Sophia - Ancient Greek Philosophers - Unit 1 Milestone 1. Questions With 100% Correct Answ, Exams of Health sciences

Download Sophia - Ancient Greek Philosophers - Unit 1 Milestone 1. Questions With 100% Correct Answ and more Exams Health sciences in PDF only on Docsity! UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 Score 21/25 You passed this Milestone 21 questions were answered correctly. 4 questions were answered incorrectly. 1 In the Phaedo, Socrates makes all of the following claims, EXCEPT: Sensory distractions hinder the soul's pursuit of truth and knowledge. Valuing what is right more than life is illogical and meaningless. The philosopher is concerned with the soul and not with the body. Without a body to impede his or her progress, the philosopher may see things as they truly are. RATIONALE The Phaedo is a conversation between Socrates and his students about death. It takes place just before his execution. During this conversation, Socrates demonstrates why philosophers should not fear death, which he defines as the end of the life of the body, but not of the soul. He believes that there is no value in preserving the life of the body if preservation comes at the expense of the soul's pursuit of wisdom (i.e., what is right). CONCEPT The Phaedo: The Death of Socrates 2 Roland is a compassionate person. He sometimes gives money that he needs for himself to strangers who beg on the street. According to Aristotle’s ethics, Roland should do which of the following in order to cultivate the virtue of compassion? Stop giving away his money so that he can focus on taking care of himself. Find other ways to help people besides giving his money away. Find middle ground between being too compassionate and not compassionate enough. Spend time with compassionate people in order to learn the essence of compassion. RATIONALE Aristotle's Doctrine of the Mean states that virtue must be cultivated as a rational mean between extremes. Therefore, Roland should find middle ground between being too the laws of man risking fame and fortune RATIONALE The Apology is Plato's transcription of the defense Socrates presented at his trial on charges of "denying the gods" and "corrupting the youth of Athens." In it, Socrates asserts that he does not fear death, because he has lived as he believed was right. To Socrates, it is more important to live rightly than to avoid death and other negative personal consequences. CONCEPT The Apolo gy: A Defense of Philosophy 6 The value of the Socratic Method lies in showing students how to on their own, rather than having it dictated to them. evaluate an opinion gain knowledge create an argument explain rhetoric RATIONALE The Socratic Method is a pedagogical method in which a teacher asks questions to which the student knows the answers, thereby leading him or her to the truth. The Method's value lies in showing students how to use what they know to gain additional knowledge. CONCEPT The Socratic Approach 7 Which of the following statements about the atomistic worldview is FALSE? Everything that exists is either an atom or a collection of atoms. A philosophical atom is the same as a chemical atom. All reality is composed of atoms in a void. Atoms come in different shapes and sizes, and can exist in a number of ways. RATIONALE The atomists believed that everything that exists is either an atom, or a collection of atoms. They also believed that all matter and phenomena are the result of different configurations of atoms of different shapes and sizes. However, a philosophical atom is not the same as a chemical atom. To the atomists, a philosophical atom was an indivisible entity. Chemical atoms, as science has demonstrated, can be divided into smaller parts. CONCEPT The Atomistic Worldview 8 What kind of a thing is an orchid? It is a type of flower. What distinguishes an orchid from other flowers? The female and male parts of an orchid are fused together. According to Aristotle, answering both of these questions reveals the of an orchid. organization ontology genus essence RATIONALE According to Aristotle, we can discover and describe essences by identifying a genus and a differentia. The genus (in this example, a flower) tells us what kind of thing an orchid is. The differentia tells us what sets an orchid apart from other things of the same kind. CONCEPT Aristotle on What There Is 9 Select the statement upon which Plato and Aristotle would disagree. Reasoning and logic are key to finding truth. Aristotle's Hi ghest Good 12 Which of the following statements about the Crito is FALSE? The Social Contract made it unethical for Socrates to escape his punishment. Athens performed its end of the Social Contract; Socrates was required to do the same. Socrates argued that civil disobedience was an obligation for intellectuals and philosophers. Following the advice of experts is more ethical than appealing the majority. RATIONALE In the Crito, Socrates argues against the concept of civil disobedience. In an imagined dialogue between him and Athens, Socrates says "But he who has experience of the manner in which we order justice and administer the state, and still remains, has entered into an implied contract that he will do as we command him." In other words, a person who has benefited from the protection and privileges provided by a state, and who has not sought to change its laws or leave its jurisdiction, must accept its judgement. This is an early expression of the concept of the Social Contract. CONCEPT