Exploring Consciousness: Sleep, Hypnosis, and Altered States, Slides of Research Methodology

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Chapter 5: States of Consciousness Docsity.com Some Early Definitions • Consciousness: All the sensations, perceptions, memories, and feelings you are aware of in any instant – Waking Consciousness: Normal, clear, organized, alert awareness • Altered State of Consciousness (ASC): Awareness that is distinctly different in quality or pattern from waking consciousness Docsity.com Measuring Sleep Changes • Electroencephalograph (EEG): Brain-wave machine; amplifies and records electrical activity in the brain • Beta Waves: Small fast waves associated with alertness and awakeness • Alpha Waves: Large, slow waves associated with relaxation and falling asleep Docsity.com Stages of Sleep • Stage 1: Small, irregular waves produced in light sleep (people may or may not say they were asleep) – Hypnic Jerk: Reflex muscle twitch throughout body that may occur in Stage 1 Docsity.com Stage 2 • Deeper sleep; sleep spindles (bursts of distinctive brain-wave activity) appear Docsity.com Awake idan hvu inet Woratioow\n Beta waves Eyes closed, awww Alpha waves relaxed Small, irregular Stage | nan Vian inn aM aaa nf yer waves Stage 2 pat pp OM AMAA ppt 2 Sleep spindles Delta waves Stage 3 ware, Py | ynrn appear Stage 4 De ve Wl Wl ae heat he Mostly delta Co & (b) Docsity.com Kinds of Sleep • Rapid Eye Movements (REM): Associated with dreaming; sleep is very light – Body is very still during REM sleep – Lack of muscle paralysis during REM sleep is called “REM Behavioral Disorder” • Non-REM (NREM) Sleep: Occurs during stages 1, 2, 3, and 4; no rapid eye movement occurs – Seems to help us recover from daily fatigue Docsity.com 24 Hours (a) © 2007 Thomson Higher Education e Hours of Sleep PEC | g oO g z a & uw NLU) om il mt I= mm (b) Docsity.com Sleep Disturbances • Sleepwalking (Somnambulism): Occurs in NREM sleep during Stages 3 and 4 • Sleeptalking: Speaking while asleep; occurs in NREM sleep Docsity.com Nightmares • Bad dreams that occur during REM sleep • Imagery Rehearsal: Mentally rehearse the changed dream before you go to sleep again; may help to eliminate nightmares Docsity.com Night Terrors • Total panic and hallucinations may occur – Occurs during Stage 4 sleep – Most common in childhood; may occur in adults Docsity.com REM Rebound • Extra rapid eye movement sleep following REM sleep deprivation Docsity.com Psychodynamic (Freudian) Theory of Dreaming • Emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces • Wish Fulfillment: Freudian belief that many dreams are expressions of unconscious desires – Much evidence to refute this • Dream Symbols: Images that have a deeper symbolic meaning Docsity.com Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis • Dream content may be affected by motor commands in the brain (that occur during sleep) that are not carried out Docsity.com Hypnosis Can • Help people relax • Reduce pain • Get people to make better progress in therapy Docsity.com Hypnosis Cannot • Produce acts of superhuman strength • Produce age regression • Force you to do things against your will Docsity.com Stage Hypnosis • Simulation of hypnotic effects Docsity.com More Hypnosis Concepts • Hypnotic Susceptibility: How easily a person can be hypnotized • Basic Suggestion Effect: Tendency of hypnotized people to carry out suggested actions as though they were involuntary Docsity.com Meditation • Mental exercise designed to produce relaxation or heightened awareness • Concentrative Meditation: Attention is paid to a single focal point (i.e., object, thought, etc.) – Produces relaxation response and thus works to reduce stress • Mindfulness Meditation: Based on widening attention span to become aware of everything experienced at a given moment • Mantra: Word(s) or sound(s) repeated during concentrative meditation Docsity.com Relaxation Response • Occurs at time of relaxation; internal response that prevents activation of adrenal glands Docsity.com Physical Dependence • Physical Addiction based on drug tolerance and withdrawal symptoms – Drug