Socialization - Introduction Sociology - Lecture Slides, Slides of Introduction to Sociology

Download Socialization - Introduction Sociology - Lecture Slides and more Slides Introduction to Sociology in PDF only on Docsity! Chapter Four Socialization • Socialization is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identify and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society. The content of socialization differs greatly from society to society. docsity.com Human Development: Biology and Society • Every human being is a product of biology, society , and personal experiences, or heredity and environment. • Sociobiology is the systematic study of how biology affects social behavior docsity.com Social Psychological Theories of Human Development • Freud and the Psychoanalytical Perspective – Human behavior and personality originate from subconscious forces within the individual • At this time biological explanations for human behavior were prevalent • An era of extreme sexual repression and male dominance docsity.com Social Psychological Theories of Human Development • Freud and the Psychoanalytical Perspective – Freud’s theory based on the notion that people have two basic tendencies • The urge to survive • The urge to procreate docsity.com Social Psychological Theories of Human Development • Freud and the Psychoanalytical Perspective – Human Development Occurs in three states that reflect different levels of personality • The id is the component of the personality that includes all of the individual’s basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratifications • The ego is the rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate pleasure-seeking drives of the id • The superego, or conscience consists of the moral and ethical aspects of personality docsity.com Social Psychological Theories of Human Development • Piaget and Cognitive Theory of Human Development • Criticisms of Piaget’s Theory – Does not address individual differences – Says little about cultural differences – Does not address how gender impacts cognitive development docsity.com Social Psychological Theories of Human Development • Kohlberg and stages of Moral Development – Presented subjects with moral dilemmas to learn about moral reasoning • Preconventional (7-10) punishment and obedience • Conventional (10-adulthood) peer approval and conformity to rules • Postconventional (few adults reach this stage) individual and human rights that transcend government and laws docsity.com Social Psychological Theories of Human Development • Kohlberg and stages of Moral Development – Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory • Some Challenge the universality of his stages • Use of moral dilemmas too abstract for children docsity.com Sociological Theories of Human Development • Cooley and the Looking Glass Self – sense of self is developed from the perceptions of others through a three step process – We imagine how our personality and appearance will look to other people – We imagine how other people judge the appearance and personality we think we represent – We develop a self-concept docsity.com Sociological Theories of Human Development • George Herbert Meade linked the idea of self- concept to role-taking—the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person in order to understand the world from that person’s point of view docsity.com Sociological Theories of Human Development • G. H. Meade • Significant Others are those persons whose care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important the the development of the self; these individuals are extremely important in the socialization process docsity.com Sociological Theories of Human Development • Interactionist theories such as Meade’s and Cooley’s contribute to how the self develops….but – These theories do not take into account differences in people’s experiences based on race, ethnicity, class, religion, gender or other social factors docsity.com Self-Concept and Child Maltreatment • Child maltreatment occurs when there is an extreme imbalance in positive and negative social interactions • Dynamic interplay between social factors related to past events and present situations docsity.com Agents of Socialization • Agents of socialization are the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society. These are the most pervasive agents of socialization in childhood docsity.com Schools as Agents of Socialization • From a functionalist perspective schools are responsible for: – Socialization—teaching students to be productive members of society – Transmission of culture – Social control and personal development – The selection, training, and placement of individuals on different rungs in society docsity.com Schools as Agents of Socialization • According to Conflict Theorists much of what happens at schools is a hidden curriculum – Working class and low income children learn to be neat, on time, wait their turn, and remain attentive to work – These are attributes that make them more easily manipulated in the workforce docsity.com Peer Groups as Agents of Socialization • A peer group is a group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social positions, and (usually) a similar age – Peer groups function as agents of socialization by contributing to our sense of belonging and our feelings of self-worth – Individuals must earn their acceptance with their peers by meeting the group’s demands for high level of conformity to its own norms, attitudes, speech, and dress codes docsity.com Gender, Race, and Ethnicity Socialization • Gender socialization is the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being female of male in a specific group or society – Families, Schools, and sports tend to reinforce traditional gender roles docsity.com Gender, Race, and Ethnicity Socialization • Racial Socialization is the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of one’s racial or ethnic status as it relates to: – Personal and group identity – Inter-group and inter-individual relationships – Position in social hierarchy docsity.com Socialization Throughout the Life Course • Socialization is a lifelong process, each time we experience a change in status, we learn a new set of rules, roles, and relationships • Even before we enter a new status, we often participate in anticipatory socialization – the process by which knowledge and skills are learned for future roles. • The most common categories of age are infancy, childhood, adolescences, and adulthood (young, middle, old) docsity.com Socialization Throughout the Life Course • In early adulthood (until about 40) people work toward their won goals of creating meaningful relationships with others, finding employment, seeking personal fulfillment. Occupational Socialization has 4 phases: • Career choice • Anticipatory socialization • Conditioninign and commitment • Continous commitment docsity.com Socialization Throughout the Life Course • Between the ages of 40 & 60 people enter middle adulthood and many begin to compare their accomplishments with their earlier expectations. • In older adulthood some people are quite happy and content, other are not: – Difficult changes in attitudes and behavior may occur in the last years of life when people experience decreased physical ability and social devaluation docsity.com • Late adulthood is a time when many people experience ageism, prejudice and discrimination against people on the basis of age • Negative images contribute to the view that women are older ten or fifteen years sooner than men • Many buffer themselves against ageism by continuing to view themselves as being in middle adulthood • It is important to note that everyone does not go through these passages or stages and that race, ethnicity, class and gender strongly influence these stages docsity.com