Sociology 101 Final Exam C&K 100% VERIFIED CORRECT SOLUTIONS 2024/2025, Exams of Sociology

Download Sociology 101 Final Exam C&K 100% VERIFIED CORRECT SOLUTIONS 2024/2025 and more Exams Sociology in PDF only on Docsity! Sociology 101 Final Exam C&K 100% VERIFIED CORRECT SOLUTIONS 2024/2025 In Talcott Parsons's equilibrium model, the incorporation of groups that were previously excluded because of their race, ethnicity, and social class is known as inclusion The Patriot Act allows federal officials more latitude in gathering electronic data, like banking records. Genetically modified food is referred to as ________ by its critics. Frankenfood Which sociological perspective would suggest that the Internet serves the manifest function of facilitating communication? Functionalist perspective Immigrants who sustain multiple social relationships that link their societies of origin with their societies of settlement are known as transnationals Various religious groups and their followers are very upset about scientific advances in reproductive technology, such as birth control pills, abortion pills, in-vitro fertilization, and genetic engineering. This conflict between religious values and new scientific concepts illustrates culture lag. Consistent with Immanuel Wallerstein's world systems analysis, peripheral nations connecting to the Internet are required to depend on industrial giants such as North America and Europe to provide Internet hosts. A group of senators from states that are large suppliers to the space program protest the decision by the federal government to end manned space flights. This group would be an illustration of vested interests. The expectation that African and Latin countries will change by moving in the same direction as Western societies is consistent with evolutionary theory. Those people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change and who have a stake in maintaining the status quo are called vested interests. Which sociological perspective views transnational migration as having increased the economic gulf between developed and developing nations? Conflict theory Which sociological perspective is likely to criticize the functionalist approach to social change for disregarding the crucial significance of change that is needed to correct social injustices and inequalities? Conflict perspective Which sociological perspective would be most likely to study the bestowal of status that activists assume in their new social roles created through social movements? Which theoretical perspective views medicine as a form of social control? Conflict perspective Social epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution of disease, impairment, and general health status across a population. Which of the following perspectives points out that historically LGBT people and their families have encountered intolerance similar to that faced by racial and ethnic minorities? Conflict perspective Mortality rates are the incidence of death in a given population. The Exxon Valdez incident in 1989 illustrates the nature of water pollution. Mexican Americans may interpret their illnesses according to traditional practices and seek treatment in the form of curanderismo, which refers to holistic health care. As part of which international agreement did representatives of 195 nations meet outside Paris in late 2015 to discuss lowering planet-warming greenhouse gas emissions? Kyoto Protocol Which of the following is a way in which medicine manifests as social control? Both through a greatly expanded domain of expertise and by retaining absolute jurisdiction over many health care procedures Sociologist Talcott Parsons suggests that the doctor-patient relationship is somewhat like that between parent and child. Which of the following perspectives suggests that behaviors viewed today as mental illnesses may not really be illnesses? Labeling perspective Which sociological perspective would be most likely to argue that policymakers have been slow to respond to the AIDS crisis because those in high-risk groups, such as gay men and intravenous drug users, are comparatively powerless? Conflict perspective Sociologist Howard Waitzkin suggested that racial tensions helped explain which of the following? Hypertension Urban air pollution is causes primarily by emissions from automobiles Which sociological perspective would emphasize how inequalities in health care have clear life-and-death consequences for some due to the unequal distribution of resources? Conflict perspective Which of the following perspectives sees the despoliation of the environment through the lens of world systems analysis? Conflict perspective Which type of medicine refers to therapies in which the health care practitioner considers the person's physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual characteristics? Holistic Which of the following statements regarding gender identity is true? Research in mental health illness is limited and should be addressed. The infant mortality rate reflects which of the following? Infant screening measures Which of the following is a component of the pretransition stage of demographic transition? High birth rates and death rates with little population growth. Which of the following statements regarding social epidemiology is true? Epidemiologists draw on the work of a wide variety of scientists and researchers. If a nonmainstream practice is used together with conventional medicine, it's considered complementary In the United States, the fear of contracting AIDS has likely led to changes in sexual behavior among both homosexuals and heterosexuals. Which sociological perspective