Hills aputeing Contours ountie TANZANIA Coordinate System Arc_1960_UTM_Zone_36N Projection: Transverse_Marcator Datum: D_Arc_1960 Spheroid: Clarke_1880_RGS N Scale 1:520,000 = a s County Government of Siaya 24 4.5 Soils Siaya County is mainly a peneplain of very old folding of great variety of bedrocks as the base for many different soils but only a few are fertile by nature. The peneplain slopes very gently downward from northeast to southwest of the Siaya County. The peninsula (Uyoma) in the south is covered by old basic igneous rocks (basalts, andesites), where Phaeozems and Nitisols developed with high fertility (Ul B1, Ul B5 and Ul B7) but the climate is semi-arid. The other part with Nitisol is in the humid north east, with high leaching forming dystric soils (Um D 1) with moderate fertility. Most of the soils of the on the lower level uplands are developed upon acid granites, sandstones or conglomerates are of low fertility. The central southwestern part is formed by intermediate igneous rocks. Most of these soils are of moderate fertility, over years has formed two different soil types: on interfluves, shallow Ferralsols over petroplinthite (“murram cuirass soils”) with low fertility plus other limitations, and fertile Nitisols on the valley sides. In the valley bottoms in the southern parts, the soils are mainly poorly drained, often mottled and subject to flooding. Along the Yala river young alluvial soils are found. They usually vary greatly in texture and colour over short distances, but may have a relatively high natural fertility before the river enters the Yala Swamp where humic Gleysols and dystric Histosols are found, and require special attention during cultivation (Map 4.4). This illustrates the soil typology of Siaya County, indicating in Gem and Ugenya sub-counties have loamy soils. While in Alego and most soils are clay and sandy in Ugunja sub-county and very sandy in parts of Rarieda. 600,000 SIAYA COUNTY SOIL TYPES KAKAMEGA LEGEND Siaya_soil_type [E Contours [i clay Rivers | — Siaya County : alae Boundary Mi sendy — Sub county Mili very clay boundaries Abutting Counties ETHIOPIA SOMALIA UGANDA TANZANIA UGANDA Coordinate System Arc_1960_UTM_Zone_36N Projection: Transverse_Marcator Datum: D_Arc_1960 Spheroid: Clarke_1880_RGS y Scale 1:520,000 s HOMA BAY County Government of Siaya Map 4. 4: Siaya County Soils 25 26 4.6 Climate 4.6.1 Rainfall Rainfall is not evenly distributed in Siaya County. There are three distinct regions with varied annual rainfall amounts. The Northern part, covering Ugunja and small portions of Ugenya and Gem Sub Counties experience the highest rainfall annually standing at between 1600-2000 mm. The central region covering larger percentage of Lower Ugenya, and upper parts of Alego Usonga and Gem-Sub Counties experience the second highest rainfall annually standing at 1200-1600 mm. The southern region covering Bondo and Rarieda receive lowest rainfall annual at 800- 1200 mm annually. Rainfall reliability for first and second rains is about 66% with most areas receiving less 700mm reliable amount. 29 4.6.2 Ecological Conditions The County spreads across agro-ecological zones LM1 to LM 5. According to the Kenya Soil Survey and Integrated Regional Development plan for the Lake Basin Development Authority, the lower part of the County and especially the shores of Lake Victoria can be categorized into semi-humid, semi-dry Lower Midland zones (LM4 and LM5). These zones cover the whole of Uyoma in Rarieda Sub-County and Yimbo in Bondo Sub-County. The lower central parts of the County, covering the whole of Sakwa and Asembo in Bondo and Rarieda Sub-counties respectively and the lower parts of Boro Division are classified as the midland zone LM3. The northern part of the 4.6.3 Agro Ecological Zones Siaya County shows the typical agro-ecological zoning of West Kenya: It is dry near Lake Victoria and wet about 50 km northwards, with intermediate transition. There is marked increase of rainfall due to local convergence of the daily lake winds with the South-east wards’ parts being in a generally low- pressure area over the heated uplands. Thus, annual average rainfall increases from 800 mm at the lake shore to 2000 mm near the border with Kakamega County. The agro-ecological zones extend from a poor Livestock-Millet Zone (LM5) to a good Sugar Cane Zone (LM1). 4.6.3.1 Lower Midland Sugarcane Zone (Subzone LM 1 l^m i) The Lower Midland Sugar Cane Zone with a long cropping season followed by a medium and intermediate rains is common in Sigomere Sub-location in Siaya County, with predominant soil type of chromic and Orthic Acrisols and Rhodic Ferralsols, partly petroferric phases, and Dystric phases, with Dystric Nitisols, with variable and high rainfall. The first rainy season expected is 750 – 950 mm (SW- NE) in 10 out of 15 seasons and the second rainy season > 600 – 800 mm. The 60% reliability of the growing periods during the 1st and 2nd rainy seasons is more than 190 and 130-150 days respectively. During the first rainy season, the following crops are prioritized as: maize and bean intercrop, sorghum, cassava, groundnuts, cowpeas and sweet potatoes and second rainy season as: maize and beans intercrop, sweet potatoes and cowpeas. In addition, we have: a few cooking bananas and pawpaws, passion fruit, mangoes and avocadoes planted to improve on nutrition. Poor quality and degrading soil, water resources and striga infections are identified as constraints on agriculture in Siaya County. Other constraints include: lack of investment on environmental conservation: soil and water technologies. The improvement of soil fertility in this subzone is very necessary, given that soil nutrients have been severely depleted through continuous cropping of agricultural land without replenishing the soil nutrients. 4.6.3.2 Marginal Sugarcane Zone Subzone LM 2 l^(m/s) i The Lower Midland Marginal Sugar Cane Zone with a long cropping season followed by a (weak) medium to short one and intermediate rains as is common in Umala Sub-location in Siaya County (FMHB,2011). The predominant soil type in this subzone is Orthic Acrisol, with Orthic Ferralsols, stony and partly petroferric phases, with rock outcrops. The rainfall variability is a factor, first rainy season we expect >700 – 800 mm in 10 out of 15 seasons and the second rainy season > 500–680 mm. The 60% reliability of the growing periods during the 1st and 2nd seasons is more than 180 and 110- 120 days, respectively. In this Subzone crops grown are prioritized as: maize and beans intercrop, sorghum, cassava, sweet potatoes and sole maize. The same applies for during the second rainy season, which has less rain and moisture. The permanent crops grown include: cooking bananas, avocados, mangoes, pawpaws and passion fruits. Sugarcane is not grown because of transport problems to the factory. Soil fertility improvement is necessary, given that soil nutrients have been severely depleted, with continuous cropping of agricultural land without replenishing the soil nutrients to increase crop yield particularly for the staple maize crop. 30 4.6.3.3 Lower Midland Cotton Zone Subzone LM 3 m^(s/vs) The Lower Midland Cotton Zone with a medium cropping season followed by a (weak) short to very short is common in Ajigo Sub-location in Bondo Sub-County (FMHB, 2011). The predominant soil type in this subzone are Orthic Luvisols and Eutric Cambisols, petroferric and lithic phases, partly stony phases, with Lithosols and rock outcrops. The rainfall variability is a problem, expectation during the first rainy season is more than 480 – 600 mm (increasing from SW to NE) in 10 out of 15 seasons and the second rainy season more than 340 mm. The 60% reliability of the growing periods during the 1st and 2nd seasons is 140-155 and 75–85 days, respectively. This subzone is associated with the growing of cotton, but the cultivation is limited. In this subzone, crops grown during the first rainy season, are prioritized as: are: maize and beans intercrop, sorghum, cassava, sole maize, groundnuts, sole beans and sweet potatoes. During the second rainy season, the crops grown are ranked as follows: maize and beans intercrop, sole maize, sole beans and sorghum. Mangoes is a permanent crop grown by farmers in this Subzone, while chances of additional crops are: the pumpkin butternut could replace the cotton (the seeds contain protein and fat), the physic nut (Jatropha contains 30% oil), Sunflowers and Desmodium (trap crops for Striga in rotation with the cereals). Soil fertility improvement is necessary in this Subzone given low productivity. Technical approaches to overcome low soil productivity include (i) mulching with crop residues, (ii) hand spreading of household wastes, animal manure and compost, (iii) corralling of livestock on fields and (vi) intercropping. Hereby, the proportion of yield increase varies with agro-ecological setting (soil types and rainfall) and the rates and frequencies of applying these amendments. 