Balancing Power: Government, Politics, and the Constitution, Exams of World Politics

Download Balancing Power: Government, Politics, and the Constitution and more Exams World Politics in PDF only on Docsity! 1 Page | 1 Straighterline American Government exam 2024 Which one of the following is NOT true of cultural or political beliefs in America. A. America's origins as a wilderness society led to the belief that government is responsible for providing material assistance to its citizens. B. Americans place a greater emphasis than Europeans on personal advancement through education. C. Never has an American majority expressed a willingness to entrust health insurance fully to the government. D. America has a strong individualistic culture/ E. America's individualistic culture has not proven to be an absolute barrier to government assistance. - ANS>> A The United States has certain rules in place to keep politics withing peaceful bounds. These rules include all of the following except. A. Autocracy. B.Democracy. C. Constitutionalism. D. Free markets. E. None of these answers is correct. - ANS>> A In a constitutional system, A.there are no restrictions on the lawful uses of power, as long as this power is obtained by majority rule. B. there are lawful restrictions on a government's power. C. the economy is based on the free enterprise system. D. officials govern according to the traditions established by their predecessors. E. all citizens have absolute free speech rights. - ANS>> B A government's authority A. is evidenced when a government officials use their right to exercise power. B. Is by definition not coercive. C. Does not include the power to arrest and imprison. D.ensures that lawlessness prevails most of the time. E. is based on pluralism. - ANS>> A. The process by which a society settles its conflicts and allocates the resulting benefits and cots is called. A. Politics. B. Government. C. Elitism. 2 Page | 2 D. Socialism. E. Communism. - ANS>> A. __________ is the ability of persons, groups, or institutions to influence political developments. A. Apathy. B. Politics. C. Power. D. Liberty. E. Political culture. - ANS>> C. The Greek words demos and kratis together mean A. majority rule is sacred. B. the people rule. C. government is good. D. politics is immoral E. the king is good. - ANS>> B John Stuart Mill believed that any form of government should be judged on its ability to. A. offer the individual a "plethora of policy options" in the democratic process. B. transfer power peacefully from one set of governing officials to the next. C. provide social services for its citizenry. D. maintain peace and order in the territory over which it has control. E. promote the individual as " a progressive being." - ANS>> E. What is major barrier to political thinking? A. unwillingness of citizens to make the effort. B. lack of access to governmental institutions. C. elite control of political power resources. D. failure of politicians and government institutions to communicate policy details to the public. E. lack of access to news media sources outside sensationalist television or internet content. - ANS>> A. What type of government suppresses individuality, forcing people to think and act in prescribed ways or risk punishment? a. communistic b. socialistic c. authoritarian d. egalitarian e. republican - ANS>> C In an oligarchy, a. the state is run by corporate interests and companies instead of individuals. b. control rests with a small group of popularly elected individuals. 5 Page | 5 e. Under socialism, the government owns more industries than a communist government, but provides l - ANS>> B The Bill of Rights added to the Constitution, among other things, a. a guarantee of freedom of speech. b. a division of governmental authority into three branches. c. checks and balances among the three branches of government. d. restrictions against the power of corporations to influence the election process. e. term limits for elected officials to reduce their power. - ANS>> A The Bill of Rights a. reduced the restrictiveness of constitutionalism. b.enhanced the powers of the executive. c.further checked the power of the majority. d.enhanced the majoritarian nature of government. e. restricted the power of corporate influence in the government. - ANS>> C In the first section of Federalist Papers, several dangers are outlined if the United States continued under the Articles of Confederation EXCEPT: a. state of disunion b. from the arms and arts of foreign nations c. enumeration of the dangers d. war between the states e. failing to establish a coat of arms - ANS>> E Federalist No. 10 discusses the tendency to controling faction and "Liberty is to faction what air is to fire." Madison gives two methods of removing the causes of faction: a. destroy liberty; give all citizens the same opionons, passions, interests b. create a democracy; elect a prime minister c. establish a public school system; establish a healthcare system d. create endorse faction; appoint a faction leader e. none of these - ANS>> A The idea that government should be restricted in its lawful uses of power and hence in its ability to deprive people of their liberty is expressed by the term a. federalism. b. self-government. c. judicial review. d. limited government. e. natural rights. - ANS>> D The European philosopher whose concept of natural rights had a great impact on American politics is a. Montesquieu. b. Locke. 