would focus on these changes in sexual relationships? Interactionist perspective An individual determines whether or not he or she is healthy based on Conflict Practices required or expected of members of a faith are known as religious rituals. Which sociological perspective emphasizes religion as a source of social support for individuals? Functionalist Which sociological perspective portrays contemporary education as basically benign—for example, it argues that schools rationally sort and select students for future high-status positions, thereby meeting society's need for talented and expert personnel? Functionalist perspective Which of the following is an example of liberation theology? A Catholic church in South America that leads a movement to earn equal rights for poor women Religious loyalties that contribute to tension and even conflict between groups or nations can be considered dysfunctions of religion. Which sociological perspective emphasizes religion as a source of social integration and unification? Functionalist Which sociological perspective is most critical of the differential way in which education bestows status? Conflict perspective Giving meaning to the divine and defining the spiritual world are among religion's manifest functions. Which sociological perspectives would likely argue that charter schools do not represent teachers' interests well and are contributing to the decline of labor unions? Conflict Which sociologist was perhaps the first to recognize the critical importance of religion in human societies? Émile Durkheim Members of a particular religious group think that God meant for people "to be fruitful and multiply," so they permit men to have several wives at one time. This is an example of a religious belief. Which of the following statements pertaining to education as an agent of change is true? Additional years of formal schooling are associated with a more conservative viewpoints. Which sociological perspective supports the view of marriage as a social institution closely tied to human reproduction? Functionalist perspective When a person has several spouses in a lifetime, but only one spouse at a time, it is called serial monogamy. What is likely the most important factor in the increase in divorce over the past hundred years? Increase in the social acceptance of divorce In which type of authority pattern are the adult members of the family regarded as equals? Egalitarian In societies with economic considerations at play, arranged marriages are engineered by parents The conscious or unconscious tendency to select a mate with personal characteristics similar to one's own is known as homogamy Sarna, an Orthodox Jew, marries Nathan, a Reform Jew. Sarna is disowned by her parents because, as far as they are concerned, she has married outside their religion. She has violated the rule of endogamy Under which marital form can a woman have several husbands at the same time? Polyandry Which of the following is an example of monogamy? Ted and Tonya have been married to each other for 3 months. Which of the following is an example of machismo? Which of the following terms refers to the marriage of a man to more than one woman at the same time? Polygyny Acts of racial profiling are ofteninitiated by law enforcement officers. Recent Chinese immigrants to the U.S. often find jobs working in sweatshops in New York City's Chinatown, where they work 16 or more hours a day in the garment industry, earning less than minimum wage. The big businesses that hire these illegal and often uninformed immigrants illustrate exploitation theory. Prejudice is a(n) ________; discrimination is a(n) ________. belief; action A person proclaims loudly that "all Black people are lazy and shiftless and collect welfare." This is an example of a stereotype. Institutional discrimination is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups that results from the normal operations of society. Jim Crow laws were passed in the Southern states in order to enforce official segregation. John and Susan, both of different ethnicities, have been tasked with running a seminar on how to address harassment and discrimination in the workplace. Their cooperative efforts help illustrate which of the following perspectives? Interactionist Anti-Semitism is a form of prejudice Expulsion is illustrated by France pushing out over 10,000 ethnic Roma. Proponents of color-blind racism oppose public welfare assistance. The pattern of discrimination against people who try to buy homes in minority and racially changing neighborhoods is known as redlining Which of the following is considered to be the most unifying force among Arabs? Language Restrictive employment-leave policies are an example of institutional discrimination. June is a Filipino American who has saved up thousands of dollars. She will be sending the funds to her extended family in her home country. This is referred to as remittances. A stereotype is a(n) unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group. An emphasis on concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than on deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage is referred to as symbolic ethnicity. Prejudice is to discrimination as attitude is to behavior. In the future, a growing proportion of the United States will be Asian or Hispanic. Rights or immunities granted to people as a particular benefit or factor simply because they are white is also known as whiteprivilege Vladimir, a Russian immigrant to the U.S., insists that everyone call him "Joe," and he refuses to speak Russian even when in casual conversationwith Russian- speaking neighbors. This is an example of