4.6.3.4 Lower Midland Cotton Zone Subzone LM 3 m + (vs/s) The Lower Midland Cotton Zone with a medium cropping season and a (weak) very short to short one is common in Nyawita Sub-location in Bondo Sub-County (FMHB, 2011). The predominant soil type in this subzone is a complex of chromic and Orthic Acrisols and dystric Cambisols, petroferric or lithic phases and partly stony phases, and Lithosols, partly stony phase. The rainfall variability is a factor and in the first rainy season, there is expectation of more than 420–540 (SW-NE) mm in 10 out of 15 seasons and the second rainy season > 200–330 mm. The 60% reliability of the growing periods during the 1st and 2nd seasons is 135-145 and 60–75 days, respectively. In the subzone, during the first rainy season, crops grown are prioritized as: maize and beans intercrop, sorghum, sole maize and groundnuts, while the second rainy season as: maize and beans intercrop, sole maize. Mangoes is a permanent crop grown by farmers. The soils are of low productivity and improvement mechanism are recommended as in the neighboring subzone. Food insecurity in this subzone is not only a factory of land shortage but mainly explained in terms of low and declining crop yields. There is strong evidence that yields can be raised through applications of external nutrient inputs, but specifically the Nitrates N and Phosphates P inputs added individually or in combinations. Soil fertility replenishment options include: mulching with Tithonia or manuring with Jatropha cake, at on-farm level, rated for further adoption by farmers as more extension work is encouraged even through other dissemination media. 600,000 UGANDA Lake Victoria KAKAMEGA VIHIGA SIAYA COUNTY AGRO-ECOLOGICAL| ZONES LEGEND Agro_ecological_zones [M1 ss ee4 [ou lM2 (LMS —‘Siaya County {> LM3 gg UM1 Boundary Lakes — Sub county boundaries Wetlands “ : — Rivers @6 Hills \- Abutting Contours Counties ETHIOPIA SOMALIA UGANDA TANZANIA Coordinate System Arc_1960_UTM_Zone_36N Projection: Transverse_Marcator Datum: D_Arc_1960 Spheroid: Clarke_1880_RGS HOMA BAY Map 4. 6: Siaya County Agro-Ecological zones 31 N Scale 1:520,000 * : 8 County Government of Siaya  600,000 KAKAMEGA KISUMU UGANDA SIAYA COUNTY POPULATION DENSITY AS AT 2016 Density 2016 LEGEND Kl = @6 Hills lume 187 -259 Contours — Siaya County mmm) 358 - 429 Boundary 430 - 536 — Sub county mm 537 - 965 boundaries Rivers '—Abutting Lakes Counties @6 Wetlands — Wards ETHIOPIA SOMALIA UGANDA TANZANIA Coordinate System Arc_1960_UTM_Zone_36N Projection: Transverse _Marcator Datum: D_Arc_1960 Spheroid: Clarke_1880_RGS Lake Victoria HOMA BAY Map 5. 1: Siaya County Population Density 2016 34 N Scale 1:520,000 * o s County Government of Siaya 35 5.3 Population Structure and Projection Under 1 year: The population of children under1 year is estimated as 34,905 (17,588 males and 17,317 females) in 2018 and accounts for 3.6 per cent of the total population. The population in this category is projected to increase to 37,361 (18,826 males and 18,535 females) and 42,804 (21,568 males and 21,235 females) persons in 2022 and 2030 respectively. This population is vulnerable to preventable illnesses hence specific health interventions should be focused on immunization, nutrition and dietetics and provision of Long-Lasting Insecticides Treated Nets (LLTINs) to reduce high incidences of morbidity and mortality. Under 5 years: The population which includes pre-primary school age group (children between 3- 5years) is estimated at 165,619 (83,160 males and 82,460 females) in 2018 and accounts for 16.9 per cent of the total population. This category of population is projected to increase to 177,273 (89,011 males and 88,262 females) and 203,099 (101,979 males and 101,120 females) persons in 2022 and 2030 respectively. This implies that measures have to be put in place to ensure that under 5 years‟ mortality rate is reduced from the current 72 per 1000 live births (according to KDHS 2014) to less than 70 per 1000 during the plan period. This population also requires targeted interventions on sanitation, nutrition and dietetics, increase ECDE centres, employment of more instructors so as to prepared and equipped early learners with requisite knowledge and ensure high retention and transition rates to primary education. Primary School Going (6-13 years): The population of the primary school age group is estimated at 220,334 (111,334 males and 109,000 females) in 2018 accounting for 22.4 per cent of the total population. This population is projected to increase to 235,838 (119,168 males and 116,670 females) and 270,195 (136,529 males and 133,666 females) persons in 2022 and 2030 respectively. There is need to increase primary school facilities and employment of more teachers to cater for the growing numbers of pupils and enhancement of retention and transition rates to secondary schools. This population also requires targeted interventions on sanitation, nutrition and reproductive health and can serve as important change agents for adoption of healthy behavioral practices within the community. Secondary School Going (14-17 Years): The population of secondary school age group is estimated at 98,324 (49,524 males and 48,800 females) in 2018 accounting for 10.0 per cent of the total population. The population of this group is projected to increase to 105,243 (53,009 males and 52,234 females) and 120,575 (60,731 males and 59,844 females) persons in 2022 and 2030 respectively. This population calls for continued investment in socio-economic infrastructure like schools, training institutions and a strategy to ensure high retention and transition rates to colleges. Youth Population (15-35): It is estimated that 264,680 (125,746 males and 138,943 females) are young person’s accounting for 27.0 per cent of the total population. This population is projected to increase to 283,313 (134, 594 males and 148,720 females) and 324,587 (154,202 males and 170,385 females) persons in 2022 and 2030 respectively. Due to the increasing youth population, there will be need for more programmes that address youth issues such as training, health, recreation facilities and employment opportunities. There is also need to increase the number of sports and recreational facilities to engage youth in sports and various recreational activities. In addition, this group is most affected by HIV and AIDS in the county. This calls for specific interventions aimed at addressing the scourge. Reproductive Age Group (15-49 years): The female reproductive population is estimated at 222,846 in 2018 representing 22.7 per cent of the population and is projected to increase to 238,527 and 273,276 persons in 2022 and 2030 respectively. The continued increase in population of this age group will require more resources to meet the rising demand for family planning, improvement of maternal and child health services. Furthermore, strategic interventions must be put in place to increase: the percentage of skilled deliveries from 65 per cent in 2018 to 90 per cent, 4th Ante Natal Clinic (ANC) from 50 per cent to 80 per cent and 36 percentage of women screened for cervical cancer from 20 per cent to 65 per cent within the plan period. In addition, deliberate interventions will be directed towards reduction of maternal mortality within the same period. Labour Force (15-64 years): The labour force population is estimated at 476,485 (209,486 males and 266,999 females) in 2018 and this number is projected to increase to 510,013 (224,226 males and 285,787 females) and 584,313 (256,892 males and 327,421 females) persons in 2022 and 2030 respectively. These economically active people represent 48.5 per cent of the total population therefore there is need for more resources to be channeled to employment driven investments to reduce the burden of dependency and poverty. Besides there is need to maximize on the availability of universities and set up appropriate tertiary training institutions to cater for the primary and secondary school drop-outs to boost skills and competency within the county. Aged Population (65 years and above): The aged population is estimated at 52,524 (21,275 males and 31,248 females) in 2018 accounting for 5.3 per cent of the total population. This category of the population is projected to increase to 56,219 (22,772 males and 33,447 females) and 64,410 (26,090 males and 38,320 females) persons in 2022 and 2030 respectively. The low population of the aged can be attributed to low life expectancy rate of both males and females which stands at 38.3 and 43.6 respectively. This group is mostly affected by non-communicable conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes and mental health, which need to be focused on during the plan period. There will be need for the expansion of social protection initiatives targeting this group so as to reduce the dependency ratio while up-lifting the living standards of this group. Figure 5. 1: Siaya County Population Structure 39 5.4 Demographic Characteristics 5.4.1 Indicators of Well-being over the past ten years, the welfare of the County citizens has shown significant improvements. Further, the headcount poverty in Siaya has declined across the county since 2005/06. The notable poverty decline could be attributed to the fact that more resources have been devolved to the county. There have also been many pro-poor programmes such as; social protection programmes for the poor and vulnerable groups, initiatives for the less privileges where both the incidence and depth of poverty are high, and affirmative action in public procurement and access to credit in favor of the youth and women. 