Historical Milestones and Key Concepts in Sleep Research, Exams of Nursing

Download Historical Milestones and Key Concepts in Sleep Research and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Sleep Exam 1Questions with Answers Latest Update 2024 Littman - Correct Answers opened first lab devoted to study sleep 1925 Berger - Correct Answers German psychiatrist invents first EEG- discovered electrical activity in brains- brain waves. Also noted the brain waves change w sleep onset, and don't just stop, indicating active processing Bunning - Correct Answers German biologist: noted circadian rhythms in the body- described the biological clock Askerinsky & Kleitman - Correct Answers discovered REM waves using EEG- connected there waves to dreaming Oglivie - Correct Answers Simple task study: simple tasks done during transition from drowsy to N1. When drowsy-reaction times increased and accuracy still okay. Both reactions. Transitioning to N1- both reaction time and accuracy dropped dramatically from 60-75% Dement - Correct Answers Sleep camp study: peak performance for teenagers is 9.25 hours. Most kids get 6.5 during school week. Webb - Correct Answers Elderly sleep studies: "fraying" elders have harder time falling and staying asleep History 1925 - Correct Answers First sleep lab opened by Kleitman at University of Chicago History 1935 - Correct Answers Bunning noted circadian rhythms in the body- described biological clock History 1953 - Correct Answers Asterisk & Kleitman discover REM waves using EEG- connect these waves to dreaming History 1960s - Correct Answers Sleep outlines into distinct stages and cycles- active theory peaked curiosity- grant funding, prompted many questions History 1929 - Correct Answers Berger- invents first EEG- discovered electrical activity in brains- brain waves. Also noted that brain waves change w sleep onset and don’t just stop, indicating active processing History 1975 - Correct Answers first accrediting organization of sleep professionals was founded- American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Few years late, first peer- reviewed medicinal journal on sleep- titles Sleep Polysomnography - Correct Answers records characteristics of sleep. Minimum 4 rows (EEG, Roe, Lego, egg). Typically 6 rows (Peg, Fee, Roe, Lego, 2 eggs) EEG: electroencephalogram- measures brain waves Ego: electrooculogram: measures eye movements (2) Egg: electromyogram: measures muscle tone/tension of the chin and jaw Clinical polysomnography - Correct Answers goal: identifying sleep disturbances and disorders 3 additional measures: 1. Breathing (masks measure oxygen intake and breathing patterns 2. Heart rhythm (keg) 3. Leg movement (egg) Portable sleep lab - Correct Answers masks that collect data over many nights on breathing. Watch-like devices (fit bit) Caps Accuracy and precision not the same as in sleep labs. Polysomnography vs. hypnogram - Correct Answers P: shows EEG, ego, egg- variations over entire duration of a sleep period. Clinical shows same & additional measurements to diagnose specific disturbances and disorder H: shows amount of time a sleeper spends in each stage of sleep during a period and sequencing of those stages. Provided by apps and wrist devices you can wear. Shows QUALITY of your sleep. More detail and information and accuracy in a sleep lab Stages of sleep - Correct Answers Awake, Drowsy, N1, N2, N3, REM Awake vs. drowsy - Correct Answers awake: EEG: beta waves prominent- fast and frequent brain waves. Ego: very active. Egg: very active. Drowsy: alpha waves- little slower and little larger. Stage of relaxation, sinking into bed. n1 - Correct Answers ram sleep. EEG: Theta waves- little higher in voltage but less in frequency than beta. Light sleep- usually easily awakens by soft sounds- hypnotic jerks (sleep starts): brief hallucinations of falling or floating accompanied by jerk of body. Ego: slow, rolling eye movements, rounded. Egg: reduction to moderate. n2 - Correct Answers ram: mixed waves, no predominant type. Harder to wake up from soft sounds but will awake to name. Egg: moderate, Sleep spindles and K- complexes. Ego: no eye movement. (nocturnal), and some only awake for dawn and duck (crepuscular). Some sleep in 1 period, some over many. Sleep in many different places. Cats doze (relaxed, eyes partially opened, less responsive to ext. stimuli, mixed