The Sociology of Sport: Understanding Sports as Social Phenomena, Exams of Advanced Education

Download The Sociology of Sport: Understanding Sports as Social Phenomena and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity! SPMT 319 Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Latest Update what is sport? - Correct Answer-1. sport is physical. 2. sport involves two people 3. sport involves competition 4. sport has rules of competition What is physical activity? - Correct Answer-any body movement produced by skeletal muscles. What is exercise? - Correct Answer-a form of leisure physical activity. In 2011, according to Nielson company, what was the most watched broadcast in US history - Correct Answer-super bowl What does the internet do with sport - Correct Answer-official team information player profiles education college recruiting fantasy sports How much do people spend on domestic sport product? - Correct Answer-168.5 to 207 billion sociology - Correct Answer-1. an academic discipline aimed at scientifically studying phenomena 2. examine people and the institutions these people create 3. researchers adopting a sociological lens primarily study social issues and the manner in which people engage and interact with one another. assumptions that sociologists have towards the world - Correct Answer-1. people as social beings by their very nature. 2. maintain that people are largely socially determined as they are products of their social environment 3. suggest that people create, shape and challenge the social contexts in which they are situated. Current research in the sociology of sport focuses on - Correct Answer-physical culture which includes all forms of movement and physical activities that people in social worlds create, maintain, and regularly include in their collective lives. Physical culture includes - Correct Answer-all forms of movement and physical activities that people in social worlds create, maintain, and regularly include in their collective lives. Sports as parts of society are - Correct Answer-social constructions. Social constructions that are - Correct Answer-given form and meaning by people as they interact with each other under the social, political, and economic conditions that exist in their society. Social constructions are - Correct Answer-parts of the social world that are created by people as they interact with one another under particular social, political, and economic conditions. Sports can take different forms and be given different meanings from - Correct Answer-one situation, culture, or point in time to the next. Sports are not static activities, they are - Correct Answer- changed as people and circumstances change. Viewing sports as social constructions may cause some people to be defensive because - Correct Answer-they resist the idea that we can or ever should change sports. Sports are - Correct Answer-contested activities. Sports are contested activities which means that there are struggles over the - Correct Answer-meaning, purpose, and organization of sports. The people allowed to play sports and the conditions they play under, the people and organizations that sponsor and provide the resources needed to play sports. Sociology of sport is a - Correct Answer-sub discipline of sociology that studies sports as part of social and cultural life, that is, as social phenomena. Sociology of sport focuses primarily on - Correct Answer- organized competitive sports. Sociology of sports asks critical questions about - Correct Answer-sports in society. The great sport myth is that sport is essentially pure and good and its purity and goodness are transferred to anyone who plays, consumes, or sponsors sports therefore, - Correct Answer-there is no need to study and evaluate sports for the purpose of transforming or making them better because they are already what they should be. Sociologists study - Correct Answer-actions and relationships in terms of the social contexts in which people live there lives. Psychologists study - Correct Answer-behavior in terms of attributes and processes that exist inside individuals. Sociological research often - Correct Answer-provides evidence that there is a need to change the organization of sports and the organization of society. of sexual expression, and determine the appropriate roles of men and women in society. Gender ideology is a basis for - Correct Answer-determining what is natural and moral related to gender. Dominant gender ideology - Correct Answer-prevailing notions of common sense about maleness and femaleness in a group or society. Racial ideology - Correct Answer-interrelated ideas and beliefs that are widely used to classify human beings into categories assumed to be biological and related to attributes such as intelligence, temperament, and physical abilities. Racial ideologies vary around the world, but they are - Correct Answer-powerful when people use them to classify humans into racial categories. Dominant racial ideology - Correct Answer-prevailing ideas about the meanings of skin color and the characteristics of people classified in various racial categories. Al Campanis - Correct Answer-player for the Brooklyn Dodgers and later general managers of Los Angeles Dodgers, known for his controversial comments about the limitations of African- American managers. Frank Robinson - Correct Answer-former major league player for Cincinnati Reds and Baltimeore Orioles, was the first African American manager in American League and National league, currently executive vice president of baseball development for major league baseball. Dan Rooney - Correct Answer-owner of the pittsburgh steelers and former head of NFL's diversity committee who originated the "Rooney rule" which requires NFL teams with openings for head coach interview at least one minority candidate. Mike Tomlin - Correct Answer-current head coach of pittsburgh steelers, hired as a direct result of the Rooney rule. social class ideology - Correct Answer-interrelated ideas and beliefs that are widely shared and used by people to evaluate their material status, explain why economic success, failures, and inequities exist, and what should be done about economic differences in a group or society. Class ideology in the US is organized around - Correct Answer- the idea of the american dream of unrestricted economic opportunities, and the belief that american society is a meritocracy Competitive sports