Sociology Final Exam 2024: Key Concepts and Perspectives, Exams of Sociology

Download Sociology Final Exam 2024: Key Concepts and Perspectives and more Exams Sociology in PDF only on Docsity! 1 Sociology final straighter line Exam with 100% Correct Answers 2024  What is sociology? - ✓✓✓the systematic study of human society  Anthropology (physical) - ✓✓✓Human origins/revolution  How does anthropology (physical) differ from sociology? - ✓✓✓Stresses biological characteristics and behaviors rather than contemporary human life.  Anthropology (cultural) - ✓✓✓Cultural variations in time and space  How does anthropology (cultural) differ from sociology? - ✓✓✓Closest to sociology  Stresses on simple, non-literate cultures rather than contemporary industrialized societies.  Psychology - ✓✓✓Individual human behavior  How does psychology differ from sociology? - ✓✓✓Studies individuals rather than groups.  Economics - ✓✓✓Production, distributions and consumption of wealth.  How does economics differ from sociology? - ✓✓✓Wealth and resources  Only one aspect of sociology  Political science - ✓✓✓Government and politics  How does political science differ from sociology? - ✓✓✓Stresses political behavior  Only one aspect of sociology  Functionalist Perspective - ✓✓✓Society as a system  A system is to survive where certain essential tasks are performed.  If it fails to maintain it will perish  Benefits society in general by rewarding occupations vital to group welfare. The system of rewards motivates competent people to sacrifice to become doctors and lawyers.  Conflict Perspective - ✓✓✓Society as a whole  Studying institutions and structural arrangements Page 1 of 7 1  Viewed as the exploitation of many while rewarding the few. Stratification is an unjust system inflicted on society by those with power and wealth in order to maintain their own interests.  Interactionist Perspective - ✓✓✓Human beings have the ability to communicate with one another by means of symbols.  We act toward people, objects, and events on the basis of the meanings we impart to them.  Interactionists are interested in the importance of social call with regard to an individuals lifestyle. For example: Not only do the very rich buy more than they need or can use (conspicuous consumption and conspicuous leisure) but many also try to keep the lower class "away" or "under control"  Feminist Perspective - ✓✓✓Effects of inequities based on gender  Critical Theory - ✓✓✓Mass culture cannot be a true reflection of peoples beliefs, tastes and values.  Sociological Imagination - ✓✓✓The ability to see the link between society and self  Socialization - ✓✓✓Lifelong process of social interaction by which people acquire knowledge, values, attitudes, and behaviors  Agents of Scoialization - ✓✓✓a. Family  b. Peers  c. School  d. Workspace  e. Mass media  Culture - ✓✓✓Learned patterns of thinking, feeling and acting transmitted from one generation to the next.  Totality of a complex whole.  Society - ✓✓✓Fairly large number of people who life independently in the same region.  Participate in common culture.  Norms - Formal - ✓✓✓Behaviors that have been written down and specify strict punishments for violators.  Norms - Informal - ✓✓✓Standards of behavior generally understood but not written down.  Ex: manners, way people dress, greetings.  Norms - Folkways - ✓✓✓Norms governing everyday behavior Page 2 of 7 1  Protestant Ethic - ✓✓✓Connect between the belief that hard work enables people to own businesses and give power to the economic system of capitalism  Education - Primary goal of education - ✓✓✓Socialization of young people  Education reflects our culture  Education - 4 main purposes - ✓✓✓Transmission - schools transmit values, attitudes, beliefs, norms, skills and knowledge  Recruiting - competitive selection for top occupational positions  Filtration - Filter young people out of labor market to maximize older citizens learning power  Promotion - technological change and innovation are promoted in schools  Teachers - ✓✓✓Labeling theory  Self-fulfilling prophecy  Hidden curriculum - ✓✓✓Speaking in turn  Following a time schedule  Obedient  Reliability  Responsibility  Industry  Conscientiousness  Self-control  Efficiency  Healthcare - Goals/Values - ✓✓✓Increasing life expectancy  Healthcare - Prevalence - ✓✓✓Number of people who currently have the condition  Will always be a higher number/rate  Healthcare - Incidence - ✓✓✓Annual number of people have care of condition  Financing Healthcare - Managed Care - ✓✓✓HMO's and PPO's - most common forms of managed care  Financing Healthcare - National Health Insurance - ✓✓✓Great Britain pays 90% of its healthcare costs through taxation  Financing Healthcare - Government Sponsored Healthcare - ✓✓✓Provide medically necessary healthcare to all people free of charge  Long waits are common though  Stratification - ✓✓✓Structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal power in Society Page 5 of 7 1  Stratification theory - ✓✓✓a. Criteria for ranking people: education, occupation, race/ethnicity, age, gender  b. 4 types: slavery, caste system, estate system, open class system  Poverty/Social Mobility  Upward mobility - ✓✓✓Ability of one generation to do better than the previous one  Race/Minorities  Largest racial minority groups - ✓✓✓African Americans  Native Americans  Asian Americans  Collective Behavior a: - ✓✓✓Spontaneous --> Transitory --> Emotional --> Unpredictable  Collective Behavior b: - ✓✓✓Collective behavior is NOT the same thing as group behavior  Collective Behavior c: - ✓✓✓Factors that lead to collective behavior:  Structure is "ripe"/conducive  Structure is strained  Growth/spread of rumor  Precipitating factor/event  Participants mobilize to action  Breakdown is social control  Social movement: Reform - ✓✓✓Attempt to modify a part of society  Social movement: Revolutionary - ✓✓✓Seek to overthrow the existing social system  Social movement: Resistance - ✓✓✓Seek to quell the fast pace of social change  Life Cycle stages of social movement - ✓✓✓1. Preliminary stage: social unrest  2. Excitement stage: growth in popularity  3. Formalized organization stage: goals clarified  4. Institutionalization: social acceptance of some/all of goals  Factors that contribute to social change - ✓✓✓Physical environment  Population  Conflict over resources and values  Supporting values and norms  Innovation  Diffusion Page 6 of 7 1  Mass media  Cyclical theory - ✓✓✓Rise and fall of civilizations  Tend to be historians  Conflict theory - ✓✓✓1. Vested interests - institutions/practices persist because powerful groups work together to maintain status quo  2. Societies are stable and long-lasting  3. Societies experience serious conflict  Evolutionary perspective - ✓✓✓1. Unilinear - society is viewed as moving in a definite direction  2. Multilinear - change can occur in several ways and does not lead in the same direction (change does not imply progress)  Functionalist perspective - ✓✓✓1. Focus on maintaining a system (not on what changes it)  Equilibrium model (Talcott Parsons) - if change occurs in one part of society, change must occur in other parts to maintain equilibrium/stability  Scientific Method - ✓✓✓A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.  Interpretivism - ✓✓✓A research perspective in which understanding and interpretation of the social world is derived from one's personal intuition and perspective  Critical Research - ✓✓✓An approach to research that aims to identify, critique, or change communication practices that oppress, marginalize, or otherwise harm people.  Quantitative - ✓✓✓Translates social world into numbers that can be studied mathematically  Qualitative - ✓✓✓Uses nonnumerical data like texts, interviews, photos.  Evaluation - ✓✓✓use methods to make social policy recommendations effectiveness of programs/policies strengths: improve world we live in weakness- involved in politics Page 7 of 7