waves on EEG). Torpor: reaction to temp that lasts part of day. No EEG waves. Hibernate: reaction to seasons and hormones that lasts much longer. No EEG waves. Half-brain shifts: sleeping w half of brain at a time, other side is alert. Sleep twice as long is each side needs to meet "quota" 1975 UN Convention against Torture - Correct Answers "provides protection of all persons from being subjected to torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment" - sleep deprivation breaches these requirements and is still permitted Their - Correct Answers Weight study: lepton & ghrelin- chronic sleep restriction leads to sig. weight gain. Healthiest BMI's had 7.7-8 hours’ sleep a night. Andrews - Correct Answers Sleep and GPA study: navy recruits. 6hrs sleep/night for 1 year: GPA 3.91. 8hrs sleep/night for 2 years: GPA 4.38. Recover to normal functioning in 1-3 nights of recovery sleep. Kreisler - Correct Answers Circadian Measurement studies: found circadian rhythm in humans is 24 hr 11 min. morning v night people vary by 16 min in either direction Barely - Correct Answers 2-process model: alertness is produced by process s and c working in concert- explains 3:30pm snoozes and 8pm wonkiness. Broughton & Ogilvie - Correct Answers sleep deprivation effects: nag emotions, cognitive deficits, behavioral deficits, physiological concerns, and psychological problems. Strongest: negative emotions. Homeostasis model - Correct Answers sleep drive: desire to sleep, longer awake, stronger sleep drive is. Prompt threshold: sleep is compelling (long wake) Termination threshold: sleep is difficult (short wake) Sleep possible between these 2 thresholds Introspective sleepiness and 3 scales - Correct Answers psychological component of sleepiness- subjective. How sleepy you feel. 1. Epworth Sleepiness scale (chance of falling asleep in certain situations) 2. Stanford Sleepiness Scale (how alert one feels at current moment scale 1-6) 3. Analog scales (alertness at current moment answer along continuum) Physiological sleepiness and 1 scale - Correct Answers Physiological component of sleep- relatively objective. Strength of body's need to sleep. 1. MSLT: multiple sleep latency test: given 20 mines fall asleep, time it takes to reach N1 during daytime hours when you don’t want to sleep. Mean about 17 mines. If less than 5 - bad Manifest sleepiness and 2 scales - Correct Answers Behavioral component of sleepiness - relatively objective. 1. Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT). Similar to MSLT but measures ability to stay awake 2. Various Psychometric vigilance tasks: measures performance deficits, errors, attention problems, and drifting off to sleep- pal in dim low lit room semi reclined performing simple tasks "Second-hand sleepiness" (book) - Correct Answers those not getting enough sleep/circadian rhythms disrupted: fatigue, poor performance and memory, greater risks of accidents and injuries, ill. Industrial accidents (Chernobyl, Three Mile Island). Both sleepy person and public put into more danger. Types of sleep debt (3) - Correct Answers Sleep deprivation: no sleep at all. Will die after 14 days. Acute sleep restriction: 1-2 hours less sleep than you need 1-2 times a week, not very consequential. Chronic sleep deprivation: not getting enough sleep on a regular basis- very common and problematic America's sleep debt study - Correct Answers National Sleep Association: most adults get less than 7 hours during work week, catch up on weekends. Teenagers get less than 7-8 of recommended 9.25 during school week, catch up on weekend. We are functioning significantly below par. Effects of chronic restriction (4 categories and examples) - Correct Answers Emotional: nag mood and volatile emotions Cognitive: decreased response time, decreased accuracy in cog. Tests Behavioral: decreased response time, decreased accuracy in performance Health: decreased immune functioning and increased hunger Weight study - Correct Answers Their: chronic sleep restriction associated w decrease in hormone lepton (tell us we're full) and Inc. ghrelin (hunger producing hormone). Results in sig. weight gain. Healthiest BMI's were 7.7-8 hours’ sleep a night. Negative correlation between sleep and weight. Effects of chronic sleep restriction on types of sleepiness - Correct Answers Physiological and manifest sleepiness: show clear deficits- neg. affects emotion, cognition; performance, and health, effects get worse w accumulation of sleep debt. Introspective sleepiness: often no effect Driving while drowsy - Correct Answers driving while lacking 1-2 hours a sleep for a week is equivalent to driving drunk in both accuracy and reaction times. Many things we do to counter effects are ineffective after few minutes. Things that work: stopping to take 20 min nap, or stopping to ingest 200ml caffeine. Effects of sleep deprivation on MSLT scores - Correct Answers MSLT scores fall lower (fall asleep faster during daytime). 