5.4.2 Literacy Population aged over 15 years that can read and write is 79.75 per cent, while those who cannot read and write is 18.25 per cent. Efforts will be made to ensure that more formal as well as informal institutions are established to further improve on the county’s literacy level. The county government plans to equip and staff the adult learning centres and establish resource centres in all sub locations in the county. 5.4.3 Life Expectancy The average lifespan in Siaya County is estimated to be 40 years under today social, economic and health conditions, a staggering 16 years shorter than Kenya average of 56.6 years, and more than a quarter century shorter (Kenya Institute for Public Policy and Research, 2014). It is reasonable to believe that the unfavorable conditions that prevailed during the period of economic sabotage resulting in collapse of local industries had a negative impact. These also resulted in greater level of poverty. The vast majority of population is jobless, while employment opportunities are minimal. In all the six sub-counties areas, agriculture is the only way to create incomes necessary for survival, often pawn to in safety and risks associated with this activity. In search for safer income sources, a considerable number of male families’ heads are inclined to abandon their homes, only to move towards urban areas, which provide more opportunities for a better life. A considerable part of the rural areas is disconnected from access to road and other infrastructures. Basic services like schools and health facilities are often far from settlements, and represent one of the main causes of life quality decline in the rural settlements 5.4.4 Morbidity and Mortality Routine data collected at health facilities in the county indicates that the major causes of morbidity in the county are: Malaria (54%) respiratory tract infections (15%) and diarrheal diseases (4%). These 3 preventable illnesses are also the main causes of childhood morbidity in the county. It is important to note that the burden of non-communicable conditions in the county such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancers, mental health, has not been quantified. The current child mortality rates for the county (NNMR 39/1000 live births, IMR 111/1000 live births, U5MR 159/1000 live births) are among the highest in the county. Majority of these deaths are due to preventable and treatable illnesses. Of importance also is the fact that majority of the childhood deaths are due to an underlying factor of HIV/AIDS and malnutrition. 5.4.5 Fertility This growth is largely a result of high fertility, which is currently 5.5 children per woman, compared to a national average of 4.6 children per woman. This number has declined from 8.8 children per woman in 1998, mostly because of increasing demand for smaller families 40 and use of modern contraception. Addressing barriers to access and use of family planning would further reduce fertility. 5.4.6 Employment and Income Levels Wage employment in the county forms approximately 17% of the total employment opportunities scattered across various sectors including agriculture, Non-Governmental Organizations, the government and in the transport industry. Agriculture alone provides approximately 61% of all employment opportunities in the county. The urban self-employed comprise 14 percent of the total labour force while 8 percent is rural based. Most people in the rural areas are self-employed and engaged in small scale businesses operating kiosks selling grocery, foodstuffs, small hotels and ‘boda boda services and undertaking small scale farming. The urban self-employment includes those in businesses like shop keeping, hotels, chemists, hair dressing foodstuff trade, cottage industry among others. The County’s labour force was projected to be 430,300 in 2012 out of which 189,181 were men and 241,119 were women. It is projected that this will increase to 452,815 in 2015 and 468,497 in 2017. In view of these dynamics, there will be need to invest in key sectors of the economy in order to create employment opportunities for this force. It is estimated that approximately 40% which translates to 172,120 persons in the counties labour force is unemployed. These high levels of unemployment may be explained by low access to affordable credits, lack of collateral and more often overreliance on white collar jobs with total disregard to self-employment. In this regard, more opportunities need to be created with an aim of addressing the unemployment problem. The county government has put in place various programmes that will expand opportunities for the youth and women. Nonetheless, there is need for more interventions by all stakeholders to complement government’s initiatives. 5.5 Social Analysis 5.5.1 Culture and Heritage Siaya County is predominantly occupied by the luo community constituting 90% of the county population. Siaya residents just like other communities in luo counties do not practice traditional method of circumcision to initiate boys to manhood, instead their initiation involved removal of six lower teeth that is no longer practiced today. Wife inheritance is another luo custom, it is whereby, if a man dies, one of his brothers or close relative inherits the widow and must meet all of her marital requirement. The luo mourning ceremony (tero buru) widely practiced in Siaya county. It is a unique, elaborate and dramatic ceremony that symbolizes the departure of a loved one. Despite the fact that majority of county residents are Christians, many still uphold most of their traditional cultural customs, especially in rural areas. The residents of Siaya county have fish and ugali as the main food, this is usually accompanied by variety of vegetables that includes; kunde, osuga, kales, cabbages, dek, Stories, legends, riddles and proverbs are an important part of luo culture, the predominant group in Siaya County. They are traditionally recited in siwindhe, the grandmothers house. In traditional belief, the ancestors continue to play a significant role on the people’s daily lives and are therefore held in high esteem. The Christianity has fused most notably with traditional beliefs and customs in independent churches which have attracted large following. For example, Nomiya Luo Church and Legio Maria Churches. Traditionally, the luo residents of Siaya County wore minimal clothing. Animal hides were used to cover private parts, but there was no stigma. The primary crops are maize (corn), millet and sorghum. Sugarcane is also important crop in the county. Important animals include sheep, goats, chicken, and cattle which are used for bride wealth. Siaya County residents consider their entire traditional way of life to be an important community resource. 41 Plate 5. 1: Siaya County Food Culture and Artefacts 5.5.2 Emerging Planning Issues, Opportunities and Challenges i. High population growth ii. Increased unemployment rate among the young population iii. Pressure on limited natural and economic resources iv. High dependency rate v. Increased aging population vi. Increasing population of school going population vii. Increasing poverty levels viii. Erosion of local culture ix. Unmapped cultural heritage sites x. Unprotected cultural sites xi. Low investment in cultural and heritage conservation xii. Rich cultural heritage 44  Water bodies -includes land occupied by rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, shallow wells and wetlands. The water bodies are both perennial as well as non-perennial.  Agricultural lands- This category entails cultivated land, fallow land, farm houses, horticultural, range land as well as crop fields. The main food crops include; maize, sorghum, millet, beans, cowpeas, cassava, sweet potatoes, groundnuts and finger millets while the main cash crop include cotton, rice, sugar cane and groundnuts. Some of the emerging crops in the County include: irrigated rice, palm oil, chili, passion fruits and grain amaranth. Vegetables produced in the County include: tomatoes, onions and kales while fruits grown in the region are; mangoes, pawpaw, bananas, oranges and watermelon. Food crops cover a total land area of 150,300 ha while the cash crops occupy 2,500 ha. The average farm size for a small-scale farmer is 1.5 ha and 7.0 ha for a large-scale farmer. Due to small farm holdings and the resulting limited benefits economies of scale, the practice of mechanized agriculture is heavily constrained. 6.2.1 Land Use Patterns Category of Land use Area in Ha Percentage of County (%) 1 Urban and Rural Settlements 6,645 5.85 2 Green Vegetation/Agricultural Land 135,097 24.25 3 Water Bodies (Lakes, Wetlands, Rivers, Ponds) 99,814 17.91 4 Wetlands 4253 0.76 5 Hills 1916 0.19 6. Bare Ground/Open spaces (Non-Vegetated) 100493.1 18.04 7. Others 33.0 Table 6. 1: Land use percentages generated from a classified landsat-8 satellite image Source: United States Geological Society Earth Observation Research Satellites Figure 6. 1: A graph indicating land use percentages 45 Map 6. 