The Crito: The Duties of the Social Contract 13 Select the statement that would most likely have been made by Aristotle. “What is true is always true, independent of wisdom, language, or knowledge.” “We must begin with the world we encounter every day, rather than with the abstraction of metaphysics.” “The world is unchanging and eternal, which conflicts with the illusion that life is neither.” “New things do not come into existence; rather, things change their organization.” RATIONALE The statement that "We must begin with the world we encounter every day" reflects Aristotle's philosophical approach. To Aristotle, all knowledge is grounded in human experience, and flows from empirical evidence. The statements which involve change are reflective of Parmenides and the Atomists. The statement about truth existing independent of wisdom, language, or knowledge is reflective of Plato's philosophy. CONCEPT Aristotle: The Dissection of Reality 14 All teachers are robots. Cynthia is a teacher. Therefore, Cynthia is a robot. Evaluate the argument and select the option that describes it. Inductive, weak, uncogent Inductive, strong, cogent Deductive, invalid, sound Deductive, valid, unsound RATIONALE Because the inferential claim in this example is one of logical certainty, and is about definition and form rather than cause and effect, this is a deductive argument. Since a case in which the premises are true and the conclusion is false cannot exist, this argument is valid. However, this argument is unsound because the first premise is false: Not all teachers are robots. CONCEPT Evaluating an Ar gument in Action 15 Read the following statement by Socrates: “In questions of just and unjust, fair and foul, good and evil, which are the subjects of our present consultation, ought we to follow the opinion of the many and to fear them; or the opinion of the one man who has understanding?” Extract Socrates' argument from this text and choose the sentence that accurately reflects it. Any man who cares about ethics and wisdom has an obligation to listen to himself over others. Absolute justice can only be achieved when the state agrees with the opinion of CONCEPT Stoicism: The Ethics of Dispassion 18 According to Plato's doctrine of Forms, what makes a rose a rose is that it . reveals what is true about all roses imitates the genuine Form of Rose changes the Form of Rose serves the purpose of a rose RATIONALE According to Plato, Forms are the exemplars of their worldy correlates. Worldly objects imitate the more genuine, more real Forms of those objects. As a result of this process, wordly objects are grounded in truth. CONCEPT Applying Plato's Metaphysics 19 Heraclitus' Logos is part of his . ethics metaphysics mathematics science RATIONALE Heraclitus asserted that true reality is the Logos, a Greek word that can be translated as “account.” Since metaphysics is the branch of philosophy concerned with discovering and describing the ultimate nature of reality, the Logos is part of Heraclitus' metaphysics. CONCEPT Heraclitus and the Doctrine of Impermanence 20 Which of the following statements about the metaphysical tenets of Plato’s Doctrine of the Forms is FALSE? The Forms exist in an intellectual realm that is fixed and never-ending. Forms must exist in order for knowledge to be possible. Perfection in the Forms does not exist in Platonic Heaven. There is a cause and effect relationship between Forms and their earthly counterparts. RATIONALE All of the statements about aspects of Plato's metaphysics are true, except for the suggestion that perfect Forms do not exist in Platonic Heaven. This statement describes Aristotle's metaphysics, not Plato's. Platonic Heaven is where Plato believed Forms, or perfect metaphysical entities, exist. CONCEPT Plato Forms: The Foundations of Being 21 Which of the following statements about Aristotle’s metaphysics is FALSE? Humans have the natural capacity to know many things without divine revelation or empirical evidence. Examining the nature of being, and knowing what kinds of things exist, is a sensible beginning point for philosophical inquiry. The distinction between form and matter is purely conceptual— one does not, and cannot, exist without the other. In order for a statement to be true, one must state that an object exists, what the object is, and the state in which it exists. RATIONALE Aristotle would agree with all of these statements except the suggestion that we can have knowledge without empirical evidence. To Aristotle, all knowledge is grounded in Mortal and divine knowledge can be joined. RATIONALE Parmenidean metaphysics includes the concept of "substance monism" — the belief that all reality is one object. This object is called the “what-is.” The "what-is" is eternal and unchanging. None of the other statements represent Parmenidean metaphysics. CONCEPT Parmenides and the Doctrine of Permanence 25 Which branch of philosophy examines the basis and nature of knowledge? Metaphysics Cosmology Ethics Epistemology RATIONALE Epistemology is the branch of philosophy in which concepts of knowledge are analyzed and defended. Metaphysics is concerned with discovering and describing the ultimate nature of reality. Cosmology is the study of the universe in its totality, and ethics considers concepts of value (e.g., right and wrong). CONCEPT What is Philosoph y? © 2020 SOPHIA Learning, LLC. SOPHIA is a registered trademark of SOPHIA Learning, LLC. About Contact Us Privacy Policy Terms of Use