8hrs- 17 mines 4-5hrs- 5 mines No sleep- almost instantly Caffeine suppresses what kind of sleep (book) - Correct Answers SWS (n3) deep sleep Can one train oneself to need less sleep? - Correct Answers thousands or studies show negative effects, deficits building as debt accumulates. While some may suffer more or less than others, everyone suffers physically and behaviorally. Don’t adapt to sleep restriction, accumulate debt. Recovery from sleep debt - Correct Answers usually occurs in 1-3 nights depending on amount of debt. SWS recover first, then REM. 1 night needed, first 1/2 SWS, second 1/2 REM. For 2 nights: 1st night SWS, 2nd night REMS For 3 nights: 1st night SWS, @ND and 3rd night REMS Do negative effects last beyond recovery - Correct Answers Sleep and GPA study, Andrews: 6hrs sleep/night for 1 year: GPA 3.91. 8hrs sleep/night for 2 years: GPA 4.38. Recover to normal functioning in 1-3 nights of recovery sleep. Indirect effects may be more lasting. How much is too much - Correct Answers 9+ hours of sleep has little efficiency, little if any n3 unless extended 12 hrs. Sleep inertia at 9+ hours. Sleep inertia - Correct Answers 9+ hours sleep: feeling dazed, lethargic, under responsive, thick headed upon waking up Circadian rhythms - Correct Answers earth's rotation (light-dark exposure) impressed 24 hour rhythm on genes of all living things. Humans thought to have 25 hours and needed light to reset- Kreisler measured and found it was 24 hours and 11 mines. Morning and night people vary by 16 mines in ea. direction. Effects: behavior and physiology in predictable ways- sleep, cig. Performance, alertness; body temp, hormones, urine production. Located in cluster of nerves in super chiasmic nucleus, deep in brain and connected to brains optic nerve. Short v. long sleepers - Correct Answers short sleepers: less than 7 hours Long sleepers: more than 9 hours Continuous v. fragmented sleep - Correct Answers continuous sleep of higher quality than fragmented sleep. Causes for frag. Sleep: discomfort, pain, noise, stress, temp, snoring, restless sleeping partner, regularity of sleep/wake schedule. Extremes: Sleep apnea- numerous sleep disruptions- numerous arousals and near arousals, spend more time than normal in n2, and less in n3. Sometimes n3 and rem deprived. Fibromyalgia- much less sleep disruptions but completely n3 deprived. Sometimes an n3 teaser, most time in n2. Fragmented sleep study - Correct Answers Bonnet: stimulated sleepers. Found disruptions every 20 mines no effect. 19-1 min apart deficits in task performance increased. Disruptions every 1 min equivalent to sleep deprivation Morning v. night people - Correct Answers morning types: MT - larks. Shift advanced (wake/sleep earlier) - most alert in early day. Evening types - ET - owls: shift delayed (wake/sleep later) - most alert later in day. Neither type- NT - hummingbirds- not phase shifted at all. Most kids NT and by 6-12 any preference for MT or ET arises and is stable through adulthood. Elderly usually MT regardless of previous preference. More pronounced in women. Sleepy v alert persons - Correct Answers sleepy people: biologically impossible to stay awake all night Alert: unusually easy to do so. Most people fall in between. Bell shaped curve w each extreme on either side. Night watch study - Correct Answers Lave: found sleepy vs. alert people was personality trait and stable through life. Studied night watch guards- some could stay awake very easily, others fell asleep no matter how severe the punishment. Age-related variations - Correct Answers infants: sleep drive builds faster, dissipates faster during sleep. Low tolerance for sleep loss. Very fragmented. 