Download Social Interaction - Sociological Imagination - Lecture Slides and more Slides Sociology in PDF only on Docsity! CHAPTER 4: SOCIALIZATION docsity.com SOCIALIZATION The lifelong process of social interaction in which the individual acquires a social identity and ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are essential for effective participation in a society 1 docsity.com Discussion What are some of the characteristics that make us human? 1 docsity.com NATURE AND NURTURE • Biologists tend to focus on the role of heredity in human development—emphasizing the role of nature. • Social scientists focus on the role of learning, socialization, and culture— emphasizing the role of nurture. 2 docsity.com • Biology affects development. – Gender identity – Anxiety • Behavior affects biology. – Serotonin – Physical or sexual abuse • Cross-cultural data illustrate the importance of nurture. 2 docsity.com • According to social learning theories, people learn new attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through social interaction. – Socialization is direct when we learn through reward and punishment. 3 Social Learning Theories docsity.com Application • How were you rewarded or punished as a child? • What did you learn from rewards and punishments? docsity.com – Socialization is indirect when we learn through modeling. – We imitate the people who are important in our lives. 3 Socialization docsity.com • George Herbert Mead described how the self develops. – The self is composed of the "I" and the "Me." – I—creative, impulsive, imaginative, spontaneous – Me—internalized social roles 3 The Self docsity.com – Learning to role take occurs in stages. • Preparatory stage—mimics others' behavior • Play stage—acts out imagined roles • Game stage—takes the role of the generalized other 3 Learning to Role Take docsity.com • Erving Goffman analyzed social life as theater. – Impression management involves presenting ourselves in a favorable light by controlling settings, appearances, and manner. 3 Social Life as Theater docsity.com PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION AGENTS • Agents of socialization are the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know to participate effectively in society. 4 docsity.com Family • Parents teach children social roles and rules. • Parenting occurs through reinforcement and managing the environment. 4 docsity.com Discussion How do parents set up the environment to encourage femininity or masculinity? 4 docsity.com Play and Peer Groups • A peer group refers to people who are similar in age, social status, and interests. • Peers are especially influential until our mid- 20s. 4 docsity.com • Play – Promotes cognitive development – Keeps children out of trouble and enhances their social development – Strengthens peer relationships 4 Play docsity.com Application • What did you play as children? • What did you learn from playing? 4 docsity.com • Teachers may create a self-fulfilling prophecy. • Students perform according to what is expected of them. 4 Expectations docsity.com Popular Culture and Media • High media usage can decrease academic success. • Television violence desensitizes viewers to violence. • Advertisers are increasingly targeting young people. 4 docsity.com Discussion What should be done about violence in the media? 4 docsity.com