provide a vocabulary and stories that - Correct Answer-reaffirm dominant social class ideology in the U.S. Ableist ideology - Correct Answer-interrelated ideas and beliefs that are widely used to identify people as physically or intellectually disabled, to justify treating them as inferior, and to organize social worlds and physical spaces without taking them into account. Ableist ideology is grounded in - Correct Answer-ableism, that is attitudes, actions, and policies based on the belief that people classified as physically or intellectually disabled are incapable of full participation in mainstream activities and inferior to people with normal abilities. as they seek to understand social life, and participate as citizens in their communities and societies. Those who study sports in society want to understand four things - Correct Answer-the cultural and social contexts in which sports exist. The connections between those contexts and sports. The social worlds that people create as they participate in sports. The experiences of individuals and groups associated with those social worlds. Social Research - Correct Answer-investigations in which we seek answers to questions about social worlds by systematically gathering and analyzing data. Social Theories - Correct Answer-logically interrelated explanations of the actions and relationships of human beings and the organization and dynamics of social worlds. Personal theories are - Correct Answer-summaries of our ideas and explanations of social life and the contexts in which it occurs. Sociological theories are designed to answer questions that go beyond experiences and situations encountered by one person they are based on - Correct Answer-systematic data collection and analysis, developed in connection with the research and theories of others in sociology, published and critically examined, tested, and validated or discredited by other scholars. Theories are - Correct Answer-based on questions about why the world is the way iti is and on ideas about how it might be different. Theories involve a combination of - Correct Answer- description, reflection, and analysis. Theories have practical applications because - Correct Answer- they help us make choices and anticipate consequences. Theories guide us as we study and participate in - Correct Answer-social worlds. Michael Messner's research is based on - Correct Answer-his questions about the relationships among sports, sports participation, and gender in society. The social worlds created around sports are complex. It helps to have - Correct Answer-systematic research methods and logical theories to study and understand them. Messner used three theories to help guide his research - Correct Answer-cultural, interactionist, and structural. Cultural theories - Correct Answer-explain what we know about the ways that people think and express their values, ideas, and beliefs as they live together and create social worlds. Narratives - Correct Answer-the way that people represent and talk about objects, people and experiences that are used in connection with sports. Narratives take the form of - Correct Answer-stories that people tell about themselves and their social worlds. fieldwork - Correct Answer-onsite data collection, usually focused on a particular social world. ethnography - Correct Answer-fieldwork that involves observations and interviews. Messner and his colleagues used quantitative data when - Correct Answer-he analyzed network sports news and ESPN highlights. Knowledge claims - Correct Answer-statements that explain the how and why about gender in connection with sports and sport participation in society. Gender culture - Correct Answer-gender categories are constructed around certain characteristics.Colors, names, objects, and qualities are seen as masculine or feminine. Gender interaction - Correct Answer-people learn how to act like a man or act like a woman, people perform gender and judge others by their performance. Gender structure - Correct Answer-roles and responsibilities identified with gender. Jobs and statuses are seen as being for men or for women. Critical Feminist theory - Correct Answer-assumes that knowledge about social life requires an understanding of gender and gender relations. Takes seriously insights and research done by women as part of the knowledge production process. Critical feminist theory explains how and why the bodies, abilities, orientations, and relationships of - Correct Answer- girls and women are systematically devalued in sports. Critical feminist theory explains why gender equity and the transformation of the culture and structure of sports are - Correct Answer-in the best interests of both females and males. Critical feminist theory today is widely - Correct Answer- accepted and used in the sociology of sport. Using a critical approach makes us aware that - Correct Answer-the production and application of knowledge are not completely objective processes. Socialization - Correct Answer-the process of learning the cultural norms and values of society. An active process of learning and social development. Socialization occurs as we - Correct Answer-interact with others, and become familiar with the social worlds in which we live. Socialization is an - Correct Answer-active process. Structural theories - Correct Answer-focus on the influence of significant others in socialization processes. Interactionist model - Correct Answer-processes of social learning and development occur through social interaction. Past research on socialization and sports was often based on structural theories and a - Correct Answer-personal internalization model in which it was assumed that social expected of athletes in the sport, and being recognized and accepted as an athlete by other athletes in the sport. Process of becoming and staying involved in sports involves decisions influenced by - Correct Answer-self reflection, social support and resources, social acceptance, cultural images and messages, meanings attached to gender, class, skin color, ethnicity, age, and physical disabilities in connection with sports and sport participation. Past research indicates that people don't drop out forever or cut all ties with sports, they often move into other sport roles. Dropping out is tied to other - Correct Answer-changes and transitions in a person's life. Dropping out isn't always due to negative experiences. Dropping out may