Grape Pest Management: Understanding Pesticide Mode of Action and Sprayer Technology, Study notes of Entomology

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ENTOM 490 Grape Pest Management Lecture 4 (by Felsot) Specific Mode of Action Pesticide Label Sprayer Technology Mode of Action • Characteristic symptomology exhibited by pest species • How a pesticide protects the plant • How a pesticide interacts with the function of specific biochemical components (macromolecules) • Systemics – Pesticide can penetrate plant tissue and be translocated to other parts of plant – Chemical diffuses through the cuticle of leaves (sprays) or through the outer layer of roots (soil applications) into the epidermal cells – Chemical crosses into either the xylem or phloem • Some chemicals are only xylem mobile and thus can only move upward in the transpiration stream from the site of first contact • Phloem mobile chemicals can move either up or down from the site of first contact (the “true” systemics) How Does the Pesticide Protect the Plant (or Control the Weed) • Some chemicals are transported translaminarly from one side of leaf to the other • Some chemicals move only locally (i.e., a short distance from the site of contact) How Does the Pesticide Protect the Plant (or Control the Weed) Biochemical Mode of Action • How toxicity is manifested – Specific interactions with macromolecules like enzymes or cytochromes to cause inhibition of function • Example: some fungicides and insecticides function by inhibiting the function of cytochromes important for electron transfers and thus energy production during normal respiratory metabolism located in the cell mitochondria –Strobilurin fungicides • Specificity (Selectivity) – Some herbicides are broad spectrum and will kill both monocots (grasses) and dicots (broadleaf plants) • Glyphosate – Inhibits aromatic amino acid synthesis • Paraquat – Causes extensive oxidation of cell macromolecules • Oryzalin – Inhibits root elongation by inhibiting cell division and elongation Herbicide Mode of Action – Some herbicides are specific for grasses or for broadleaf plants • Simazine is used as a pre-emergent herbicide to control broadleaf plants although it has some activity on grasses – Inhibits photosynthesis • 2,4-D is used as a post-emergent herbicide to control broadleaf plants –Mimics the action of the auxin hormone Herbicide Mode of Action Insecticide Mode of Action • Insecticides tend to have limited mobility within the plant – “Systemics” are xylem mobile only • Can often be soil applied, although they may also be sprayed – Example: imidacloprid (Provado) for aphid control – Some insecticides have translaminar activity • Characteristic of the neonicotinoids (includes imidacloprid and acetamiprid) Insecticide Mode of Action • Avermectins – Represented by abamectin, these compound are also neurotoxins and are used as acaricides • Block the action of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) – They can be “harsh” on predatory mites • Propargite – Strictly used as an acaricide – May not be “safe” for predatory mites – Adversely affects cellular energy production by inhibiting the enzyme ATPase Insecticide Mode of Action • Diacylhydrazines (“Fenozides”) – Represented by methoxyfenozide, these compounds mimic the action of the insect molting hormone ecdysone and cause premature molt – Take longer to kill then neurotoxins but can make insects lethargic and stop feedings – Soft on natural enemies • Spinosad (spinosyns) – These also function as neurotoxins but they are naturally derived and produced by fermentation – One formulation is registered as “certified organic” – Very low hazard to natural enemies and other nontarget organisms vetiew UC IPM Online - “2 University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program How to Manage Pests UC Pest Management Guidelines GRAPE GENERAL PROPERTIES OF FUNGICIDES USED IN GRAPES (Reviewed: 12/02, updated: 12/02) IN THIS GUIDELINE: PUBLICATION GLOSSARY Common name Mode of Resistance (trade name) Chemical class | Activity action Potential |Comments Ampelomyce biological contact mycoparasite low quisqualis (AQ 10) azoxystrobin strobilurin contact, single-site high (Abound) systemic • Systemics – Can be applied after an infection is detected because they can diffuse into leaf and they are at least xylem mobile – All organic compounds • Strobilurins (axoxystrobin [Abound]) – Inhibit energy production in electron transport chain of mitochondria • Triazoles (triflumizole; tebuconazole) – Inhibit sterol biosynthesis • Pyrimidines (cyprodinil) – Inhibit amino acid methionine biosynthesis Fungicides Mode of Action