assimilation Expulsion refers to the process of expelling a group of people from a territory. An unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group is referred to as a stereotype. African Americans are identified in the textbook as an example of a(n) racial group. Asian Americans are identified in the textbook as an example of a(n) Germany Modernization refers to the process by which a society moves from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies. According to world systems analysis, a periphery nation is a nation that is a poor, developing nation, such as Haiti or Chad, that is exploited by more powerful nations and corporations. Which of the following sociological perspectives points out that multinationals invest in limited economic sectors and restricted regions of a nation? Conflict perspective Whichof the following is an example of a periphery nation? Egypt The federal bailouts of the banking and auto industries are an example of corporate welfare. The notion that peripheral nations move from having traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed nations is known as modernization. Which of the following is true regarding gender differences in mobility? Women are denied educational opportunities. Conflict theorists contend that multinational corporations are attracted to developing countries because developing countries often create a favorable "climate for investment." Stratification in developing nations is closely related to their weak and dependent position in the global economy. The Millennium development goals targeted which of the following areas? Education Extreme inequality of resources in the world was initiated by the Industrial Revolution. When conducting ethnographic research as a participant observer, the investigator must maintain some degree of detachment. Ethnography is the most common form of ________ research, which relies on what is seen in the field and in naturalistic settings more than it does on statistical data. qualitative Secondary analysis includes a variety of research techniques that use publicly accessible information and data, or data collected by another. A dominant ideology is a set of cultural beliefs that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests. Mores are norms that are deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society. In its extreme form, sociobiology suggests that all behavior is the result of genetic or biological factors. An ultraconservative militia group, such as the Ohio Defense Force, is an example of counterculture. The ways of using objects, as well as customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication is referred to as nonmaterial culture. English-speaking people in the U.S. commonly use words whose origins are from various African, Asian, and non-English-speaking European cultures. This is an example of cultural diffusion. According to a May 2017 national survey, which of the following racial/ethnic groups considers health care to be one of the most important issues facing the nation? Asian Americans In American society, we often formalize norms into laws. An abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture is called language. Which of the following is considered a cultural universal? Athletic sports Children under the age of five are more likely to be cared for by their grandparents or other relatives. A retirement party, a high-school graduation party, and a confirmation party are all examples of rites of passage. The analysis of Isabelle is important because it emphasizes the relevance of social interaction in human development. Becky has a toy vacuum. She often pushes it around the living room. Becky is in the preparatory stage. ______ is used to describe the process by which the principles of bureaucratization have increasingly shaped organizations worldwide. McDonaldization An achieved status is a social position attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts. By working at a specific task, people are more likely to become highly skilled and carry out a job with maximum efficiency. This is the rationale for the bureaucratic characteristic of division of labor. Which sociological perspective would likely contend that the role of the mass media is to provide socialization, enforce social norms through public events, and create social stability and cohesion through collective experiences? Functionalist perspective George is the executive producer of a small recording company with an established label. He rejects a popular local band because it competes with a group already on their label. He functions as a gatekeeper. Which of the following have sociologists suggested is a dysfunction of the mass media? Having a narcotizing effect A person convicted of a crime—even when prior arrest record and severity of the crime are taken into account—is more likely to receive a shorter prison sentence if he or she is White and non-Hispanic. What term is used to refer to crimes committed by individuals in the course of their daily business activities? White-collar crime In his anomie theory of deviance, Robert Merton created a typology to explain the basic types of adaptations people make to culture. According to crime statistics, hate crimes focus most frequently on which of the following? race The contemporary study of possible genetic roots of criminality is but one aspect of the larger debate over sociobiology. The term social control refers to techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society. Which sociological perspective emphasizes how societies literally could not operate if massive numbers of people defied standards of appropriate