1: Siaya County Land Use Classification and Distribution 46 6.2.2 Land Capability and Suitability Analysis Siaya land capability refers to the potential of land to be used in the context of arable land and non-arable land. On arable land encompasses land used as forests and other plantations. The purpose of land capability analysis is to help one understand how various land types fit to use for crop production. The county land use viewed in this context refers to how county land is being used currently for agriculture, pastures and forestry. It short we attempt to describe to what extent the county land has been used to sustain the types of activities. Often a lot of factors that deal with land quality/capability according to Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) revolves around the factors that influence soil quality and climate. Therefore, the nature of the terrain is a critical determinant. There are a number of factors under consideration in land capability classifications in Siaya County. Some of the determinants of land capability includes areas prone to soil erosion hazards, areas prone to flooding in Yimbo, Alego Usonga, and Ugenya. Other factors are dependent on soil depth and type of soil. Many parts of the water front are loamy with occasional sandy beaches, majority of the parts of the county have good deep loamy agricultural soils notable in Gem Sub County, Ugenya and Alego Usonga and Ugunja. In certain instances, block and deep cotton soils existing Uyoma. Several parts of Sakwa has limitation in soil in terms of its rocky nature. Such areas the soil capability is limited as far as agricultural production is concerned. Other factor related to climate plays critical role in determining the soil capability. The south eastern coastlines of Siaya County in Bondo and Uyoma exhibit low soil capability as a result of arid and semi-arid conditions. In an attempt to establish land capability in Siaya County the following factors were assessed during the situational analysis through participant discussions with various panels. Soil depth, soil textures, soil permeability, general soil drainage conditions, soil salinity, soil alkalinity, soil toxity and the availability of nutrients. Majority of Siaya County has good soils for agricultural production. However, there exist some parts of the county in Uyoma and Sakwa with arid climate. Lower parts of Alego Usonga are wet due to the presence of river deltas and Yala wetlands. Many parts of Ugenya and Ugunja have good agricultural lands. 49 CHAPTER 7: ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES 7.1 Environment The livelihoods of most county residents depend Natural resources that are highly vulnerable to environmental degradation and the effects of climate change. Rapid population growth places enormous pressure on natural and environmental resources such as fisheries, forests, water, and land. Already scarce resources such as fisheries and farmland must be divided among more people, resulting in overexploitation. Fish stocks are dwindling due to overfishing and changing water temperatures, and people living in lowlands are frequently displaced due to flooding. As the county’s population increases, these pressures on resources will be magnified. Article 42 of the Constitution of Kenya states that every person has the right to a clean and healthy environment, which includes the right to have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future generations through legislative and other measures. The Siaya County Spatial Plan identifies the entire county as an environmentally fragile space and seeks to prioritize protection and conservation of the environmentally sensitive areas. 7.1.1 Appraisal of National Policies on Environment The promulgation of The Constitution of Kenya 2010 and other new developments like climate change marked an important chapter in Kenya’s environmental policy development. Hailed as a ‘Green’ Constitution, it embodies elaborate provisions with considerable implications for sustainable development. These range from environmental principles and implications of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) to the right to a clean and healthy environment as enshrined in the Bill of Rights. Chapter V is entirely dedicated to land and environment. It also embodies a host of social and economic rights which are of environmental character such as the right to water, food and shelter, among others. A number of policies as outlined below have been formulated to help manage and conserve the environment. 7.1.1.1 The National Environmental Policy, 2013 This Policy proposes a broad range of measures and actions responding to key environmental issues and challenges. It seeks to provide the framework for an integrated approach to planning and sustainable management of natural resources in the various policy measures not only to mainstream sound environmental management practices in all sectors of society throughout the country but also recommends strong institutional and governance measures to support the achievement of the desired objectives and goal. 7.1.1.2 The National Land Policy It provides a framework of policies and laws designed to address land management for sustainable development. The National Land Policy provides a legal framework on land policy implementation, Land Use Guidelines and preparation of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Reports. 7.1.1.3 Wetlands Management and Coordination Policy, 2013 The goal of this policy is to ensure wise use and sustainable management of wetlands in order to enhance sustenance of the ecological and socio‐economic functions of Kenya’s wetlands for the benefit of present and future generations. This is based on the principles and values of, among others, wise use, precautionary principle, public participation, devolution and ecosystem-based management, taking cognizance of the national and international cooperation. This policy therefore sets out policy statements on how the Government intends to address wetland conservation and management challenges. 50 7.1.1.4 Wildlife Policy, 2007 This Policy proposes a broad range of measures and actions responding to the wildlife conservation challenges. It seeks to balance the needs of the people of Kenya with opportunities for sustainable wildlife conservation and management countrywide. Wildlife resources in Kenya are valuable natural endowment that must be sustainably managed for present and future generations. Wildlife resources offer a range of benefits and opportunities for local and national economic development, improved livelihoods and provision of environmental goods and services such as watershed protection and carbon sequestration. 7.1.1.5 Forest Policy, 2014 This Policy proposes a broad range of measures and actions responding to the challenges faced by the forest sector. It is based upon the views and expert opinion of those participants drawn from the public and private sector, and civil society organizations. A number of strategic initiatives have been introduced to improve and develop the forest resource base; integrate good governance, transparency, and accountability, equity and poverty reduction into the forest. It also presents the issues and the policy recommendations that have been identified, analyzed and debated by the stakeholders. It will provide the basis upon which the on-going governance, administrative and legislative reform process will be continued. It seeks to balance the needs of the people of Kenya with opportunities for sustainable forest conservation, management and utilization. It is also particularly informed by the Constitution, national land policy, Transition to Devolved Government Act, 2012, Inter-governmental Relations Act, 2012, Land Act, 2012 as well as the National Climate Change Response Strategy, which underscores forestry’s unique role in both climate change mitigation and adaptation. 7.1.1.6 Sessional Paper No. 3 of 2016 on National Climate Change Framework Policy This Policy’s focus is on the interlinkages between sustainable national development and climate change. Climate change adversely impacts key sectors that are important to the economy and society: Environment, Water and Forestry; Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries; Trade; Extractive industries; Energy; Physical Infrastructure; Tourism; and Health. This Policy therefore elaborates intervention measures that can help to achieve the goal of low carbon climate resilient development. This Policy was developed to facilitate a coordinated, coherent and effective response to the local, national and global challenges and opportunities presented by climate change. An overarching mainstreaming approach has been adopted to ensure the integration of climate change considerations into development planning, budgeting and implementation in all sectors and at all levels of government. This Policy therefore aims to enhance adaptive capacity and build resilience to climate variability and change, while promoting a low carbon development pathway. 