6 Page | 6 c. Hobbes. d. Aristotle. e. Burke. - ANS>> B President John Adams publicly indicated that a. the federal government would not use force against common people that were simply seeking their inalienable rights. b. the Constitution was designed for a governing elite. c. dissent against the federal government would be welcomed as part of the birthing pangs of a republic. d. he disagreed with the concept of a republic and preferred more direct democratic rule. e. he felt he was the president of the "common folk." - ANS>> B The words of the Declaration of Independence reflected a. Aristotle's conception of democracy. b. Montesquieu's view of constitutionalism. c. Hobbes's idea of the state of nature. d. Locke's philosophy of inalienable rights. e. Madison's view of factions. - ANS>> D Early Americans' preference for limited government was strengthened by a. their exposure to life under the British Parliament and some of the "rights of Englishmen." b. Lockean philosophy. c. Britain's treatment of the colonies after the French and Indian War. d. taxation without representation. e. All these answers are correct. - ANS>> E Through the grants of power in the Constitution, the framers sought to a. define the powers of state governments. b. create a government in which sovereignty was invested in the national government only. c. both empower government and limit it. d. enumerate the rights of individuals. e. abolish slavery. - ANS>> C The Constitution prevents the government from suspending the writ of habeas corpus, meaning that the government cannot a. prosecute persons for acts that were legal at the time they were committed. b. establish a state religion based on Christian beliefs. c. enact laws that would legalize the practice of indentured servitude. d. jail a person without a court hearing to determine the legality of his or her imprisonment. e. silence freedom of the press. - ANS>> D 7 Page | 7 Which of the following chronologies is correct? a. Boston Tea Party (1773); First Continental Congress (1774); and beginning of the American Revolution (1775) b. Shays' Rebellion (1773); Annapolis Convention (1774); and Declaration of Independence (1776) c. Stamp Act (1775); Declaration of Independence (1776); and Philadelphia Convention (1788) d. Common Sense (1769); Declaration of Independence (1776); and The Federalist Papers (1783) e. Declaration of Independence (1776); Articles of Confederation (1787); Constitution (1791); and Federalist No. 10 (1795) - ANS>> A The framers' most significant modification of the traditional doctrine of the separation of powers was to a. include federalism. b. include a two-chamber legislature. c. define legislative power precisely, while defining executive and judicial power only in general terms. d. ensure that the powers of the separate branches overlap, so that each could better act as a check on the others. e. grant the power of judicial review to the judiciary. - ANS>> D In practice, the most significant restraint imposed by Congress on the president is its a. ability to override presidential vetoes. b. power of impeachment. c. power to make the laws and appropriate money, for these determine the programs the executive can implement. d. power to approve presidential appointees. e. power to investigate presidential activities. - ANS>> C The origin of the concept of separation of powers is most associated with a. Montesquieu. b. Aristotle. c. Hobbes. d. Locke. e. Jefferson. - ANS>> A Marbury v. Madison is a landmark Supreme Court decision because it a. established national supremacy; turned a case that involved the issue of states' rights into one that asserted national power. b. set the precedent for judicial review; asserted the power of the judiciary without creating the possibility of its rejection by either the executive or the legislative branch. c. defined the scope of state powers under the Tenth Amendment. d. affirmed the necessary and proper clause. 10 Page | 10 e. the states would be valuable sources of revenue for a federal government. - ANS>> A Viewed in historical terms, federalism has been a a. contentious and dynamic system that has adapted to the needs of the time. b. theoretical principle, in that constitutional provisions for federalism have had virtually no impact on the relationship between the nation and the states. c. flawed principle, in that the relationship between the nation and the states has been a constant source of problems without many positive benefits. d. fixed principle, in that the relationship between the nation and states is almost completely defined by provisions of the Constitution. e. poor replacement for the confederal system which existed before the Constitution. - ANS>> A 53. Which choice below describes the American change in governmental structure in 1787? a. confederal to federal b. confederal to unitary c. federal to unitary d. unitary to confederal e. federal to confederal - ANS>> A Which of the following is NOT an enumerated power? a. public education b. regulation of commerce c. declaration of war d. taxation e. establish a national currency - ANS>> A Which of the following was an argument in favor of federalism at the time of the writing of the Constitution? a. Federalism will protect liberty. b. Federalism will force officials to be more responsive to the people. c. Federalism will provide for a stronger national government than existed under the Articles of Confederation. d. Federalism will be less likely to produce an all-dominant faction. e. All these answers are correct. - ANS>> E Sovereignty refers to a. a government headed by a king. b. a division of authority between the national government and the states. c. supreme and final governing authority. d. sub-national (state) governments. e. None of these answers is correct. - ANS>> C 11 Page | 11 The Tenth Amendment addressed the concerns of Anti-Federalists about a. individual freedoms. b. the