cause problems among those who have identities grounded totally in sports, lack social and material resources. Coakley's findings on burnout was that burnout among elite adolescent athletes was most likely when - Correct Answer- high performance sports were organized so that athletes had little control over their lives, and when sport involvement was perceived to interfere with accomplishing important developmental tasks. Koukouris' findings on leaving sports found that ending or reducing sport participation is associated with - Correct Answer-the need to obtain a job and become independent. Realistic judgments about sport skills and chances for future success in elite sports. Wheeler's findings on retirement of elite athletes found that when competitive sports careers ended, the main challenges faced by athletes with disabilities were - Correct Answer- reinvesting time and energy into other activities and relationships, reconnecting with family members and friends, returning to school or initiating/continuing occupational careers. Changing or ending competitive sport participation is related to - Correct Answer-decision making processes in people's lives, identity issues and developmental issues, life transitions, and self-reflection related to the role of sports in one's life. Sport participation offers diverse experiences - Correct Answer-both positive and negative. Selection processes in organized sports - Correct Answer-favor some characteristics over others. Negative socialization effects are most likely when - Correct Answer-playing sports constricts or limits a person's identities, relationships, and experiences. Positive socialization effects are most likely when - Correct Answer-playing sports expands or diversifies a person's identities, relationships, and experiences. Power and performance sports use power to push limits in pursuit of victories, excellence is proved through winning the body is a tool and weapon, competence based inclusion and - Correct Answer-exclusion, hierarchical structures, and opponents are enemies. Pleasure and participation sports have an emphasis on connections between people, have an ethic of expression, enjoyment, concern, and health. View the body as a - Correct Answer-source of pleasure, have inclusion and accommodation of differences, democratic structures and you compete with others. Social world - Correct Answer-refers to a way of life and an associated mindset that revolves around a particular sport and the people associated with it. Sport experiences - Correct Answer-actions of people in sports can be understood only when placed in the context of the social worlds in which they occur. Adler's findings on role engulfment among college basketball players found that some athletes in high profile sports experience role engulfment that - Correct Answer-deeply affects their identities and how they make decisions about their academic, athletic, and social lives. Separates them from relationships and experiences they require if they are to learn lessons from their sport experiences. Athletes in high profile sports may experience role engulfment that influences how - Correct Answer-other people define and respond to them. Wacquant's findings on inner city boxing gyms was that the social world of the boxing gym was - Correct Answer-created in connection with the social forces in the black ghetto and its masculine street culture. It sheltered black men from the full destructive impact of social and cultural forces in their lives, and provided a disciplined regime of body regulation. Sports are sites for - Correct Answer-struggling over how we think and what we do. Sports are sites where people create and learn stories they use as they - Correct Answer-give meaning to and make sense of the world. Sports consist of vocabularies and images that often support - Correct Answer-dominant ideologies. Hegemony is the - Correct Answer-process of maintaining leadership and control by gaining the consent and approval of other groups, including those who are being led or controlled. Sports are important sites for hegemonic processes because - Correct Answer-they provide pleasure and excitement for people. Research shows that none of us - Correct Answer-lives outside the influence of ideology. The most informative research on what happens in sports deals with - Correct Answer-the everyday experiences of people who play sports, the social worlds created around sports, and community and cultural process thorough which ideologies are created, reproduced, and changed. Organized youth sports became popular when - Correct Answer-people realized that childhood development was influenced by the social environment and the experiences of children. Neoliberal society - Correct Answer-one in which individualism and material success are highly valued, and one in which publicly funded programs and services disappear and are replaced by private programs and service provision. Organized programs have become - Correct Answer- increasingly privatized. Organized programs increasingly emphasize the - Correct Answer-performance ethic. measured in terms of improved skills, especially in relation to the skill of others. Elite sport training programs emphasize that children can - Correct Answer-gain important rewards through sports. Some elite sport training programs raise ethical issues about - Correct Answer-adult-child relationships. In US culture today children are seen as - Correct Answer- products of parenting and the creations of parents. A child's success in visible and valued activities reaffirms parental moral - Correct Answer-worth in a neoliberal society . Parents now take youth sports very seriously and they - Correct Answer-assertively advocate the interests of their children, even if they must be extreme. New interest in alternative sports may be a response to - Correct Answer-highly structured, adult controlled organized programs. Informal sports, such as pick up games have declined to the point of - Correct Answer-near extinction. Nearly all sport experiences for children now occur in - Correct Answer-organized, adult controlled programs. Research on the implications of this change is rare, parents now object to - Correct Answer-people studying their children, research ethics review committees seldom approve of fieldwork and observational studies of children. Adult controlled sports include relationships with authority figures, learning