Formulations • Formulations are actually registered but the risk assessment necessary for registration is conducted on the active ingredient • Formulations will contain solvents and adjuvants that help dissolve the pesticide but also contribute to its activity – Adjuvants are formulant ingredients that enhance the properties and bioactivity of active ingredients – Adjuvants such as surfactants may also be added to a tank mix containing the formulation Formulation Adjuvants • Solvents and adjuvants having no pesticidal activity are called inert ingredients • Adjuvants serve basically two purposes – Help reduce the surface tension of water so that the spray droplets are spread out over a greater leaf surface area – Help the active ingredient to stick on the leaf surface after spraying eo 8 Fungicide Label and MSDS Links 4+ | 3} [ +} © http: / /fruit.wsu.edu/labels /fungicide.htm OO Apple Mac Amazon eBay Yahoo! Newsy Felsot's Favoritesy WSU Libraries Washington State University Tree Fruit Extension Team & Fungicide Labels and MSDS Sheets http://fruit.wsu.edu/labels/ Fungicide Index by Product Name Home Page A|BIGIDIEJE/G|H|L| J [KILIMIN/GIP/Q(RIS|TIUIMIWIX|¥ |Z Acrobat Reader may be required, For free software download, click the Icon above, Each product listed below is labeled for disease control on some but not all fruit crops. As always, read the label carefully. Fungicide by Company |Insecticide Info | Greenbook Label & MSDS | Reentry Interval  Due to Acute Toxicity covered by the Certified Applicator's certification. RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE For retail sale to and use only by Certified Applicators or persons under their direct supervision and only for those uses Guthion Solupak 50% WETTABLE POWDER CROP INSECTICIDE IN WATER SOLUBLE PACKETS For effective economical insect control. ACTIVE INGREDIENT: O,0-Dimethyl 5-[[4-ox-1,2,3-benzotriazin- -2(44)-ylmethyl[phosphorodithioate . INERT INGREDIENTS: .............- Keep water soluble packets in this container and store in a cool dry place, but not below freezing (32F). Protect from heat Keep away from open flame. Do not heat. Entire inner packets dissolve in water. After opening outer bag, drop the required unopened inner packets into spray tank a5 directed. Do not excessively handle water soluble packet or expose it to moisture, since this may cause breakage. DEALERS SHOULD SELL IN ORIGINAL PACKETS ONLY ‘CONTAINS 5 ONE-POUND WATER SOLUBLE PACKETS EPA Reg. No. 3125-301 Five 1-Pound Packets Per Pouch, Four Pouches Per © STOP - Read the label before use. Keep out of reach of children. POISON DANGER PELIGRO STATEMENTS OF PRACTICAL TREATMENT ‘Organophosphate In case of poisoning. call a physician immediately. Have patient lie down and keep quiet. If swallowed, vomiting should be induced. Administer water freely and induce vomiting by giving one dose (1/2 og. or 15 mL} of syrup of ecac. If vomiting does mot occur within 10 to 20 minutes, administer second dose. If syrup of ipecac is not available, induce vomiting by sticking finger down throat. Repeat until vomit fluid is clear. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Professional medical assistance should be secured immediately. If on skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash skin immediately with soap and warm water. If inhaled, remove victim to fresh air. If not breathing. give artificial respiration, preferably mouth to mouth. Get medical attention. If in eyes, flush with plenty of water. Call physician if irritation persists. Note To Physician: ANTIDOTE - Administer atropine sulfate in large therapeutic doses. Repeat as necessary to the point of tolerance. 2-PAM is also antidotal and may be administered in conjunction with atropine. ‘Compound inhibits cholinesterase resulting in stimulation of the central nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous: system, and the somatic motor nerves. Do not give morphine. Watch for pulmonary edema, which may develop in serious cases of poisoning even after 12 hours. At first sign of pulmonary edema. the patient should be placed in an coygen tent and treated symptomatically. SYMPTOMS OF POISONING: A sense of “tightness” in the chest. Sweating. Contracted pupils. Stomach pains. Vomiting and diarrhea. Sprayer Technology • For insect and disease management, basically two types of sprayers are used – Air-blast – Proptec Blueline 6 Head Telescoping Vertical Boom Proptec Sprayer Proptec Spray Head Nozzle & Fan Atomized Spray from Proptec Head Horizontal Boom on Proptec Orchard Sprayer Proptec Sprayer--Deposition Pattern Dark Areas Did Not Intercept Spray Yellow Green Area Intercepted Fluorescent Dye in Spray