meaning of the commerce clause. c. popular representation in Congress. d. the powers of state governments. e. the Electoral College. - ANS>> D Which of the following is most closely related to the concept of implied powers? a. necessary and proper clause b. supremacy clause c. Tenth Amendment d. the commerce clause e. the power to tax - ANS>> A According to the Anti-Federalists, too strong of a national government meant a. eventual encroachment upon the sovereignty of the states. b. that a new constitutional convention would have to convene every few years. c. that a monarchy was preferable to a republic. d. that effective commerce between and among the states was an impossibility. e. that slavery would be abolished immediately. - ANS>> A McCulloch v. Maryland a. ruled in favor of state-centered federalism. b. asserted that the necessary and proper clause was a restriction on the power of the national government. c. affirmed that national law is supreme to conflicting state law. d. established the Supreme Court's power to judge constitutional issues. e. allowed for a narrow reading of the Constitution. - ANS>> C Through its Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court a. ruled that "free land" made "free men." b. upheld free blacks' rights of citizenship. c. upheld the principles of the Missouri Compromise. d. soothed sectarian tensions. e. ruled that Congress could not outlaw slavery anywhere in the United States. - ANS>> E Dual federalism held that a. the states were equal to the national government in all respects. b. a precise separation of national and state authority was both possible and desirable. c. national and state authority were indivisible. d. the Senate and the House were equal in their federal authority. e. None of these answers is correct. - ANS>> B In Lochner v. New York (1905), the Supreme Court ruled that 12 Page | 12 a. the doctrine of separate but equal was constitutional. b. state regulation of labor practices violated firms' property rights. c. the Fourth Amendment did not apply to interstate commerce. d. factory practices could only be regulated by the states. e. factory practices could only be regulated by the federal government. - ANS>> B A public policy program on which national, state, and local policymakers collaborate is an example of a. dual federalism. b. cooperative federalism. c. unitary federalism. d. confederal federalism. e. cosponsor federalism. - ANS>> B If a state accepts a federal grant-in-aid, it must a. comply with federal restrictions on its use. b. reimburse the federal government after a specified period. c. match the funds with twice that amount in state funds. d. reduce its income tax rates to adjust for the increased income. e. None of these answers is correct. - ANS>> A The elastic clause is related to which of the following concepts? a. enumerated powers b. reserved powers c. implied powers d. concurrent powers e. All these answers are correct. - ANS>> C Which decision is indicative of how the Supreme Court interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment and state discretion in civil rights matters in the decades after the Civil War? a. Brown v. Board of Education b. the Dred Scott decision c. Plessy v. Ferguson d. McCulloch v. Maryland e. Gibbons v. Ogden - ANS>> C Devolution is the a. passing of authority from the national government to the state and local levels. b. expansion of national authority that began in the 1930s. c. contraction of state authority and the expansion of local government authority. d. expansion of national authority that began in the 1960s. e. None of these answers is correct. - ANS>> A 15 Page | 15 b. when the rally would require unduly expensive police protection. c. when the views of those holding the rally are unpopular. d. when it can demonstrate that harmful acts will necessarily result from the rally. e. None of these answers is correct. - ANS>> D Spoken words that are known to be false and harmful to a person's reputation are an example of a. libel. b. slander. c. blasphemy. d. obscenity. e. symbolic speech. - ANS>> B The Supreme Court's position on prior restraint of the press is that a. national security needs are of highest priority. b. only classified government documents are subject to prior restraint. c. prior restraint can never be exercised by government. d. prior restraint should apply only in rare circumstances, and it is better to hold the press responsible for what it has printed than to restrict what it may print. e. prior restraint should be used fairly frequently in a democracy. - ANS>> D The inclusion of certain provisions of the Bill of Rights in the Fourteenth Amendment, so that these rights are protected from infringements by the state governments, is called a. the preferred position doctrine. b. procedural change. c. selective incorporation. d. the absorption doctrine. e. prior restraint. - ANS>> C Which of the following is correct with regard to obscenity and the law? a. Obscenity is not protected by the First Amendment. b. Obscenity is never unlawful. c. Child pornography is protected by the First Amendment. d. Obscenity has been easy for courts to define with precision. e. Obscenity is protected under the Ninth Amendment. - ANS>> A The establishment clause prohibits government from a. establishing exceptions to the Bill of Rights. b. establishing exceptions to the Fourteenth Amendment. c. favoring one religion over another or supporting religion over no religion. d. interfering with freedom of assembly. e. interfering with the right to bear arms. - ANS>> C According to the Supreme Court, prayer in public schools violates a. the free exercise clause. 