formal rules and strategies, systematic guidance by parents and coaches and - Correct Answer-rule- governed teamwork and obedience to coaches required, winning and personal achievement is important. Player controlled sports include action and personal involvement, interpersonal and decision making skills, cooperation and improvisation are required, - Correct Answer- challenges, problem solving, and individual expression, reaffirmation of friendships is important. When adults ignore developmental issues, children are more likely to - Correct Answer-burn out and drop out. Prior to age 12 many children don't have the ability to - Correct Answer-fully understand competitive team sports. Team sports require the use of a - Correct Answer-"third party perspective" Learning the dynamics of cooperation is a - Correct Answer- prerequisite for fully understanding competitive relationships. Until children learn about the dynamics of cooperation, they cannot - Correct Answer-understand the team dynamics of competitive sports. Youth sports today have - Correct Answer-lost their child centered focus, been distorted by over invested parents, failed to train and evaluate coaches, mistakenly emphasized early sports specialization, and ignored the developmental abilities of children. Too many adults who control youth sports give priority to control, organization, and the performance - Correct Answer- ethic and ignore age-based developmental concerns. Coaching education programs that don't deal with - Correct Answer-social and developmental issues. Coaching education programs are useful when they teach coaches to - Correct Answer-deal with children safely and responsibly, organize practices and teach skills. Coaching eduction programs are a problem if they foster a - Correct Answer-technoscience approach to controlling children, creating coaches who are sports efficiency experts does not contribute to overall child development. Deviance - Correct Answer-occurs when a person's ideas, traits, or actions are perceived by others to fall outside the normal range of acceptance in a society. Formal deviance - Correct Answer-violations of official rules and laws that are punished by official sanctions administered by people in positions of authority. Informal deviance - Correct Answer-violations of unwritten customs and shared understandings that are punished by unofficial sanctions and administered by observers or peers. Norm - Correct Answer-a shared expectation that people use to identify what is acceptable and unacceptable in a social world. Formal norms - Correct Answer-official expectations that take the form of written rules or laws. Informal norms - Correct Answer-customs or unwritten, shared understandings of how a person is expected to think, appear, and act in a social world. Athletes are not the only ones in spots who engage in deviant behavior other examples include - Correct Answer-coaches, administrators, team owners, referees, trainers, public officials, media people, agents, parents, and spectators. Absolutist approach - Correct Answer-assumes that social norms are based on essential principles that constitute an unchanging foundation for identifying good and evil and distinguishing right from wrong. Absolutist approach is based on three assumptions - Correct Answer-norms represent social or moral ideals, any departure from the ideal constitutes deviance, the greater the departure from the ideal, the more serious the deviance. According to an absolutist approach "normal" is - Correct Answer-conforming to an ideal, and anything less than normal is deviant. An absolutist approach to deviance does little to - Correct Answer-explain or control most deviance in sports today. Constructionist approach - Correct Answer-deviance occurs when ideas, traits, and actions fall outside socially determined boundaries that people use to determine what is acceptable and unacceptable in a social world. Constructionist approach is based on four assumptions that norms are socially constructed as people interact with each other and determine what's acceptable and what isn't, that Evidence suggests that cheating, dirty play, and fighting are - Correct Answer-less common today than in the past. Athletes in power and performance sports accept good fouls, cheating when you can get away with it and - Correct Answer- playing to the level of the referee. People focus exclusively on deviant under conformity and overlook deviant over conformity the - Correct Answer-form of deviance that might be more pervasive today. As the personal stakes have increased in sports and surveillance methods are more pervasive our awareness of - Correct Answer-corruption in sport organizations has increased. Institutional corruption - Correct Answer-established, widespread and taken for granted processes and practices that, if publicly known, would be seen as immoral, unethical, or illegal to the point of destroying public trust in its leaders. Chuck Blazer - Correct Answer-former executive for the American Soccer League and the US soccer federation was suspended from his post in FIFA for paying himself 1.5 million in commissions, among otter things. Research shows that many athletes have - Correct Answer- lower rates of delinquency than similar peers who do not play spots. Consumptive deviance - Correct Answer-actions and appearances that can be imagined as real deviance without producing any real negative consequences for anyone involved. Consumptive deviance may be used to - Correct Answer- create marketable personas or to make one's self into a brand without hurting anyone in the process. Coakley conclusion - Correct Answer-substance use is not caused by defective socialization or a lack of moral character among athletes. Use of performance enhancing substances occurs regularly today in - Correct Answer-high performance sports. Donald Sterling - Correct Answer-owner of Sand Diego Clippers, racial slurs. Mark Cuban - Correct Answer-owner of Dallas Mavericks, yells at refs. Bruce Levenson - Correct Answer-owner of Atlanta Hawks, racist email. Ray Rice - Correct Answer-running back, Baltimore Ravens, beat wife. Roger Goodell - Correct Answer-NFL commissioner, had proof of Ray Rice gave light punishment. Adrian Peterson - Correct Answer-Minnesota Vikings, child abuse Lance Armstrong - Correct Answer-7 time tour de france champion 199-2005 doping scandal. George Brett - Correct Answer-Pine Tar incident 1983