Specialty Field Crop Production - Crop and Soil Science - Lecture Slides, Slides of Botany and Agronomy

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Grain, Oil and Specialty Field-Crop Production Docsity.com Competencies: • define important terms used in crop production • identify major crops grown for grain, oil, and special purposes • classify field crops according to use and thermo requirements • describe how to select field crops, varieties, and seed Docsity.com Terms to Know • Linen • Linseed Oil • Ginning • Seed Pieces • Cash Crop • Thermo • Cereal Crops Docsity.com Terms to Know • Seed Legume Crops • Root Crops • Sugar Crops • Tuber Crops • Stimulant Crops • Conventional Tillage • No-till Docsity.com Term to Know • Row Crop Planters • Drill Planters • Broadcast Planters • Irrigation • Sprinklers • Surface Irrigation • Mechanical Pest Control Docsity.com In the United States • Occupies more than 450 million acres • Acreage represents about 20% of the U.S. • About 2% of American workers are in production agriculture • 11% of personal income in U.S. spent on food • Helps to maintain balance of trade Docsity.com Major Field Crops in the United States • Seven major grain crops in the United States • Are grasses grown for their edible seeds • Major Grain Crops: Corn Oats Wheat Rye Barley Rice Grain Sorghum Docsity.com Corn • Most important field crop in the U.S. • 35-40% of total production from midwest • 50% of corn produced in the world • Origin in Central America Docsity.com Wheat • Types of Wheat: Common Poulard Durum Polish Club Emmer Spelt • Classes of Common Wheat: Soft red winter Hard red winter Hard red spring White Docsity.com Barley • Ranks fifth among grain crops in U.S. • Most is used in livestock feed • Same feed value as corn • Production for malting is also important Docsity.com Oats • Fourth in acres produced in the United States • Value is well documented for livestock: Adding bulk to the diet Adding protein to the diet • 5% is made into oatmeal and cookies • Used in production of plastics, pesticides, and preservatives • Important in paper and brewing industries Docsity.com Sorghum • In U.S. used primarily for livestock feed • About equal to corn in food value • Other uses include: Forage Manufacture of syrup or sugar Making of brooms • Third most important U.S. grain crop Docsity.com Sorghum • Types of sorghum: Grain Forage Syrup Grass Broomcorn Docsity.com Oilseed Crops • Crops grown for the production of oil from their seeds • Growing in importance each year • Important crops are: Soybeans Safflower Peanuts Flax Corn Sunflower Cottonseed Docsity.com Safflower • Production for oil occurs mainly in California • Plants grow 2 to 5 feet high with heads resembling Canadian thistles • 25-35 percent oil • Used in production of paint and other industrial products • Used for cooking oil and low cholesterol diets Docsity.com Flax • Originally, the production was for fiber • Fibers were used to produce linen • Oil is called linseed oil • Important raw product in many types of paint • 100’s of uses in industry • Meal is excellent source of protein for animal feeds Docsity.com Sunflowers • Production of oil-type important in recent years • 90% of production oil-type • 49-53% oil • Meal has 14-19% protein • Meal used for livestock feed • Oil used for margarine and cooking oil • Oil can substitute for diesel fuel in tractors Docsity.com Cotton • Over 15 million bales of cotton produced in U.S. per year • 9 million bales used in textile industry, rest is exported • Removing seed from cotton is called ginning • Seed is processed to remove the oil which contributes to vegetable oil needs • Meal is used for animal feed Docsity.com Sugar Beets • Accounts for about 35% of the refined sugar produced in the U.S. • Produces a thick, fleshy storage root • Center of production is the western states and the upper Midwest Docsity.com Sugar Cane • Accounts for 65% of the sugar refined in the U.S. • Crop is a grass grown from sections of stalk called seed pieces • Takes about 2 years to reach harvesting stage in Hawaii • Takes 7 months until harvest in the southern states • Can harvest several times before replanting Docsity.com Classification of Field Crops Forage crops-grown for hay, silage, or pastures for livestock feed Sugar crops-grown for their ability to store sugars in their stems or roots Oil crops-produced for the oil content of their seeds Tuber crops-grown for their thickened, underground storage stems Stimulant crops-grown for their ability to stimulate the sense of the user Docsity.com Classification of Field Crops • Thermo classifications: Warm season Cool season • Warm season crops must have warm temperatures in order to live and grow • Cool season crops often need a period of cool weather in order to attain maximum production Docsity.com Classification of Field Crops • Classification by life span: Annual Biennial Perennial • Factors to consider for the selection of field crops: 1. Crops that will grow and produce the desired yields under the type of climate available. 2. Crops that are adapted to the type of soil available. Docsity.com Seedbed Preparation • Can increase availability of soil nutrients • Should not be overworked • Fineness of seedbed is dependent on size of seed • Should contain enough fertility to encourage germination and growth • Control and elimination of weeds, insects, and diseases is an important consideration Docsity.com Seedbed Preparation • Three categories of tillage preparation: Conventional tillage-land is plowed with a moldboard plow Minimum tillage-seedbed is prepared only enough so that the seed can make contact with the soil and germinate No-till-planting seeds directly into the residue of the previous crop Docsity.com Planting Field Crops • Three general types of planters: Row crop planters-plant seeds in precise rows with even spacing within the rows Drill planters-plant seeds in narrow rows at high population rates Broadcast planters-scatter the seed in a random pattern on top of the seedbed Docsity.com Meeting Water Needs of Crops • Irrigation may be the answer to obtaining profitable yields • Irrigation has been practiced for over 5,000 years Egyptians used water from the Nile River for irrigation Chinese and Native Americans used irrigation Docsity.com Meeting Water Needs of Crops • Major methods of supplying irrigation water to crops: Sprinklers-spray water through the air, much like rainfall Surface irrigation-water gets to the crop by gravity, flowing over the surface of the soil or in ditches or furrows Subsurface irrigation-supplies water to the roots of crops underground Docsity.com Pest Control in Field Crops • Control of pests in field crops often determines profits • Pests include: Diseases Weeds Insects Animals • Economic losses total billions of dollars each year Docsity.com Cultural Control • Adapting farming practices to control pests • Includes: Timing farming operations to eliminate pests Rotating crops Planting resistant varieties Planting trap crops that are more attractive to insects than is the primary crop Docsity.com Biological Control • Involves the use of predators or diseases as the control mechanisms • Examples: Release of sterile male insects Uses of baits and repellents • Important that the control be specific to the intended pest Docsity.com Genetic Control • Development of varieties of crops that are resistant to pests • May involve making the crop less attractive to pest because of: Taste Shape Blooming time Docsity.com Harvesting and Storing Field Crops • Development of mechanical harvesting equipment • Primary harvesting machine is the combine which performs the tasks of: Cutting the crop Threshing the crop Separating crop from debris Cleaning the crop Docsity.com Harvesting and Storing Field Crops • Threats to quality of stored crops include: Heat Moisture Fungi Insects Rodents • Production of field crops generates more income for American agriculturists than any other production enterprise Docsity.com