16 Page | 16 b. the establishment clause. c.the exclusionary rule. d. procedural due process. e. the clear and present danger test. - ANS>> B The exclusionary rule states that a. federal law cannot be applied in state courts. b. the laws of one state court cannot be applied in the courts of another state. c. after seven years, the statute of limitations applies, except in murder cases. d. evidence obtained illegally is inadmissible in court. e. state law cannot be applied in federal courts. - ANS>> D In Mapp v. Ohio, the selective incorporation process was extended to include a. criminal proceedings in the states. b. civil cases. c. pleas of insanity. d. children (minors) accused of crime. e. indigent litigants. - ANS>> A The Supreme Court has reasoned that a right of privacy is provided by a. the Civil Rights Act of 1964. b. the Ninth Amendment, which says that people's rights are not limited to those enumerated in the Constitution. c. the Tenth Amendment, which reserves to the people and the states those powers not granted to the federal government. d. the implication of said right by the freedoms in the Bill of Rights. e. the Civil Rights Act of 1991. - ANS>> D The right to privacy was instrumental in which decision? a. Roe v. Wade b. Mapp v. Ohio c. Schenck v. United States d. Miranda v. Arizona e. New York Times Co. v. United States - ANS>> A The Fourth Amendment protects Americans from a. any search conducted without a warrant. b. unreasonable searches. c. unreasonable searches conducted only by federal officers. d. all searches conducted by state officers. e. searches conducted only by local officers. - ANS>> B Voluntary school prayer in the public schools was ruled unconstitutional in a. Escobedo v. Illinois (1964). b. Engel v. Vitale (1962). 17 Page | 17 c. Buckley v. Valeo (1976). d. Gitlow v. New York (1925). e. Roth v. United States (1957). - ANS>> B The freedoms of speech, press, assembly, and petition are found in a. the First Amendment. b. the Fourth Amendment. c. the Sixth Amendment. d. the Tenth Amendment. e. the Fourteenth Amendment. - ANS>> A Which of the following is true about the Sedition Act of 1798? a. The Act prohibited malicious newspaper stories about the president. b. The Supreme Court ruled the Act unconstitutional. c. The Senate voted it down, while the House passed it. d. Thomas Jefferson strongly supported it. e. The state governments refused to enforce it. - ANS>> A In Schenck v. United States (1919), the Supreme Court ruled that a. the Espionage Act was unconstitutional. b. speech could be restricted when the nation's security is at stake. c. speech unrelated to national security can never be restricted. d. speech by unpopular groups can be restricted more than speech by popular groups. e. all forms of political dissent are constitutional. - ANS>> B The Miranda warning was upheld by the Supreme Court in 2000 in a. Palko v. Connecticut. b. Stenberg v. Carhart. c. Reno v. ACLU. d. Ferguson v. Charleston. e. Dickerson v. United States. - ANS>> E Gideon v. Wainwright required the states to a. temporarily abolish the death penalty. b. expand the exclusionary rule to both felony and misdemeanor cases. c. furnish attorneys for poor defendants in felony cases. d. grant speedy trials to defendants after 90 days of delay. e. provide more funding for education. - ANS>> C pork-barrel legislation. Correct - ANS>> Legislation whose tangible benefits are targeted solely at a particular legislator's constituency is is not the presiding officer of his/her chamber. - ANS>> In contrast with the Speaker of the House, the Senate majority leader 20 Page | 20 e. until they retire, die, or are removed through the impeachment and conviction process - ANS>> How long do federal judges serve? partisanship. - ANS>> The appointment of federal judges is influenced MOST substantially by 270 - ANS>> How many Electoral College votes are needed to secure victory for a presidential candidate? John Quincy Adams - ANS>> Which of the following presidents failed to win an electoral majority, but still won the presidency by decision of the House of Representatives? Corporate elites have more control over economic policy than do the elected politicians - ANS>> Which of the following could be considered a belief of sociologist C. Wright Mills? individualism. - ANS>> The reality that officials in the United States spend comparatively less money on government programs for the poor than other fully industrialized democracies reflects the American ideal of scarce resources and competing values - ANS>> The two primary sources of political conflict are The extreme bias and popularity of new forms of media such as cable news networks and Internet blogs have led to a rise in faulty perceptions and thus a decrease in political thinking. - ANS>> How have changes in modern communication affected political thinking in the United States? roughly one quarter - ANS>> In a 2009 Pew Research Center survey, what percent of Americans expressed "complete agreement" when asked whether government has a responsibility "to take care of people who can't take care of themselves"? Never has a majority expressed a willingness to entrust health insurance fully to government - ANS>> Over the many decades of public debate and conflict over the American health care system, what has been the one constant? The people govern through elected representatives - ANS>> Which of the following statements provides the most accurate description of democracy as practiced in the United States? totalitarianism - ANS>> Which of the following forms of government admits to no limits on its power? 