Chemical Reactions: Stages & Conditions of 1-Bromobutane, Ethanal, and 4-nitrophenol, Lab Reports of Physics

Download Chemical Reactions: Stages & Conditions of 1-Bromobutane, Ethanal, and 4-nitrophenol and more Lab Reports Physics in PDF only on Docsity! Explain the different stages of reaction, reaction mechanisms, conditions of reactions, (for the 3 groups) 1-Bromobutane The synthesis of 1-bromobutane is a global process. This is an SN2 reaction. By reacting butan-1-ol (primary alcohol) with sodium bromide solution and an excess of concentrated sulfuric acid, this halide can be made quickly. Hydrobromic acid is formed when sodium bromide reacts with sulphuric acid. The reaction mechanisms of 1- bromobutane: NaBr, H2SO4 CH3CH2CH2CH2OH CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + NaHSO4 +H2O The Br- ion will be used as the substitution nucleophile in this SN2 reaction, which will exploit acidic conditions to make the alcohol more reactive. Ethanal in Aqueous Solution The reaction used in Ethanal is the reaction of ethanol with sodium dichromate. The ethanal molecule has two carbon atoms. However, there are four carbon atoms in the finished product. These are the reaction mechanism steps of Ethanal: Hydroxyl ions assault the carbonyl compound's alpha hydrogen atom; The link between alpha hydrogen and alpha carbon is then broken, and the bond's electrons are transferred to alpha carbon. This results in the formation of a carbanion; The alpha hydrogen atom has now joined the hydroxyl ion to form a water molecule; The carbanion then attacks another aldehyde molecule's carbonyl carbon. There is the formation of a new carbon- carbon bond. The C=O bond is converted to C-O with a negative charge on the oxygen atom due to the formation of a new carbon carbon bond; and finally, O- attacks a water molecule, obtaining a hydrogen atom to form an alcohol group, which results in the formation of the OH- ion. The condition of reaction of ethanol are acidified sodium dichromate(VI) solution, heat, and excess ethanol. 4-nitrophenol and 2-nitrophenol It emits harmful emissions of nitrogen oxides when heated to breakdown. Violent reaction with strong alkali in molten form (85 percent potassium hydroxide). The mechanism of 4-nitrophenol reduction that has been proposed is the Deprotonation of 4-NP occurs when NaBH4 is added to the reaction medium, resulting in the creation of an intermediate nitrophenolate ion. The equivalent amounts of M-containing p(APTMACl)-M microgel composites were placed in the prepared solution of 0.01 M 4- NP and 0.01 M 2-NP in 50 mL DI water with 0.756 g NaBH4 at 30°C and 750 rpm mixing rate in the catalytic reaction. When we increase the temperature of the medium, the movement of the 4-Nitrophenol molecule is believed to be energetic, resulting in a greater possibility of collision, resulting in a rapid reaction rate. The reaction condition by reacting phenol with sodium nitrate (V), concentrated sulphuric acid, and water, we were able to produce 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol. Evaluate how and why melting or boiling point is used to assess purity of product Chemical purity assessment is a difficult undertaking that necessitates the use of a variety of styles and approaches to provide clear information on a chemical's makeup. Understanding the specific components of a chemical and its physical or chemical properties is the most essential activity in assessing chemical purity. Pure compounds have high melting/boiling points and evaporate slowly, whereas impurities usually have lower melting/boiling points and evaporate faster. This is how we can ensure that compounds are pure. It is self-evident that a chemical's physical qualities can be utilized to determine whether it is pure or not. The boiling and melting points of the majority of chemical products are well characterized. It is well documented that pure chemicals boil and melt at specified temperatures. However, if a chemical's melting point is dropped, it's a strong indication that the molecule isn't pure. It will have a greater boiling point than usual. This is a simple method for determining a product's purity. For the preparation of 1-Bromobutane, the product was pure and had a high percentage yield based on the product and the distillation temperature. But, because it started distilling at 90°C and finished at 101°C, which is the boiling point of 1- bromobutane, it could have a few impurities. For the Ethanal in Aqueous Solution, after analyzing the product and the distillation temperature, it was clear that the product was somewhat pure and had a high percentage yield; but, because it began distilling at 85°C, it may contain a few impurities. Finally, for the preparation of 4-Nitrophenol and 2- Nitrophenol, Phenol has a melting point of 40.5°C and a boiling point of 181.7°C. Discuss strengths and weakness of reaction conditions, type of reaction and ways to improve. The strength of 1-Bromobutane would be the addition of bromine or hydrogen bromide to 1-butene produces 1-bromobutane, which is then neutralized by the bicarbonate. The addition of any further bromine to the 1-bromobutane inhibits the creation of polybrominated butanes. CO2 and sodium bromide are formed when bicarbonate combines with the unreacted bromides. The weakness of 1-bromobutane, it is not soluble in the bottom aqueous H2SO4 layer. In a substitution process, hydrogen