10 y/o: one consolidated night-time sleep. Sc.D. increases slower and dissipates slower as age. teens: phase-delayed- length of teen day is longer than adults, more sensitive to evening light and less sensitive to morning light, exposed to more lights by electronic devices than adults, sleep drive builds slower, less able to balance and control impulse to stay up later. College freshman- stay up later than high school seniors: freedom to, accrue sleep debt and about 10-15lbs. college juniors/seniors: much better about getting sleep, acclimate to freedom, learn more about benefits of sleep and better impulse control and frontal lobes. Adults: phase delay abruptly phases out and sleep drives increase Elderly: phase-advanced. Get bored more often and nap. ? Self-soothing debate (book) - Correct Answers parents are encouraged to not immediately soothe their babies when they wake and cry, allowing them to soothe themselves for increasing durations- opponents criticize that it is stressful from the baby and affects parental trust, and may desensitize parents to crying Dutch study of dementia patients (book) - Correct Answers dementia patients in care homes where indoor lighting was increased to about 1,000 lux form 10am-6pm (compared to 300 lux) exhibited a sig slowing in the rate of cognitive decline, improved day-to-day functioning, less depression, and better sleep. Variations in women's sleep - Correct Answers menstruation: no noticeable subjective differences and polysomnographs support. Progesterone can improve quality of sleep, and lack of can lead to insomnia. Oral contraceptives: Inc. melatonin and body temp- no effect or small decrease in n3 and delayed rem. Pregnancy: 75% disrupted sleep. Frequency and duration of midnight awakenings increases from midrib and onward. Almost total absence of n3 by end of pregnancy. Recovery nearly impossible after birth of newborn. Menopause: 1/2 women report disturbances, blamed on hot flashes. What is passed fetus through mother's placenta (book) - Correct Answers Melatonin Infant co-creeping - Correct Answers U.S. Consumer Protection Safety Commission: children younger than 2 should sleep in cribs, infant room sharing encouraged. Infant co-sleeping study - Correct Answers McCann on: infant sleep quality is reduced when co-sleeping- more arousals and more movements. Normal infant patterns of sleep are disrupted by its biological attempt to synchronize w caregiver’s heart rate and respiration. Infant room sharing recommended. Nap length study - Correct Answers Horne: recovery naps in response to sleep debt can increase alertness, performance, memory, and clear thinking, as long as they are under an hour. Naps hour or longer result in sleep inertia. Work naps study - Correct Answers Welsh: forty minute long rotated naps during long flights were both safe and effective, accumulated sleep debt not fully eliminated, but nap significantly increased alertness and performance Mental alarms study - Correct Answers Moorcroft: 50% claim they can set mental alarms but still set alarms because not always trustworthy. 25% claim they have true and tested mental alarms- supported by research w random wake up times. Wake up within 10 miles of mental alarm, many within 5. Learning while sleeping - Correct Answers no effects and occasionally limited and weak effects. However, sleeping strengthens learning and memory of recently learned info learned while awake Music study - Correct Answers Sanchez & Booting: type of noise made a difference in how long people were able to sleep in 2 hour period. 103 mines sleep - white noise. 69.5 min - classical music. 38 min - soft rock. 5.4 mines - hard rock Yawning - Correct Answers involuntary deep breath acc. by wide mouth, found in all mammals and possibly all vertebrates. Once started cannot be stopped but can be stifled= not satisfying. We don’t yawn be brain needs more oxygen. Related to alertness, nonverbal communication, and possible evolution. Occurs when we need to be vigilant but we're in a no stimulating situation, when bored, helped to synchronize bedtimes during ancestral times. 2 types in non-humans: 1. threatening/aggressive: wide open eyes 2. Dominance or readiness to sleep: closed eyes 2 ocular factors linked to aging & poor sleep (book) - Correct Answers the lens in the eye gradually yellows and reduces the amount of short-wavelength (blue) light that gets in. Cataracts- block out all light -circadian clock doesn't reset and phase-advanced.