21 Page | 21 pluralism - ANS>> As described in the text, the issue of agricultural price-supports suggests that the exercise of government power conforms to which of the following models? The level to which political leaders spin their messages has increased dramatically - ANS>> What point is the author trying to make when he makes note of the fact that the White House Press Office was once run by a single individual? Robert Dahl - ANS>> Pluralists such as ________ argue that it is the preference of the special interest that largely determines what government does. He was convinced that it could not be achieved politically. - ANS>> Why did President Lyndon Johnson choose not to pursue comprehensive government-based health insurance? one quarter - ANS>> More than ________ of Americans have a college degree—the world's highest rate? oligarchy - ANS>> Which of the following could NOT be considered one of the aspects of the American system of government or political culture? a leader's authority - ANS>> Which of the following is enhanced by a democratic form of government? Gideon's Sixth Amendment right to counsel had been violated - ANS>> A handwritten note by a penniless convict brought about the Gideon v. Wainwright Supreme Court case, in which the Court ruled that the fact that most of the public pays attention to only a small number of issues - ANS>> Which of the following is a major limit on majoritarianism in the United States? owns most or all major industries and also takes responsibility for overall management of the economy. - ANS>> Under communism, the government All these statements are true, except for the statement that the public is interested and well-informed on all policy issues. - ANS>> Which of the following is true of majoritarianism in the United States? There are twice as many lawyers in the United States - ANS>> How does the number of lawyers in the United States compare to those in Britain, Italy, or Germany, on a per capita basis? False - ANS>> Americans prefer wealth to be allocated by government direction and control rather than through the marketplace 22 Page | 22 true - ANS>> Compared with European democracies, Americans show a much smaller commitment to social welfare programs true - ANS>> A major characteristic of the American political system is its powerful emphasis on individual rights. true - ANS>> The concept of constitutionalism allows for some restrictions to be put on the exercise of majority rule. true - ANS>> Americans practice democracy by using the representative model rather than by direct rule. false - ANS>> In American society, political conflict occurs primarily over scarcity of resources and access to a guaranteed minimum standard of living. false - ANS>> A democratic system both provides opportunity for personal development and bears responsibility for the personal development of its citizens. false - ANS>> The United States has one of the most costly and elaborate sets of programs for the poor and disadvantaged of any of the industrialized democracies. false - ANS>> Pluralism is the principle that Americans should be free to act and think as they choose. false - ANS>> The United States has the world's most elite system of college education. the Declaration of Independence. - ANS>> In the American political context, John Locke's conception of inalienable rights and the legitimacy of the social contract found its most explicit statement in It demonstrated that Congress was weak and unable to respond to crises in an effective manner. - ANS>> What was the significance of Shays's Rebellion? apportionment of taxes and seats in the U.S. House of Representatives - ANS>> The Three-Fifths Compromise dealt directly with the issue of All these answers are correct, except the answer suggesting they felt the national government would be too weak and ineffective. - ANS>> The Anti-Federalists opposed ratification of the Constitution because they felt that Congress was overshadowed by the president. - ANS>> Which of the following is NOT true of government under the Articles of Confederation? be less responsive to popular pressure. - ANS>> The Senate was initially designed to 25 Page | 25 public education - ANS>> Which of the following is NOT an enumerated power? Federalism will protect liberty., Federalism will force officials to be more responsive to the people., Federalism will provide for a stronger national government than existed under the Articles of Confederation. Federalism will be less likely to produce an all- dominant faction.. - ANS>> Which of the following were arguments in favor of federalism at the time of the writing of the Constitution? The power to regulate commerce is an enumerated power of Congress. The Constitution does not delineate the dividing line between interstate commerce and intrastate commerce. The Supreme Court has ruled that manufacturing is part of intrastate commerce and thus subject to state regulation only. Congress invoked the commerce power in passing a federal law that prohibited the possession of guns within one thousand feet of a school. - ANS>> Which of the following is a correct statement about commerce power in the U.S.? supreme and final governing authority. - ANS>> Sovereignty refers to establish a government strong enough to forge a union that was secure in its defense and stable in its economy - ANS>> The enumerated powers in Article I of the Constitution were intended to the powers of state governments. - ANS>> The Tenth Amendment addressed the concerns of Anti-Federalists about necessary and proper clause - ANS>> Which of the following is most closely related to the concept of implied powers? eventual encroachment upon the sovereignty of the states. - ANS>> According to the Anti-Federalists, too