7.1.1.7 Forest Policy, 2014 This Policy proposes a broad range of measures and actions responding to the challenges faced by the forest sector. It is based upon the views and expert opinion of those participants drawn from the public and private sector, and civil society organizations. A number of strategic initiatives have been introduced to improve and develop the forest resource base; integrate good governance, transparency, and accountability, equity and poverty reduction into the forest. It also presents the issues and the policy recommendations that have been identified, analyzed and debated by the stakeholders. It will provide the basis upon which the on-going governance, administrative and legislative reform process will be continued. It seeks to balance the needs of the people of Kenya with opportunities for sustainable forest conservation, management and utilization. It is also particularly informed by the Constitution, national land policy, Transition to Devolved Government Act, 2012, Inter-governmental 51 Relations Act, 2012, Land Act, 2012 as well as the National Climate Change Response Strategy, which underscores forestry’s unique role in both climate change mitigation and adaptation. 7.1.1.8 Siaya County Spatial Plan Policy Statements  All environmentally sensitive areas shall be protected and utilized in a sustainable manner. These are wetlands, marine ecosystems, forest ecosystems and mountain ecosystems.  All environmentally fragile areas shall be conserved and utilized in a sustainable manner.  All Siaya county and national government agencies shall integrate environmental concerns in policy formulation, resource planning and development processes. The Siaya County Spatial Plan supports the mainstreaming of climate change into all the planning processes. 7.1.2 Green and Open Spaces Quality open space provision plays an important role in improving quality of life of residents. It provides quiet, breathing space and acts as a clearing house allowing for a range of open- air activities. It further contributes to health conditions, air quality as well as to pleasantness of residents. All areas should be supplied with open space based on population density at an average ratio of around 11 square meters per resident (international standard), or around 0.4 ha for 1,000 for residential neighborhoods (ISUD, 2013). Green and open spaces include forests, hills and protected green areas. 7.1.2.1 Forests and Hills Destruction of forests and hills in the county, and the resultant biodiversity loss is a key environmental challenge. The environmental challenges are aggravated with increased population growth, agricultural expansion, over-dependence on wood fuels, and low levels of afforestation and accelerated deforestation in the county. The loss of forests and wetlands are envisaged to increased loss of habitat, change micro-climate, loss integrity of ecosystem, crop yields as well as decrease in food security. Wood fuel harvesting has been recognized as a major reduction of forest cover. The following data provide information on the number and size of gazetted forests and forest production. Table 7. 1: Size of Gazetted and Non-Gazetted Forests 2013 2014 Number of gazetted forest 2 2 No. of Non-gazetted forest 20 20 Size of gazetted forest (ha) 345.00 345.00 Size of non-gazetted forest (ha) 1,290.70 1,290.70 Source: Kenya Forest Services, Siaya County 7.1.2.2 Protected Green Areas There are seventeen (17) protected green areas and hills in Siaya county namely: Regeya, Odiado, Aduwa, Mbaga, Akara, Onyanje, Nguge, Naya, Abom, Rambugu, Usire, Serawongo, Utonga, Usenge, Rembo, Odidi, Ramogi and Abiero. The other category of protected areas includes wetlands such as Yala swamp. It is Kenya’s largest papyrus swamp and freshwater wetland covering 17,500 ha in Siaya, Bondo and Busia counties. Three smaller lakes lie within the swamp: Kanyaboli, Nyamboyo and Sare. It is a crucial site for threatened papyrus birds and endangered sitatunga and one of the last remnants of Lake Victoria's diminishing cichlid population. It also hosts two native Lake Victoria tilapias virtually eliminated from the lake due to Nile perch predation. 54 7.1.3 Pollution The major cause of pollution and other environmental damage is the increased population in the Siaya County and the neighboring counties. It is clear that most human activities have effects, which are negative and harmful, on the environment. Transport, agriculture and trade in products for consumption are major components of pollution. Another issue which needs to be attended to is waste management (solid and liquid) in the county. The protection of biological diversity, natural resources, and remedying contaminated land are also issues addressed by the County Spatial Plan. The most developmental challenge in the county is to strike a balance between sustainable development and environmental management and utilization. The main environmental problems in Siaya county are land and soil degradation, loss of biodiversity and ecosystem, deforestation, overgrazing, decline of agricultural productivity and water scarcity. Climate change and climate variabilities have been causing grave socio-economic problems. Lack of proper waste collection and disposal systems from urban domestic sources have become a real menace. Water and air pollutions have also become major sources of public health problems. The Kenya Vision 2030 is the country’s development plan to transform Kenya into a “middle-income country providing a high- quality life to all its citizens by the year 2030” (Kenya Vision, 2030). The vision has put the environmental conservation in its agenda. It also aspires to have clean, secure and sustainable environment by 2030. The vision aims to improving pollution and waste management through the design and application of economic incentives. In addition, the country will harmonize environment-related laws for better environmental planning and governance. 7.1.4 Biodiversity Biodiversity is the representation of the millions of different species on the earth and the genetic diversity within these species. Biodiversity is important because humans depend on animals and other species to live and grow and much as animals and other species depend on humans to live and grow. Biodiversity is important because certain organisms have economic value such as plants being made into medicine such as Aloe Vera which is found in less densely populated areas of Bondo, Ukwala and Rarieda sub counties. These plants have value to the ecosystem and are a source of natural beauty and recreation. Diseases or insects such as army warms, crickets and grasshoppers which are part of the ecosystem have at times wiped out a food crop in Siaya county. These insects which are almost becoming extinct are a good source of food for human beings as well as animals. This has been as a result of clearing of vegetation to pave way for farming and building of structures. This has drastically led to change in land use in the county. 7.2 Climate Change and Disaster Management Environmental degradation in Kenya and Siaya County in particular directly contributes to impacts of climate change as is witnessed in the rising costs of water treatment, food imports and health services. These are not only increasing human vulnerability and health insecurity but also draining the county’s economic resources. The expansion of human activities into marginal areas leading to clearance of natural habitats such as forests and wetlands has been a major driving force behind land degradation throughout the country. The continuous loss of biological resources due to flooding translates into loss of economic potential and options for commercial development. 7.2.1 Flood and Erosion Endangered Areas There are areas within Siaya county which are prone to flooding during the rainy seasons. Usonga location in Alego Usonga sub county has been experiencing flooding in the months of April and October. Flooding also occurs along river banks, beaches, down hills, plains and market centres. The flooding at times forces the community to move to other areas for their 55 safety and that of their animals. With the aim of placing control over flood endangered areas, the County Government of Siaya through the Department of Lands, Physical Planning, Housing and Urban Development, Water Management, in cooperation with competent authorities on economy, finance, agriculture, forestry, trade, industry, public services, communications, transport, energy, rural development, housing, construction and environmental protection, must compile a Plan on Flood Administration as the only means of minimizing consequences or even minimize flooding. Mapping register and presentation of flooding endangered areas (Figure 7.2), and coverage of the flooding wave is of utmost importance. 7.3 Natural Resources Siaya county is endowed with a number of natural resources ranging from minerals, water bodies (Lake Victoria, Lake Kanyaboli, Lake Sare, River Yala, River Nzoia and their tributaries namely Huro, Akala North, Nyamonye, Woroya, Dande and Seme Awach), wetlands, forests, hills and mountains. 7.4.4 Emerging Development Issues  Sporadic flooding causing threat to life and property.  Erosion causing hazardous consequences to water flows, land, forests, objects and other immovable properties.  Insufficient preservation, protection and rational exploitation of natural resources SIAYA COUNTY FLOOD RISK AREAS KAKAMEGA LEGEND 6 Low Risk Areas | — siaya County Medium Risk Boundary Areas — Sub county @6 High Risk Areas boundaries — Rivers — Abutting Counties UGANDA TANZANIA Coordinate System Arc_1960_UTM_Zone_36N Projection: Transverse_Marcator Datum: D_Arc_1960 Spheroid: Clarke_1880_RGS N Scale 1:520,000 * Z 8 HOMA BAY County Government of Siaya Map 7. 