Child Development and Welfare Lecture Notes, Exams of Sociology

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SOCWORK 5008 CHILD DEVELOPMENT & WELFARE 7 LECTURES 2024 Lecture: Child Development: Implications for Family-Centered Child Protective Services Why is this important for us?  A deeper understanding of what's normal and what's not,  Spotting problems: cognitive, physical emotional  Coming up with proper interventions  Additional insight on how you become the person you are  Better understand how to work with kids and become more comfortable  Understanding life development Who are the CPS clients?  Children and parents/caregivers Do you recall the ACES study?  Adverse Childhood Experience Study study o Inventory with a rating of things that happen in your childhood o Based on those numbers → estimated longevity of life, employment chances etc etc o Consistent presence of (+) adult mitigates negative outcomes o Shift our focus to how and WHY do people turn to crime or drugs etc starting from when they are children through ACES studies of children? What's in it for me?  Social Workers must be knowledgeable of: o normal (typical) stages of child developmental and be able to recognize when development is delayed in order to obtain appropriate developmental, medical and/or mental health services for those children o (-) effects of abuse and neglect on a child’s development, as well as his/her overall safety and wellbeing. What we know about disability and maltreatment  Parents can more easily become stressed with the demands placed on them by parenting a child with a disability o Children with ADHD or other conduct issues o Physical disability o abuse/neglect  Whether is one event or events over a cross of time are almost equally detrimental o Mental illness  Parents/Caregiver o drug/alcohol use o Mental illness o Developmental disability o incarceration/ absence o Interpersonal violence Cognitive Development stages- Piaget Psychosocial Development- Erikson Impact of Culture  Culture- total system of values, beliefs, attitudes etc SOCWORK 5008: Child Welfare 2 Week 2 Lecture- Child Development from 0-3yrs Prenatal Environment - (in utero)  An unborn child receives all the nutrients from the mother  Placenta transfers o2 and nutrients and allows the waste product to be eliminated  Harmful substances can cross the placenta  Hazards o Disease  If mother has genital herpes and gives birth vaginally, the baby can go blind o Medication  There are certain medications that cant be taken  Accutane- acne medication can affect the limb development of the baby  o Illegal drugs, alcohol, tobacco  Tobacco causes low birth weight o Poor nutrition  Mothers not eating well o Stress  Domestic violence  Trauma  Placenta Previa -detachment of the placenta→ sometimes due to d/a abuse  All these things are a lot for a healthy well supported mother, EXTRA when not healthy or supported mothers Developmental Assessment  APGAR score- o Developed in 1952 by anesthesiologist Virginia Apgar and now used in modern hospital worldwide o Rates 0 (nothing)-2( @ 1 minute and 5 minutes  Activity (muscle tone)  Pulse (heart rate)  Grimace (reflex Response)  Appearance ( color)  Respiration (breathing rate and effort) o Poor in utero environment can lead to low Apgar scores as can other developmental issues Birth to 3 months -  Infant development is head to toe  Motor skills o Wobbly head (¼ of body weight- compared 1/7 in adults ) o Jerky movements  Hearing o Sensitive to noise levels; turn in direction o Responsive to caregiver’s voice ( because they have heard mom’s voice for nine months)  Vision o Focus best on objects 8-10 inches away ( holding and feeding)  Communication o Cooing Promoting Healthy Development  Hold the baby o Predisposed to addiction o Can have improper development  have an aversion to touch  Attachments are dysfunctional Safety  Do not shake a baby- ever! o Brain-scrabbled brain o Eyes- detached retina o Fingerprints and broken bones  Safe Sleep o Alone o Back o Crib  Protect from secondhand smoke BE EDUCATORS AS SOCIAL WORKERS Infant Development 3-5 months  Motor skills o Some head control o Arms and shoulders begin to support upper body o Sitting o Reaching  Vision o Ability to follow n object sid 7-8month Physical Increased upper body strength Crawling (or getting ready to move) Fine motor skills “raking” Cognitive Attracted to objects bc of their shape, color texture 9-10 month SOCWORK 5008: Child Welfare 2 Week 2 Bowlby’s Attachment Theory  Children come into the world biologically preprogrammed to form attachments with other, bc it will help them survive  Fear of strangers represents an important survival mechanism  During the evolution of human species, baby who stayed close yo moms survived to have children of their own. Main Points  Children have an innate need to attach to one main figure  A child should receive continuous care from this important attachment figure for approx. the first 2 years of life  There are long term consequences from maternal deprivation  Short