Tolerance: Reduction in body’s response to a drug – Withdrawal Symptoms: Physical illness following withdrawal of the drug Docsity.com Psychological Dependence • Drug dependence based on psychological or emotional needs – Usually crave drug – Can be as powerful as physiological addiction Docsity.com Stimulants (Uppers) • Amphetamines: Synthetic stimulants that excite the nervous system – Dexedrine and Methamphetamine are two types of stimulants • Amphetamine Psychosis: Loss of contact with reality because of amphetamine use; user tends to have paranoid delusions Docsity.com Caffeine • Most frequently used psychoactive drug in North America; present in colas, chocolate, coffee, and tea • Causes hand tremors, sweating, talkativeness, tinnitus, suppresses fatigue or sleepiness, increases alertness – May be hazardous to pregnant women if used excessively Docsity.com Caffeinism • Physiological dependence on caffeine – Symptoms: Insomnia, irritability, loss of appetite, chills, racing heart, elevated body temperature Docsity.com Average fer ba cai Tee) Various Foods Instant coffee (5 ounces), 64 milligrams Percolated coffee (5 ounces), 108 milligrams Drip coffee (5 ounces), 145 milligrams Decaf. coffee (5 ounces), 3 milligrams Black tea (5 ounces), 42 milligrams Canned ice tea (17 ounces), 30 milligrams Cocoa drink (6 ounces), 8 milligrams Chocolate drink (8 ounces), 14 milligrams Sweet chocolate (1 ounce), 20 milligrams Colas (12 ounces), 50 milligrams Soft drinks (12 ounces), 0-52 milligrams @ 2007 Thomson Higher Education Docsity.com GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate) • Central Nervous System (CNS) depressant that relaxes and sedates; combination of degreasing solvent and drain cleaner – Sedative effects may result in nausea, loss of muscle control, and either sleep or a loss of consciousness – Inhibits gag reflex, so some choke to death on their own vomit – Addictive and deadly Docsity.com Sedatives: Tranquilizers • Lower anxiety and reduce tension – Valium, Xanax, and Librium are three types – Rohypnol: Related to Valium; lowers inhibitions and produces relaxation or intoxication. Larger doses can induce short-term amnesia and sleep • Date rape drug because it’s odorless and tasteless • Drug Interaction: One drug increases the effect of another Docsity.com Alcohol • Ethyl Alcohol: Intoxicating element in fermented and distilled liquors – Not a stimulant but does lower inhibitions – Depressant • Binge Drinking: Consuming five or more drinks in a short time; four or more for women – Serious sign of alcohol abuse Docsity.com Alcohol Consumed Neural Representation Behavioral Effect 2 ounces ‘90 proof whiskey 05% blaod alcohol Affects higher nervous centers; drinker loses inhibitions, forgoes conventions and courtesies, relaxes 6 ounces 90 proof whiskey .15% blood alcohol Affects deeper motor areas; drinker staggers, has slurred speech, is overconfident, acts on impulse 10 ounces 90 proof whiskey -25% blood alcohol Affects emotional centers of midbrain; drinker has impaired motor reactions and unsteady gait; sensations are distorted; tends to see double, to fall asleep 16 ounces 90 proof whiskey 4% blood alcohol Affects sensory area of cerebellum; senses are dulled; drinker is in stupor 24 ounces 90 proof whiskey -6% blood alcohol Affects perceptual areas; drinker loses consciousness; only functions of breathing and heartbeat remain 32 ounces 90 proof whiskey .8% blood alcohol Affects entire brain; heartbeat and respiration stop; death @ 2007 Thomson Higher Education Docsity.com Detoxification • Withdrawal of the person from alcohol • Occurs in a medical setting and is tightly controlled • Often necessary before long-term treatment begins Docsity.com Some Hallucinogens • Hallucinogen: Substance that alters or distorts sensory impressions • Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD): Hallucinogen that can produce hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms • Mescaline (Peyote) and Psilocybin (Magic Mushrooms) • PCP (Angel Dust): Initially can have hallucinogenic effects; also an anesthetic and has stimulant and depressant effects Docsity.com