strong of a national government meant was part of the end, and reversal of, the devolution movement. - ANS>> The No Child Left Behind Act affirmed that national law is supreme to conflicting state law. - ANS>> McCulloch v. Maryland whether the states would accept the lawful authority of the national government. - ANS>> From 1789 to 1865, the most significant issue of federalism was ruled that Congress could not outlaw slavery anywhere in the United States. - ANS>> Through its Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court 26 Page | 26 a precise separation of national and state authority was both possible and desirable - ANS>> Dual federalism held that business supremacy in the area of commerce. - ANS>> The period of dual federalism (1865-1937) was marked by state regulation of labor practices violated firms' property rights. - ANS>> In Lochner v. New York (1905), the Supreme Court ruled that government. - ANS>> The logical counter-force that was potentially strong enough to control the business trusts of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was asserted the power to regulate the nation's economy. - ANS>> During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the national government local, state, and federal governments have become increasingly interdependen - ANS>> National authority has greatly expanded in the twentieth century in large part because cooperative federalism. - ANS>> A public policy program on which national, state, and local policymakers collaborate is an example of the expenditure of federal funds on programs run in part through state and local governments. - ANS>> Fiscal federalism refers to comply with federal restrictions on its use. - ANS>> If a state accepts a federal grant- in-aid, it must categorical grants. - ANS>> Federal grants-in-aid used only for a designated activity are called govern intrastate commerce. - ANS>> The Constitution allows states to the use of block grants over categorical grants - ANS>> What did Reagan promote as part of his version of "new federalism"? implied powers - ANS>> The elastic clause is related to which of the following concepts? John C. Calhoun - ANS>> Which of the following individuals would agree that each state should be allowed to determine for itself the extent to which national authority restricts its actions? 27 Page | 27 Plessy v. Ferguson - ANS>> Which decision is indicative of how the Supreme Court interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment and state discretion in civil rights matters in the decades after the Civil War? Congress exempted federal mandates dealing with civil liberties and civil rights from elimination. - ANS>> Which of the following is true of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995? the passing of authority from the national government to the state and local levels. - ANS>> Devolution is was a block grant that, among other aspects, restricted federal assistance to five years. - ANS>> The TANF aspect of the Welfare Reform Ac state and local governments. - ANS>> More than 90 percent of the funding for U.S. public schools comes from Canda - ANS>> All the following countries have a unitary or modified unitary form of government EXCEPT enumerated - ANS>> The federal government's power to tax, regulate commerce among the states, and declare war are all examples of ________ powers. 5 - ANS>> Roughly one in every ________ dollars spent by local and state governments in recent decades was raised not by them but by the government in Washington. John C. Calhoun. - ANS>> The doctrine of nullification is most closely associated with cooperative; dual - ANS>> A blending of state and national authority is associated with ________ federalism, while a separation of national and state authority is associated with ________ federalism. The federal government raises roughly as much revenue from taxation as all state and local governments combined. - ANS>> Which of the following statements is true? James Madison - ANS>> According to ________, a large republic is less likely to have an all-powerful faction. the Supreme Court. - ANS>> The "separate but equal" standard was created by that the 1960s-style federalism was dead - ANS>> What did Newt Gingrich declare about federalism in 1994? Medicaid - ANS>> _______ is an illustration of cooperative federalism. 30 Page | 30 The United States has a federal system of government, in which sovereign authority is divided between a national government and state/regional governments. In other words, federalism is a system where sovereignty, or ultimate governing authority, is divided between national and regional governing levels. In a unitary system, sovereignty is vested solely in the national government, and all subunits of that government have authority only to the degree that the national government grants it, which can also withdraw any such grant - ANS>> Describe the differences between a federal system of government and a unitary system. actions of state and local governments. - ANS>> The individual freedoms in the Bill of Rights were extended by the Fourteenth Amendment to include protection from deprivation of due process rights by are constitutionally protected from infringement by government - ANS>> The term "civil liberties" refers to specific individual rights that freedom of expression. - ANS>> The individual right that is widely regarded as the most basic of individual rights is restrict speech that threatens national security. - ANS>> Justice Holmes's "clear and present danger" test holds that government can not absolute. - ANS>> Like all other rights, the right of free expression is of free speech. - ANS>> The conviction