conduct? Functionalist perspective "Deviance helps to define the limits of proper behavior." This statement represents the view of which sociological perspective? Functionalist perspective Which of the following terms refers to going along with one's peers, with peers defined as individuals of a person's own status who have no special right to direct that person's behavior? Conformity The societal-reaction approach is also known as labeling theory. According to Robert Merton, members of revolutionary political organizations such as the Irish Republican Army would typically be classified as rebels. Jennifer is attending a business luncheon with several corporate executives. At one point during the meal, she reaches in front of another executive for a saltshaker and hits the executive's arm as he is about to put a spoonful of soup in his mouth. The soup spills on his shirt, and he glares at Jennifer. The glare is an example of a(n) informal sanction. What was the motivation behind Stanley Milgram's experimental study of obedience? The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 A major network news agency that discourages reporting of issues concerning homosexuality is most likely practicing gatekeeping. Which medium experiences the least amount of gatekeeping? The Internet Which sociological perspective is most likely to be concerned with television distorting gender roles and stereotyping, often rooted in the media's willingness to promote more traditional views? Feminist perspective The complex issues of censorship can be considered to be an illustration of culture lag. Sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld pioneered the study of opinion leaders in his research on voting behavior in the 1940s. Which of the following statements concerning media portrayal of gender roles would the feminist perspective most likely endorse? Women are often portrayed as being in need of rescue by males. The term media monitoring is used most often to refer to interest groups' monitoring of content. Worldwide, low-income groups, racial and ethnic minorities, rural residents, and the citizens of developing countries have far less access than others to the latest technologies. This gap is referred to as the digital divide. The personalized approach to news information gathering was referred to by Cass Sunstein (2002) as ego casting. Which of the sociological perspectives would more than likely take a positive view of the Internet, pointing to its manifest ability to facilitate communication? Functionalist perspective People, organizations, and public issues appearing regularly on the covers of prominent magazines is a method used to confer status. The inclusion of local news on 24-hour cable news channels contributed to the growth of ______ media. hyper-local Which of the following is considered one way the media reaffirm proper behavior in society? Movie and TV scenes showing criminals getting caught by authorities In an effort to better understand and combat a malaria outbreak in Kenya, public health researchers monitored the content of ________ to map the spread of the disease. text messages Which metaphor for the media's reach does sociologist Todd Gitlin consider more apt than "global village"? Global torrent The function of media advertising is to support the economy, provide information about products, and underwrite media costs associated with promotion of consumption. Which of the following is true of mass media in the United States? New technologies have changed people's viewing and listening habits. A new sort of ________ is emerging online: communities developing around common interests or shared identities. tribalism Which sociological perspective would be most likely to focus on gatekeeping as a process that reflects a desire to maximize profits by those with power and authority? Conflict perspective Planning based on the human relations approach focuses on workers' feelings, frustrations, and emotional needs for job satisfaction in bureaucracies. Which of the following terms is used by sociologists to refer to print and electronic means of communication that carry messages to widespread audiences? Mass media Which of the following is an example of a social institution? The U.S. government Which of the following can be defined as the long-term trends in societies resulting from the interplay of continuity, innovation, and selection? A(n) ________ is any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who regularly and consciously interact. group Which term is used to refer to incompatible expectations that arise when the same person holds two or more social positions? Role conflict A woman who has not attended school in 13 years enrolls for classes at the local community college. She is afraid that her younger classmates might not accept her. On the first day of class, she observes the clothing styles of her classmates, and after school she goes shopping and purchases similar clothes. Her classmates could be considered a reference group. Which of the following is an example of a formal organization? The General Motors Corporation Starting around age 40, adults often experience a stressful period of self- evaluation, commonly known as a midlife crisis. Which of the following statements regarding parental monitoring of the digital world is true? Mothers are more likely to monitor online activity than are fathers. Bob is on his first date with Mary, whom he really likes. He tries to act in a manner that will cause her to like him, too, and to want to go out with him again. This is an example of impression management. The process of mentally assuming the perspective of another, thereby