2: Siaya County Flood Risk Areas 56 59 8.4.1 Flooring It is approximated that earth floors constitute for 70.1 percent of the households, cement floors (29.0 percent), tiles (0.40 per cent), and wooden floors (0.40 percent). Bondo Sub County has the highest share of cement floors at 42%. That is twice Gem Sub County, which has the lowest share of cement floors. Bondo constituency is 13 percentage points above the county average. In regards to wards, Siaya Township tops with a share of 68% for cement floors. Figure 8. 1: Percentage Distribution of Households by Floor Material in Siaya County 8.4.2 Roofing Less than 1% of the County residents live in homes with concrete roofs, while 66% have corrugated iron sheet roofs. Makuti/grass roofs constitute for 32% and asbestos sheet 0.9 %. Bondo Sub County has the highest share of corrugated iron sheet roofs at 78% while Ugunja Sub County has the lowest. West Yimbo ward has the highest share of corrugated iron sheet roofs at 87% while East Ugenya ward has the lowest share of corrugated iron sheet roofs. Ugenya Sub-County with the highest share of grass/makuti roofs at 46% while East Ugenya ward has the highest share of grass/makuti roofs at 57%. Figure 8. 2: Percentage Distribution of Households by Roof Material in Siaya County 8.4.3 Walling In Siaya County, 15% of homes have been built with brick or stone walls and 83% mud/wood or mud/cement walls. Less than 1% has wood or corrugated iron sheet or grass/thatched walls 60 and 1% has tin or other walls. Alego Usonga Sub County has the highest share of brick/stone walls at 18% while Gem Sub County, has the lowest share of brick/stone walls. Siaya Township ward has the highest share of brick/stone walls at 56% while Central Alego ward has the lowest share of brick/stone walls. Rarieda Sub County has the highest share of mud with wood/cement walls at 86% while Alego Usonga Sub County has the lowest share of mud with wood/cement. Central Alego ward has the highest share of mud with wood/ cement walls at 93% while Siaya Township ward, which has the lowest share of mud with wood/cement walls. Figure 8. 3: Percentage Distribution of Households by Wall Material in Siaya County 8.4.4 Housing Providers Housing providers in the rural areas is mainly by individual owners while in the urban areas, provision is by private developers, National Housing Cooperation and Ministry of Housing for civil servants. Government housing is mainly for administrative offices are 233; 15 units of High Grade (HG) 104 units of Medium Grade (MG) and 139 units of Low Grades (LG). 3The distribution of these housing units in the County is as summarized below: Table 8. 1: Siaya County housing providers Sub County Police line AP. Line Totals HG MG LG MG LG MG LG SIAYA 8 72 49 65 0 1 23 218 BONDO 3 6 2 2 28 0 15 56 GEM 0 15 52 0 16 0 4 87 UGENYA 3 7 14 2 22 0 6 54 UGUNJA 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 8 RARIEDA 1 2 16 0 0 0 0 19 TOTALS 15 104 139 69 66 1 48 442 Source: Siaya County Housing Office cited in the County Integrated Development Plan 2013 – 2017 8.5 Urbanization and Evolution of Planned Settlements Over the years urban centres of Siaya County were planned and developed by preparation of local physical development plans as mandated by the Town Planning Act of 1948 and the Land Planning Act of 1961. These urban centres included: Bondo, Siaya, Yala, Ukwala, 3 County Government of Siaya. (2013). The County Integrated Development Plan 2013 – 2017 61 Ugunja, and Rarieda formerly division headquarters for original Siaya District. Later these towns graduated as district headquarters and are the current sub-County headquarters. Other towns have evolved due to strategic socio-economic activities: Usenge as a major fish landing beach and Ugunja as strategic location on Kisumu-Busia Road. Ukwala is the oldest major urban centre in Siaya County formerly hosting Nyanza colonial headquarter and Law Courts. Asembo Bay (Kamito) was a port connecting Siaya County and Homabay and by extension greater East Africa, however, it lost its port function due to decline in Lake Transport compared to more convenient road transport. 8.5.1 Urban Settlements Urban centres are the focal points for commerce, industrial development, scientific innovations, recreation, governance, cultural transformation as well as service delivery systems. Within Siaya County, there are 14 urban centers with a total urban population of 90,840 in 2009 which is about 10.8% of the total population. The most dominant urban centres in the County include: Siaya, Bondo, Nyadorera, Ugunja, Sega, Yala, Aram, Akala, Luanda Kotieno, Sigomere, Sidindi, Aboke, Usenge, and Ndori. These towns currently perform specific strategic functions based on socio-economic and natural resource capital in the neighborhood. Access to basic facilities and services such as; Water and sanitation is not good in all the major urban centres within the County. Slums are upcoming especially along the beaches. The existing settlements /build up is given in figure 8.1. The population share of the urban centres is as summarized in the table below. Table 8. 2: Urban population and settlements in Siaya County, 2009 Sr. No. Urban centre Urban Population % Urban Population to Total Urban population 1. Bondo 33,468 36.8% 2. Siaya 22,586 24.9% 3. Usenge 10,098 11.1% 4. Ugunja 7,242 8.0% 5. Yala 6412 7.1% 6. Ukwala 5,187 5.7% 7. Others 5, 847 6.4% Note: * - % indicates % of Urban population to the total urban population of Siaya County. Source: KNBS, 2009 8.5.2 Hierarchy and Functionality of Towns The hierarchy of towns is based on the percentage share of urban population and functionality of towns which is as highlighted below: - Bondo Town is ranked first among the six most populated towns with a percentage urban population of 36.8%. The town was formerly a division and district and currently Bondo Sub- County headquarter. It is emerging as an Education hub hosting a university (Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology), tertiary institutions (Bondo Medical Training, and Bondo Technical Training Institute) and Maranda High (a national school), other schools are Bar Kowino, Nyamira, Jaramogi, Bar Chando, Bondo Township, and Nyawita). Bondo lies at the heart of a fishing zone (10km from the Lake) and major fish landing beaches such as Usenge, Uhanya, Wichlum, Misori, Luanda Kotieno among others. The strategic location from the lake generates a multiplier effect in infrastructural development. Currently, the town hosts one of the largest open-air market in the County and availability of financial institutions such as commercial banks (Kenya Commercial Bank, Equity Bank, and Cooperative Bank); Hotels such as Pride, Kings, Switel, Legacy, Don, Acacia Resort; commercial shops; and Bondo Cereal (silos). Other public institutions include: Sub-County Hospital and Police Station, Post Office and Magistrate Court and other 64 Map 8. 1: Hierarchy of Urban Centres in Siaya County 65 8.5.3 Classification of Potential Growth Hubs and Drivers for Development Transport hubs: Siaya County is strategically positioned in relation to other regions and especially to Uganda, Busia and Kisumu Counties through the Kisumu-Busia road, Usenge- Bondo-Kisumu road, and Nyadorera-Siaya-Kisumu road and Lake Victoria connecting to Kisumu, Homabay, Migori, Busia and Uganda. This gives it a regional advantage stimulating growth and development that attracts growth centres and in itself forming a key growth corridor. Ecotourism and Fishing hubs: The County is predominantly recognized for its fishing activities and ecotourism along the beaches of Lake Victoria and Kanyaboli, promoting economic growth and development. Education hubs: These institutions include Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology (Bondo), Proposed Barack Obama University (Siaya), Kenya Medical Training Colleges (Bondo and Siaya) and Technical Institutes (Siaya and Bondo) which attract population and infrastructural development making them key growth nodes. Governance hubs: These are classified as towns due to their administrative functions and include county headquarters (Siaya), Sub-county headquarter (Bondo, Ugunja, Ukwala, Yala, Siaya, and Aram) Ward administrative centres, and priority towns (Yala, Ukwala and Ugunja). Industrial hubs: These are regions that will serve as industrial centres of the county. They will be developed with special packages and special focus for industrial development. An example of this town is Yala which has potential for sugar processing industries. Commercial and Agriculture hubs: These towns majorly serve as impetus for exchange of goods and services. Medical hubs: Include regions with highly specialized medical facilities in the county. These hubs include Siaya (Siaya County referral hospital), Bondo (Bondo sub county hospital), Usenge (Got Ambira sub county hospital), Yala (Yala sub county hospital), Ugunja (Ambira sub county hospital), Ukwala (Ukwala sub county hospital), Madeya (Inuka sub county hospital), and Madiany (Madiany sub county hospital). 