of members of the U.S. Communist Party in the early 1950s was initially upheld as a lawful restriction of the right First Amendment rights are the basis of most other rights. - ANS>> Justice Stone argued in 1938 that prior restraint should apply only in rare circumstances, and it is better to hold the press responsible for what it has printed than to restrict what it may print. - ANS>> The Supreme Court's position on prior restraint of the press is that when it can demonstrate that harmful acts will necessarily result from the rally - ANS>> Government can lawfully prevent a political rally from taking place selective incorporation. - ANS>> The inclusion of certain provisions of the Bill of Rights in the Fourteenth Amendment, so that these rights are protected from infringements by the state governments, is called slander - ANS>> Spoken words that are known to be false and harmful to a person's reputation are an example of 31 Page | 31 Obscenity is not protected by the First Amendment. - ANS>> Which of the following is correct with regard to obscenity and the law? favoring one religion over another or supporting religion over no religion. - ANS>> The establishment clause prohibits government from Zelman v. Simmons-Harris. - ANS>> The Supreme Court upheld the use of tax- supported vouchers to attend private or parochial school in the establishment clause. - ANS>> According to the Supreme Court, prayer in public schools violates Samuel Alito. - ANS>> In 2007 the Supreme Court reversed its stance on partial-birth abortion, largely due to the replacement of Sandra Day O'Connor with evidence obtained illegally is inadmissible in court. - ANS>> The exclusionary rule states that criminal proceedings in the states. - ANS>> In Mapp v. Ohio, the selective incorporation process was extended to include governments had observed procedural guarantees. - ANS>> In the case of McNabb v. United States, Justice Felix Frankfurter defined the "history of liberty" primarily in terms of whether The Constitution does not guarantee an appeal after conviction, but the federal government and all states permit at least one appeal. - ANS>> Which of the following is true of the appeal process? the implication of said right by the freedoms in the Bill of Rights.. - ANS>> The Supreme Court has reasoned that a right of privacy is provided by Roe v. Wade - ANS>> The right to privacy was instrumental in which decision? reaffirmed the essential aspects of Roe v. Wade. - ANS>> In Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), the justices a federal law that bars in most instances a second federal appeal by a state prison inmate - ANS>> What is the greatest restriction on appeals in the United States? the right to privacy did not extend to consensual sexual relations among adults of the same sex. - ANS>> . In Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), the Supreme Court justices determined that 32 Page | 32 allows the use of evidence that would have been discovered regardless by other means or through other forms of evidence. - ANS>> The inevitable discovery exception unreasonable searches. - ANS>> The Fourth Amendment protects Americans from Engel v. Vitale (1962). - ANS>> Voluntary school prayer in the public schools was ruled unconstitutional in the judiciary - ANS>> Which of the following, relative to the others, is typically more protective of individual rights? first amendment - ANS>> The freedoms of speech, press, assembly, and petition are found in The Act prohibited malicious newspaper stories about the president. - ANS>> Which of the following is true about the Sedition Act of 1798? speech could be restricted when the nation's security is at stake. - ANS>> In Schenck v. United States (1919), the Supreme Court ruled that flag burning, although offensive, cannot be prohibited. - ANS>> In the Johnson flag- burning case, the Supreme Court ruled that Dickerson v. United States. - ANS>> The Miranda warning was upheld by the Supreme Court in 2000 in the government can clearly justify the restriction. - ANS>> According to the Supreme Court, prior restraint on the press is only acceptable if the Miranda warning. - ANS>> "You have the right to remain silent....Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law....You have the right to an attorney." This is called Public officials can regulate the time, place, and conditions of public assembly, provided the regulations are reasonable - ANS>> According to the Supreme Court, which is true regarding freedom of assembly? Russia - ANS>> Which of the following is the only country that comes close to the United States in terms of the percentage of its citizens who are behind bars? allowing the prosecution an unlimited number of challenges in capital cases - ANS>> What Illinois policy did the Supreme Court invalidate with its decision in Witherspoon v. Illinois (1968)? 