Sliding Muscles Filament worksheet and types of Muscles, Slides of Physiology

Download Sliding Muscles Filament worksheet and types of Muscles and more Slides Physiology in PDF only on Docsity! Muscles IB SEHS STARTER – Group Activity Decide whether the following statements are true or false: 1. There are over 1,000 muscles in your body. 2. Skeletal, or voluntary, muscles are the muscles you can control. 3. Ligaments connect muscles to bones. 4. Your heart is a muscle. 5. A muscle gets strained when it is stretched too much. 6. A sprain happens when a tendon is stretched too much. 7. Muscles that are not used can get smaller and weaker 8. You don’t need more than 30 minutes of physical activity every day. 9. If something hurts when playing sports, you should play through the pain and it will go away. 10. A balanced diet: a) Emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free or low-fat dairy products like milk, cheese, and yogurt. b) Includes protein from lean meats, poultry, seafood, beans, eggs, and nuts. c) Is low in solid fats, saturated fats, cholesterol, salt (sodium), added sugars, and refined grains. d) All of the above Types of Muscles striated: appearance of light and dark stripes Now complete the Types of Muscles section in your workbook! GROUP THOUGHT – What do we use our muscles for? • Skeletal muscles contract exerting forces on the tendons • Tendons then pull on the bones causing joint movement • Movement of substances within the body e.g. peristalsis • Generating body heat • Postural muscles stabilise and maintain body positions Now complete the Functions of Muscles section in your workbook! Pairs activity – can you write a definition for the words below? ability to receive and respond to stimuli via generation of an electrical pulse which causes contraction of the muscle cells ability to shorten ability to be stretched or extended ability of a muscle fibre to recoil and resume its resting length Now complete the Properties of Muscles section in your workbook! STARTER– Which muscles do you already know? 1. 2. 3. 4. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. STARTER– Which muscles do you already know? pectorals biceps abdominals quadriceps deltoids Latissimus dorsi trapezius triceps Gluteus maximus hamstrings gastrocnemius The Origin and Insertion  When a muscle contracts, only one bone moves leaving the other stationary. The points at which the tendons are attached to the bone are known as the origin and the insertion. Origin Insertion The radius and ulna are the moving bones- INSERTION  The origin is where the tendon of the muscle joins the stationary bone(s).  The insertion is where the tendon of the muscle joins the moving bone(s). The arm is being flexed. The humerus and scapula are stationary bones- ORIGIN Now complete the section in your workbook! Agonist (Biceps contract)  The muscle doing the work (contracting) and creating the movement is called the agonist. Flexion (Bending) of the Arm Antagonist (Triceps relax)  The muscle which is relaxing and letting the movement take place is called the antagonist.  Other muscles support the agnist in creating movement and these are called synergists (neutraliser).  Fixator (stabliser)-the muscle that allows the agonist to work, stabilising the origin. Now complete the How Muscles Work section in your workbook! STARTER – Label the diagram a. b. a. d. c. e. • Transverse abdominus • external oblique • rectus abdominus • internal oblique • pectoralis major Muscles of the Trunk Pectoralis major Rectus abdominis External oblique Internal oblique Transverse abdominis EXTERNAL OBLIQUES ORIGIN: Lower eight ribs INSERTION: Ilium STRENGTHENING EXERCISE; Broomstick twists MOVEMENT: Flexion ERECTOR SPINAE ORIGIN: ribs, vertebrae, ilium INSERTION: ribs and vertebrae STRENGTHENING EXERCISE: Chest raises MOVEMENT: Extension ORIGIN; Clavicle and scapula INSERTION: Lateral humerus STRENGTHENING EXERCISE: Back press DELTOID MOVEMENT: Flexion, extension and abduction of the shoulder ORIGIN: sacrum, ileum, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae INSERTION: Humerus STRENGTHENING EXERCISE: Chin ups LATISSIMUS DORSI MOVEMENT: Adduction and extension of the shoulder ORIGIN- cervical and thoracic vertebrae, base of skull INSERTION- Clavicle and Scapula STRENTHENING EXERCISE: Shrugs MOVEMENT- Extension of the shoulder TRAPEZIUS STARTER –Chalk bodies! • Draw