8.5.4 Urbanization Strategies in Kenya According to the National Human Settlement Strategy (1978), hierarchy of settlement centres was enumerated for the country with the purpose of concentrating facilities and services required by the populace living within towns and their hinterlands.4 As a result, urban settlements were classified as functional levels based on their range and level of services and scale of hinterland served. The five categories of centres are as follows5: a. Growth Centres: are growth poles with potential for urban and industrial growth as well as have the capability to induce growth in larger centres that offer one or more specialized growth functions and which can accommodate major redistribution of the population. They will be linked with national trunk road system. b. Service Centres: i. Urban Centre: This is the highest category of planned service centres. An urban centre is expected to have a residential population in excess of 5,000, have a full range of services associated with a town with treated piped water supply, a sewerage system and a disposal plant. It should be able to serve a rural hinterland of 100,000-150,000 population, have a specialized 4 Nyandarua District Regional Development Plan, 2001-2030: An Integrated Plan for Sustainable Regional Development (2003). 5 Human Settlements in Kenya, A Strategy for Urban and Rural Development, Physical Planning department, Ministry of Lands and Settlement, 1978 66 hospital, secondary schools and other specialized services. They should function as reception centres for rural migrants seeking employment and social amenities. ii. Rural Centre: It is intended to serve about 40,000 population with a residential population of between 2,000 and 10,000 inhabitants. The centre should have a secondary school, a health centre, better shopping facilities and bigger markets. It is expected to eventually have piped water supply, a sewerage disposal system, telephone services and full postal and banking facilities iii. Market Centre: It approximately serves 15,000 rural populations and a residential population of less than 2,000 people. The centre is designated for the development of public water supply, sub-post office, telephone facilities, a police post, a local bus service and other social, commercial and local administrative services. iv. Local Centre: It is at the lowest level of service centre designated to serve the local needs of people within walking distance. It should contain a primary school, several shops, a dispensary, a public water supply system and an open-air market. It should serve 5,000 populations from the hinterland who are not residents in the centre. 8.6 Settlement Pattern Options for Developing Siaya County This plan explores various options for development of regions of Siaya County. These options and their implications are as discussed below: 8.6.1 Mono Centre The spatial structure of human settlements in this case is characterized by only one strong nuclei (node) which develops and there is no existence of important function in other centres. In case of Siaya County, Siaya has been the central point of all development and administration hence, such a model would promote a stronger growth. However, this would lead to stagnation of other regional towns as well as concentration of development at a single area. Figure 8. 4: Monocentric spatial pattern 69 Figure 8. 9: Proposed settlement patterns for Siaya County 8.7 Emerging Issues The growth and development of settlements in Siaya County like many other settlements in Kenya is faced by various challenges – cutting across urban and rural settlements- that require to be addressed in in order to achieve the much-desired future of the County. 8.7.1 Dispersed (rural) Settlements I. Poor infrastructure development With more than 89.2 % of the total population in Siaya County living in rural areas, access to quality infrastructure such a water, roads, electricity, health facilities, water supply, education, housing and related facilities is a challenge. II Uncontrolled subdivision and conversion of agricultural land As a result of population growth, there has been excessive subdivision of agricultural land due to inheritance or sale. The increasing investment and infrastructural development have resulted into change of use from agriculture to commercial, residential or related land uses. Additionally, Transportation of agricultural produce, goods and services has led into the growth of urban centres along the corridors. This is a threat to arable land as it results into more subdivisions and conversions. III Encroachment on fragile ecosystems The ever-increasing population exerts pressure on land which leads to encroachment of fragile ecosystems such a lake, wetlands, forests, rivers and hills. Most of the affected areas in the County include: Yala swamp, Lake Victoria, Mbaga hill, River Nzoia and Yala among others. 8.7.2 Nucleated (urban) Settlements Urban areas of Siaya County are faced by various challenges which include: - I. Poor infrastructure and services The level and standard of infrastructure and services in all the urban centres is low or completely lacking. Among the most glaring problem are poor conditions of roads, poor sanitation, poor solid waste management, poor transport management, electricity and sub- standard housing. 70 II. Weak institutional support in planning, implementation and enforcement This has led to uncoordinated urban development as well poor delivery of services. Most of the urban centres lack a physical development plan to serve as a guide for infrastructure development. III. Growth of informal settlements IV. Environmental degradation 71 Map 8. 2: Siaya County Urban Settlements and Connectivity 74 9.1.2 Air and Railway Transport There are three air strips in the County namely: Gombe, Dominion and Sega. These airstrips are currently not in use, so there is need for the county government to rehabilitate them. The airstrips should be used to promote tourism activities, enhancing sanity of local and international tourists and provide space for emergency landing. The County has a railway line from Nairobi at Yala Township connecting to Uganda though not operational. 9.1.3 Water Transport The water transport in Siaya County (ferry and boats) is predominant and links people from mainland to the islands as well as neighboring Counties of Migori and Homabay in the South Nyanza. 9.2 Information and Communication Technology This section assesses the means of communication in the area. These are telephone services, postal, cell phone services, courier services, newspaper, radio and television coverage. 9.2.1 Modes of Communication Telecommunication: Fixed line network covers the mainland but not the islands (Mageta, Ndenda and Oyamo) while mobile phone network is county wide with some areas having both or either of Safaricom or Airtel networks, 90 per cent mobile phones with main operators being Safaricom and Airtel communication companies, 0.5 per cent landline and 1.2 per cent of the household’s own computers. It is important to note that most of the government offices have internet connection through modems. Radio coverage is county wide while postal network covers the important business/market centres in the county. It is estimated that 75.2 per cent of the households in the County own a radio, 13.7 per cent television sets Postal services: The County has a total of 28 Post Offices and 21 sub-post offices spread across the region (Table 9.1). The County is serviced by three private courier services which include G4S, Wells Fargo and EMS. In addition to this, registered Public Service Vehicles also offer courier services. Table 9. 1: Postal Services Post Offices and Letter Boxes 2013 2014 Post Offices 23 28 Letter boxes Installed 6,350 6,350 Letter Boxes Rented 3,980 4,012 Letter Boxes Vacant 2,370 2,338 Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics 9.3 Energy In Siaya County, currently there is no power plant for electricity generation. The energy supply is currently derived from the national grid. However, there are potential for harnessing other small scale hydro-power from available resources such as water falls (Ndanu falls), wind power (along the lakeshore high potential) and solar energy (abundant sunshine) to start generating energy for the local consumption (figure 9.2). The energy consumption statistics were as follows: Paraffin lamps - 94% - of this, 73% used tin lamps. Total electricity usage was only at 4.3%. Only 2.4% of rural households had access to electricity. Total urban electricity access was at 20%. In 2014 the domestic customer connection represented 84% of total with 15.9% for small commercial and very limited industrial connection, an indication of low industrialization in the county (Table 9.2). Connection per customer entity indicated most secondary schools are connected to electricity compared to primary schools (Table 9.3). Most 75 trading centres are now connected to electric power under the rural electrification programme and establishment of solar panels in most markets. There are no gas sources in the County, which could be utilized. The County has no oil resources and refineries and therefore relies on its strategic location on Kisumu- Busia road for the supply through road transport. Table 9. 2: Connection per Customer Category 2014 Category 2014 Percentage (%) Domestic 22,606 84 Small Commercial 4,279 15.9 Industrial 2 0.0074 Total 26,887 100 Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Table 9. 