term separation leads to distress  The attachment relationship w/ the primary caregiver leads to the development of internal working model Importance of attachment  Abused and neglected infants and young children are at high risk for developing insecure or maladaptive attachments  Healthy attachment promotes the develop. Of language  Children who have been abused, neglected or abandoned by caregivers are often delayed in their development of language and other communication skills Healthy attachment  One of the most important foundations of healthy personality developments  When children don't feel loved or important often develop low self-esteem and perceive themselves as inadequate in many ways  Strong need to control and manipulate other  Avoid intimacy  *potential response- not absolutes SOCWORK 5008: Child Welfare 2 Week 3 Lecture- Preschoolers Physical Development ages 3-5  Growth Slows  Rule of 3’s  Children are active with a limited attention span Cognitive Development ages 3-5  Egocentric thought  Illogical / Magical thinking  Inability to sequence events in proper order  Language development Memory & Suggestibility  Better at cued recall vs free recall  Can provide accurate info from memory  Can't recall an episode from series of experience (neither can some adults)  More suggestible than older children Social Development of ages 3-5  Interactive play  Play transitions from side to side to interactive  Develop friendships  Play is cooperative and governed by rules  Learning Social Roles & Rules  Sharing & taking turns  Social Roles Emotional Development of age 3-5  Initiative  Self-control  Conscience  Self-esteem Preschooler’s sexual development  Varying levels and freq of sexual behavior  Stereotypic understanding of gender roles  Haven't learned rules of privacy  Understand “where babies come from”  Touch own and others genitals Assessing Sexualized Behaviors  Normal sex play is :  Spontaneous  Curious  Easily re-directed  Touching, exploring  Concerning sexual behavior is:  Preoccupation  Involves coercion  Causes emotional distress  Is compulsive or anxious Physical Effects of Maltreatment  Small stature  Delayed growth  Susceptible to freq illness  Poor muscle tone and motor coordination  Gross motor skills delayed Cognitive Effects of Maltreatment Cognitive Effects of Maltreatment  Lack of rules in the home  Chaotic, explosive environment OR neglectful home w/o rules can lead to :  Increased anxiety and “out of control” behavior  Decreased confidence/self esteem  Increased impulsivity Social Effects of Maltreatment  Mistrust of adults; suspicious, defensive  Decrease in help seeking behaviors; pseudo independence  Overly agreeable and engaging; lack boundaries  Role reversal- take on role and responsibilities of parent  Difficulty making friends  Some inability to engage with peers (lack of self-confidence or age appropriate social skills)  Dominate other kids (bully) Emotional Effects of Maltreatment  Difficulty concentrating (especially in school)  Problem-solving skills underdeveloped  Pack of confidence  worrying home/siblings  Decreased self-directed / autonomous behavior  Punished for autonomy  Learned to be compliant; lack opinions  Gives up easily  Punitive messages  Absence of (+) attention  Decreased Coping strategies  Unpredictable environment= inability to develop effective coping and problem- solving strategies  Even minimally stressful environment can lead to:  Anxiety  Aggression  Verbal outbursts  Lying  Fighting  Stealing  Breaking objects Reactive Attachment Disorder  Inability to form and maintain emotionally close, reciprocal relationships in others,  Risk factors  Live in a children’s home or other institution  Freq change foster homes or caregivers  Have parents who have severe mental health problems, criminal behavior, or substance abuse that impair their parenting  Have prolonged separation from parents or caregivers (i.e. hospitalization) DSM IV definition of RAD Assessing Sexualized Behavior  Concerning sexual behavior  Asks to engage in sex behavior SWK 5008~ Child Welfare 2 LECTURE 7 Special circumstances in child welfare Waco Survivor video “I survived” Parental Substance Use  Substance use was a factor in 34% of cases where children were removed from the home  As high as 60% in some states  Co occuring issues o Social isolation o Poverty o Unstable housing o Domestic violence Impact on parenting  Physical or mental impairments caused by drugs or alcohol  Reduced capacity to respond to child’s cues and nees  Difficulties regulating emotions and controlling anger and impulsivity  Disruptions in healthy parent-child attachment  Spending limited funds on drugs and alcohol instead of food, rent/utilities, etc..  Spending time seeking out, manufacturing, or using  Incarceration  Estrangement from family and other social supports CPS Service Delivery Challenges  Lack of services  Inadequate funds  Difficutly engaging  Knowledge gaps  Lack of systems coordination  Differences in perspectives an time frame Failure to Thrive (FTT)  Organic