around one of your group members using chalk (OUTSIDE!) • Shade in and label all the muscles you can remember from last lesson! • HINT – it might be easier if you draw TWO outlines – anterior view and posterior view QUADRICEPS Movement: Flexion, extension Insertion: Tibia Strengthening exercises: Dumbbell squats Muscle Origen Rectus femoris Ilium Vastus lateralis Femur Vastus medialis Femur Vastus intermedius Femur ORIGIN: posterior ilum, sacrum and coccyx INSERTION: Femur Strengthening exercises: one legged dead lifts MOVEMENT: Extension and rotation of the hip GLUTEUS MAXIMUS TIBIALIS ANTERIOR Movement: Dorsiflexion and planarflexion Muscles: Tibialis anterior Origin: Lateral tibia Insertion: 1st metatarsal and 1st cuneiform Strengthening exercises: Toe raises Origin: Posterior tibia and fibula Insertion: Calcaneus via Achilles tendon Strengthening exercises: Seated calf raise SOLEUS Movement: Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion Next lesson you will get a pop quiz on muscles that will count for a classowrk grade for this bimester……. STARTER –Muscles Pop Quiz! A – frontalis B – trapezius C – deltoid D – pectoralis major E – triceps brachii F – biceps brachii G – latissimus dorsi H – abdominal muscles I – gluteus maximus J – sartorius K - biceps femoris L – rectis femoris M – gastrocnemius N – achilles tendon Learning Objectives Everyone should List the structures within muscle Most will Label a diagram of muscle with its structures Some might Annotate a diagram of muscle Individual activity — colouring exercise > COLORING INSTRUCTIONS Color ead structure and its name at the same time, us- ing the same color On the top figure: 1. Color the nuciei Diack in €ach figure. 2. Color the muscle cells for each muscie type (~@) to ©). 2. Color the perimysium © around the extruded fas- cicie and in the cross section. 3. Color the fascicile «®) that ts labeled in the cross section, and one x COLORING INSTRUCTIONS additional fascicle. On the middie figure: 4. Color the endomysium 1. Color the bones (@, ), ee tendons (©), and the mus- Seresaxevn icles cle body (©). Use light cot pn ercueeention oat, ors for the bones (@, () the same color, because and the muscie body. the endomysium 2. Using two dark colors, oi sth) eS Graw circles at the 5. Color the ends of some origins @ and insertion muscle fibers © and the @ of the muscie. blood vessels ww. Frequency of recruitment L oa d inactivity controls strength trained endurance trained Continuum of Physical Activity Muscle is plastic! Muscle “adapts” to meet the habitual level of demand placed on it, i.e. level of physical activity. This results in muscular hypertrophy which is a result in a increase of myofibrils as a result of increased exercise Level of physical activity determined by the frequency of recruit- ment and the load. Increase muscle use – endurance training – strength training (cannot be optimally trained for both strength and endurance) Decrease muscle use – prolonged bed rest – limb casting – denervation – space flight. Adapted from Faulkner, Green and White In: Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health, Ed. Bouchard, Shephard and Stephens Human Kinetics Publishers, 1994 Endurance training Little hypertrophy but major biochemical adaptations within muscle fibers. Increased numbers of mitochondria; concentration and activities of oxidative enzymes (e.g. succinate dehydrogenase, see below). Control 12-weeks treadmill running Succinate dehy- drogenase (SDH) activity: Low activity light High activity dark Images courtesy of John Faulkner and Timothy White STARTER Try the skeletal muscle matching activity in your work book! E F G D B C A Learning Objectives Everyone should Draw and label a neuron Define a reflex arc Most will Describe the structure of a motor unit Distinguish between the 3 different types of motor unit Some might Predict the ratio of motor units in an athlete depending on their sport GROUP ACTIVITY Can you label me? Dendrite Dendrite Cell body • Words that might help: • Dendrite • Nucleus • Axon • Node of Ranvier • Myelin sheath • Cell body Receptors and Sense Organs Effector e.g. muscle Sense organs detect stimuli Sensory neuron CNS (relay neurons) Motor neuron This is known as a REFLEX ARC This is how your body makes subconscious movements! The reflex arc Nerve impulse conduction: @ receptor to CNS: sensory neurons 2) within