3: Electricity Connection per Customer Entity 2014 Without Electricity Without Electricity Total Trading Centres 126 37 163 Primary Schools 563 163 716 Secondary Schools 148 9 157 Health Centres 327 60 387 Category (in Litres) 2013 2014 Super Petrol 114.2 113.8 Diesel 106.2 104.4 Kerosene 85.9 83.5 Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Table 9. 4: Petrol Consumption Category (in Litres) 2013 2014 Super Petrol 114.2 113.8 Diesel 106.2 104.4 Kerosene 85.9 83.5 Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Table 9. 5: Average Annual Pump Prices for Fuel by category Category (in Litres) 2013 2014 Super Petrol 114.2 113.8 Diesel 106.2 104.4 Kerosene 85.9 83.5 Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics 9.7.1 Energy Strategy Sustainable energy infrastructure is conspicuously missing and untapped in the County, focus on wind power and solar energy need to be up-scaled towards achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. Exploring the development of alternative energy potential such as wind power, solar energy, biogas among others. 76 Map 9. 2: Siaya County Solar Radiations from January to December, 2019 79 Sanitation continues to be a serious problem in the County with only 5.9 per cent of the households with access to piped water while the latrine coverage stands at 75.3 per cent. There are no planned sewerage systems in all urban centers in the County and this calls for concerted efforts from all the stakeholders especially the County government to invest in planned sewerage systems for improved liquid and solid waste disposal. Currently a major water and sewerage system is underway developed in Bondo and Siaya Towns through a joint venture between the Government of Kenya and African Development Bank. 9.6 Social Infrastructure 9.6.1 Education Facilities Education plays an important role in the development of people by empowering them to improve their well-being and participate in nation building. At the national level, the broad objective is to achieve 100% net primary school enrolment rate and reduce the disparity in access and quality of education. The Government also now proposes to achieve 100% transition from primary to secondary schools as well as promote competency-based curriculum that includes the integration Information, Communication and Technology (ICT) learning processes, as some the radical proposals in the Education Sessional Paper, 2018 (GOK, 2018). Education is a crucial predictor of professional success and future income levels. But children who have completed primary education can only have a shot at higher education if they get to join secondary education, stay and complete their studies. Quality education is paramount in steering development, and thus education is a top priority in Siaya county. In the 2009 census report the population of the age group (3-5 years) was 82,446 of whom 41,414 were boys and 41,032 were girls which represent 9.8% of the County’s total population. In the education sector, the county has one university; Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology and three colleges affiliated to other universities (Odera Akango, Barrack Obama Memorial University College, and University of Nairobi Learning Centre, Siaya. There are also emerging commercial colleges and branches of other established ones. According to Siaya County Scorecard 2014, the sector had the following further statistics: only 70% of children aged between 3 and 5 were attending pre-primary education in the county at the time of inception of the county government. The net enrolment in primary schools stood at 84.7%; with male standing at 84% and female at 85.7%. In secondary, only 43% of the population aged 14 - 17 years was joining secondary schools. The net enrolment rate stood at 19.8% with male at 19.1% and female at 20.5%. Only 6.1% of those aged 18 - 24 were enrolled in universities. And of the students enrolled in secondary schools 19.6 of were persons with disabilities. 9.6.1.1 Basic Education Services The County has 744 public Early Childhood Development (ECD) schools and 293 private totaling to 989 centres with an enrolment of 61,118. The ECD teachers are employed by both the County Government and the Parents, a factor that has led to the high turnover of the Teachers employed by parents which has comprised the quality of services in the Sector. County Government, Communities and parents have been responsible for the investment in ECD infrastructure. The number of primary schools in the County currently is 700, with a total enrolment of 202,658 pupils of which 96,409 are males and 106,549 females and 4,949 teachers. Teacher to student ratio is 1:49. The total enrolment stands at 202,658 pupils with a gross enrollment of 110 per cent. The average years of attendance stands at 6.4. Understaffing remains a major challenge with most of the schools being understaffed. The county had a total of 217 secondary schools with a total enrolment of 58,302 pupils by the end of 2012 (Table 9.8.3 and figure 9.8.3). The enrolment consisted of 31,359 boys and 80 26,943 girls. There were a total of 1290 teachers in 2012 giving a teacher pupil ratio stood at 1:27 indicating need for hiring of more teachers. The gross enrolment rate was 53.4 per cent while the net enrolment rate was 52.7 per cent. The average year of attendance in secondary schools is 3.6 years. Table 9. 7: Early Childhood Development Education Sub-County Public Private Total Gem 126 19 145 Siaya 144 58 202 Ugunja 70 10 81 Ugenya 89 7 96 Bondo 191 32 223 Rarieda 124 24 148 Total 744 150 894 Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics 2014 Table 9. 8: Pupil Enrolments in ECD Centers by Sex and Sub-County Sub-County 2013 2014 Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Ugenya 5,265 5,294 10,559 5,906 6,390 12,296 Siaya 7,663 6,998 14,661 8,307 8,340 16,647 Ugunja 2,872 2,694 5,566 2,753 2,914 5,667 Ugenya 2,499 2,295 4,794 2,673 2,698 5,371 Bondo 6,473 6,463 12,936 4,972 5,167 10,139 Rarieda 6,919 6,999 13,918 7,202 7,630 14,832 Total 31,691 30,743 62,434 31,813 33,139 64,952 Source: Department of Education, County Government of Siaya Table 9. 9: Primary School by Category and Sub-county Sub-County 2013 2014 Public Private Public Private Gem 112 4 119 5 Siaya 132 4 136 5 Ugunja 67 20 67 23 Ugenya 84 6 85 7 Bondo 128 17 127 19 Rarieda 116 10 117 11 Total 639 61 652 69 Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics 2014 Table 9. 10: Primary School by Category and Sub-county Sub-County 2013 2014 Public Private Public Private Gem 42 0 43 -- Siaya 39 3 42 2 Ugunja 19 1 24 1 Ugenya 27 0 31 -- Bondo 36 2 37 1 Rarieda 34 0 39 - Total 197 6 217 4 Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics 2014 Table 9. 11: Primary School Enrolments by Sex and Sub-County Class Sex Bondo Gem Rarieda Siaya Ugenya Ugunja Total Standard 1 Boys 3,094 3,385 3,070 4,140 2,736 1,812 18,237 Girls 3,221 3,334 3,088 4,014 2,224 1,837 17,718 Standard 2 Boys 3,076 3,285 3,031 3,867 2,304 1,826 17,389 81 Source: Department of Education, County Government of Siaya Table 9. 12: Secondary School Enrolments by Sex and Sub-County Class Gender Sub-County Bondo Gem Rarieda Siaya Ugenya Ugunja Total Form 1 Boys 1,896 2,139 1,960 1,711 1,255 1,055 10,016 Girls 1,563 1,607 1,532 1,830 1,087 1,193 8,812 Form 2 Boys 1,905 1,945 1,748 1,563 1,083 1,111 9,355 Girls 1,517 1,456 1,512 1,852 928 1,108 8,373 Form 3 Boys 1,622 1,829 1,568 1,332 977 1,002 8,330 Girls 1,194 1,215 1,264 1,422 750 866 6,711 Form 4 Boys 1,493 1,611 1,300 1,095 792 815 7.106 Girls 1,031 973 1,013 1,280 589 667 5,553 Grand Boys 6,916 7,524 6,576 5,701 4,107 3,983 34,807 Girls 5,305 5,251 5,321 12,085 7,461 7,817 29,449 Total 12,221 12,775 11,897 12,085 7,461 7,817 64,256 Source Ministry of Education Science and Technology Table 9. 13: Adult Education Centres by Sub-county Sub-County 2013 2014 Rarieda 16 15 Bondo 28 28 Siaya 23 24 Ugunja 17 12 Ugenya 11 15 Gem 9 9 Total 184 183 Source: Department of Education, County Government of Siaya Population aged over 15 years that can read and write is 79.75 per cent, while those who cannot read and write is 18.25 per cent. Efforts will be made to ensure that more formal as well as informal institutions are established to further improve on the county’s literacy level. The county government plans to equip and staff the adult learning centres and establish resource centres in all sub locations in the county. Girls 3,030 3,219 2,938 3,907 2,223 1,794 17,111 Standard 3 Boys 3,112 3,301 2,968 3,784 2,245 1,779 17,189 Girls 2,980 3,197 2,869 3,732 2,164 1,717 16,659 Standard 4 Boys 3,117 3,282 2,972 3,805 2,363 1,758 17,297 Girls 3,092 3,405 2,882 3,859 2,334 1,698 17,270 Standard 5 Boys 2,902 3,290 2,822 3,656 2,308 1,658 16,636 Girls 2,983 3,177 2,949 3,799 2,260 1,598 16,766 Standard 6 Boys 2,829 3,143 2,713 3,638 2,097 1,593 16,0131 Girls 2,854 3,238 2,788 3,250 2,232 1,662 16,456 Standard 7 Boys 2,622 2,893 2,581 3,433 2,084 1,589 15,019 Girls 2,686 2,972 2,780 2,383 2,145 1,685 15,701 Standard 8 Boys 2,044 2,010 1,842 2,305 1,333 1,279 10,813 Girls 1,919 2,086 1,877 2,383 1,372 1,230 10,867 Grand Total Boys 22,796 24,589 21,999 28,445 17,470 13,294 128,593 Girls 22,765 24,628 22,171 28,809 16,954 13,221 128,548 Total 45,561 49, 217 44,170 57,254 34,424 26,515 257,141