enabling one to respond from that imagined viewpoint, is known as role taking. Rites of passage are rituals marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another. An inmate enters prison and is stripped of her clothing and advised that from this point on she will be referred to only by number. This is an example of a degradation ceremony. The self is the distinct identity that sets us apart from others. Susie is beginning to use words and symbols to distinguish objects and ideas. According to Jean Piaget's cognitive theory of development, Susie is in the preoperational stage. Which of the following is an example of a total institution? A mental hospital Allison is playing in a high school field hockey game and passes the ball to Erika, who appears to have a scoring opportunity. Allison's pass suggests that she is aware of her role as a member of a team and that she is now in which stage of development, according to George Herbert Mead? The game stage Significant others is George Herbert Mead's term for those individuals who are most important in the development of the self. Which of the following terms refers to the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life? Resocialization Jane has two young, active children. She is also the primary caregiver or her aging father, who still lives alone but needs help around the house and assistance in getting to doctors' appointments. Which of the following best describes Jane's situation? Jane is a member of the sandwich generation. Which sociological perspective argues that the most powerful groups and institutions control wealth, property, and the means of producing beliefs about reality through religion, education, and the media? Conflict perspective What term refers to the polarization of society over controversial cultural elements such as abortion, religious expression, gun control, and sexual orientation? Culture war Invention is the combination of existing cultural items into a form that did not previously exist. Facing forward in an elevator can be considered a(n) informal norm. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others. In this way, ethnocentrism When generalizing about both heterosexuals and homosexuals, researchers must be extremely careful with which of the following? Wording questions Which of the following relationships best shows causal logic? The time spent reviewing for a test may be directly related to, or produce a greater likelihood of, getting a high score. "Data indicate that people who prefer to watch televised news programs are less knowledgeable than those who read newspapers and newsmagazines." This statement is an example of a(n) correlation. Which sociologist argued that sociological research should be open to bringing about social change and to drawing on relevant research by nonsociologists? Shulamit Reinharz To conduct a cross-cultural study of job discrimination against women, a sociologist interviews 75 women between the ages of 20 and 40 in an American city, and 75 women in the same age group in a Canadian city. This study would be classified as a survey In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the independent variable is called the control group. Objectivity in the interpretation of data is referred to as value neutrality. Most sociological research uses ______ as sources of information. people Asking a respondent if they spent a lot of time playing video games as a child in order to determine heterosexuality is referred to as veiled reporting. A research design is a(n) detailed plan or method for scientifically obtaining data. Sociologists consider secondary analysis to be a nonreactive form of research. When a sociologist actually joins a group for a period to get an accurate sense of how it operates, the approach is called participant observation. Sociologists conduct reviews of literature to do which of the following? Refine the problem under study A researcher studies adolescent attitudes about senior citizens by analyzing depictions of the elderly in the lyrics of popular music and the content of teen magazines. This is an example of content analysis. Marx viewed the relationship between the capitalists and the exploited workers in systemic terms; that is, he believed that a system of ________ relationships maintained the power and dominance of the owners over the workers economic, social, and political The state of Ohio has a dwindling population. In an effort to increase the birthrate in the state, it offers a $5,000 bonus to all families giving birth in the state for the next three years. Which of the following is the latent function? An increase in the need for teachers as a result of more children in the Ohio educational system Which of the following would be an example of cultural capital? Knowledge of great American authors Which sociological perspective would suggest that sports participants may work together harmoniously and abandon previously held stereotypes and prejudices despite class, racial, and religious differences? Interactionist perspective Theorist Eve Sedgwick (1990) argues that any analysis of society is incomplete if it does not include the spectrum of sexual identities that people embrace. The word(s) that Max Weber used to stress the need for sociologists to take into account people's emotions, thoughts, beliefs, understandings, and attitudes was verstehen. Which sociological perspective would be most likely to argue that the existence of big-city political machines suggests that these political organizations satisfy certain basic social needs? Functionalist perspective Networks, which are built on reciprocal trust are referred to as social capital.