CNS: relay neurons 8) CNS to effectors: motor neurons a y \ , 2 relay neuron motor Effector Animation: neuron (muscle) 3 Dorsal root Association neuron Dorsal root ganglion http://medical-dictionary. thefreedictionary.com/ARC 6 Now complete the Reflex Arc section of your workbook FIGURE 12.19% LED¥ _http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/1135/Links! Reflex Arc gone lash/0016-swf_reflex_are.swf A MOTOR UNIT Single motoneuron and the muscle fibers it innervates Large no. of fibers per motoneuron = large forces When a motor unit is innervated all the muscle fibres contract at once. This is called the all-or- nothing response To innervate – supply an organ orbody part with nerves Neuromuscular Junction Axon of motor junction Presynaptic terminal Neuromuscular Synaptic junction vesicles Postsynaptic membrane Individual activity — colouring exercise fo COLORING INSTRUCTIONS Color each structure and its name at the same time, us- ing the same color. On the top figure: 1. Color the nuclei black in each figure. 2. Color the muscle cells for each muscle type ((@) to ©). #o COLORING INSTRUCTIONS On the middle figure: 1. Color the bones (@, (1), tendons (0), and the mus- cle body (€). Use light col ors for the bones (@), () and the muscle body. 2. Using two dark colors, draw circles at the origins (F) and insertion (#) of the muscle. # COLORING INSTRUCTIONS On the bottom figure: 1. Color the bone (1), tendon (0), and epimysium (J). 2. Color the perimysium (© around the extruded fas- cicle and in the cross section. 3. Color the fascicle (k) that is labeled in the cross section, and one additional fascicle. 4. Color the endomysium (N) around the extruded muscle fiber. Outline some muscle fibers in the cross-section with the same color, because the endomysium surrounds all fibers. 5. Color the ends of some muscle fibers (¢) and the blood vessels (w). The Role of Neurotransmitters in stimulating skeletal muscle contraction: A. Acetylcholine (Ach): increases the post- synaptic membrane’s permeability to sodium and potassium ions spreading the impulse over the entire muscle fiber. Starter – Group activity Can you annotate this diagram to exaplin what is happenning WITHOUT your notes? Learning Objectives Everyone should Describe the events that take place at a neuromuscular junction Most will State the 3 diferent types of motor unit INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY - Can you make a note of the 7 steps involved at a neuromuscular junction? PAIRS ACTIVITY - Can you explain the process IN YOUR OWN WORDS to your partner – try and replace any words you didn’t understand in the video with words you do Learning Objectives Everyone should Describe the microanatomy of a muscle fiber Label the H bands, I bands and Z dics on a sarcomere Most will Explain how skeletal muscle contracts by the sliding filament theory. PAIRS ACTIVITY • Use the microscopes to look at some prepared slides of muscle and connective tissue • Draw what you see in your workbook! Microanatomy of a skeletal muscle cell Mitochondria –site of aerobic respiration Sarcoplasm – site of chemical reactions Myofibril Triad –formed of terminal cisternae and t-tubule Terminal cisternae –contains calcium ions Transverse tubule Muscle fibre (muscle cell) Nucleus –genetic material of the cell Sarcoplasmic reticulum – forms triads Sarcolemma- plasma membrane sheath Label your diagram! Answers Step 3: The myosin head binds to the actin, using | Steps: As the actin filaments move past, the | energy fram ATP and forming an acfomyosin | | myosin heads become detached, and attach | bridge | to the next hinaling site. As calciumions are absorbed back into the i : \ Step 2 When the membrane of the muscle is | tubes, troponin reverts to its original shape, i 1 | | depolarised, calcium ions are released fram a system of tubes in the muscle fibres. Step q: As the myosin heads attach to the actin filaments they ff causing the actin filaments to | slide past therm | 1 Step 1 Whenthe muscle is relaxed, the binding sites on the actin are covered by frapomyosin The calciumions bind with the fragonin — this displaces fragomyosin fram the actin binding | Now complete your Sliding Filament Theory cut and paste exercise Cut out all the boxes and then paste them down on the empty page in your workbook. Once you have finished, try completing the flow chart in your workbook