35 Page | 35 Selective incorporation refers to the absorption of certain provisions of the Bill of Rights, including freedom of speech and press, into the Fourteenth Amendment. These rights are thereby protected from infringement by the states. After the Civil War, the Fourteenth Amendment was debated in Congress. There was no indication its framers intended it to protect First Amendment rights, such as freedom of speech and press, from state action. Seventy years later, the Supreme Court invoked the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause in a free speech case, which was followed by a series of cases that established the process of selective incorporation. In doing so, the Court declared certain rights to be a fundamental part of democratic society and, therefore, to be protected from state intervention. At first, the Court included only free expression rights in its interpretation. In the 1960s, selective incorporation was us - ANS>> What is meant by selective incorporation? Discuss the history of this process and its importance to the protection of individual rights. individuals; group - ANS>> The focus of civil liberties is the ________ and the focus of civil rights is the ________. through struggle against entrenched interests - ANS>> Disadvantaged Americans have generally gained their rights leagal action - ANS>> Culminating in a historic victory in 1954, black activists in the early twentieth century generally pursued civil rights through equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. - ANS>> The Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas ruling (1954) held that racial segregation in schools violated the 1963 - ANS>> A peak moment in the modern civil rights movement occurred with the March on Washington in ________. male-only admissions policies at state-supported military academies were unconstitutional. - ANS>> In the case of United States v. Virginia (1996), the Supreme Court ruled that Women have made substantial gains in the areas of appointive and elective offices. - ANS>> Which statement about women's rights is correct? the abolition movement. - ANS>> The movement for women's rights was initially aligned with their average annual income is relatively close to the national average. - ANS>> All of the following statements about Latino Americans are true EXCEPT that 80 - ANS>> The average pay for full-time female employees is about ________ percent of that for full-time male employees. 36 Page | 36 a. today number more than 2 million. b. have a far higher infant mortality rate than the national average. c. have in recent years filed suit to reclaim their ancestral lands. d. are less than half as likely to finish college as other Americans. - ANS>> Native Americans Asian Americans have the second highest median family income of any group. - ANS>> All of the following statements about Asian American rights are true EXCEPT that strict scrutiny test - ANS>> Any law that attempts a racial or ethnic classification is subject to the by private individuals in their employment practices and in their operation of public accommodations (e.g., hotels, restaurants). - ANS>> The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was aimed in large part at eliminating discrimination the Brown decision (de jure), and affirmative action (de facto). - ANS>> De jure discrimination and de facto discrimination are two ways in which some Americans are treated as less equal than others. Examples of public policies designed to address each of these forms of discrimination are require government only to show that a particular law is reasonable. - ANS>> In applying the reasonable basis test, courts tend to continues to evidence a high degree of racial segregation. - ANS>> Housing in America busing to achieve racial integration in the schools. - ANS>> One example of a policy that aimed chiefly to overcome de facto discrimination is it became apparent that disadvantaged Americans would not attain equal employment opportunities through lawsuits that benefited single individuals only. - ANS>> The policy of affirmative action arose when upheld the principle of affirmative action. - ANS>> The Supreme Court's decision in the Regents of the University of California v. Bakke case it is viewed as giving preferential treatment, which is unpopular, instead of simply ensuring equal treatment. - ANS>> One reason that affirmative action is so controversial is that 37 Page | 37 Adarand v. Pena. - ANS>> The Supreme Court halted the general use of quotas in the granting of federal contracts in the 1995 case of moved to narrow its application. - ANS>> With regard to affirmative action, the Supreme Court in recent years has a. addressed the problem of de facto discrimination. b. applied to many northern communities in addition to communities in the South. c. sanctioned the use of busing in desegregation. d. dealt specifically with the issue of busing. - ANS>> The Supreme Court's ruling in the Swann case on busing differed from the Brown decision in that Swann towards greater segregation - ANS>> Since the height of the busing era, the trend in public schools has been given citizenship status en masse until the twentieth century. - ANS>> Native Americans were not comparable worth. - ANS>> The demand that women should receive equal pay relative to men for work that is similarly demanding, involves similar responsibilities, and requires similar levels of education and training is the basis of the concept of Scandinavia - ANS>> Which region of the world has the highest proportion of women serving in its national legislatures? racial discrimination - ANS>> According to Gunnar Myrdal, what is America's curse? 1920 - ANS>> Women in America obtained the right to vote in national elections in ________. 5 - ANS>> Asian Americans account for about ________ percent of professionals and technicians in the United States. deprived white students of their Fourteenth Amendment right to equal protection. - ANS>> In 2007 the Supreme Court ruled that the pursuit of racial integration in public schools through busing live in neighborhoods where whites are in the minority. - ANS>> Today, the majority of African Americans in the nation nearly 3/4ths - ANS>> How many states ratified the Equal Rights Amendment? 40 Page | 40 The equal protection clause is part of the Fourteenth Amendment, which reads in part that no state shall "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." This clause has been used by the courts to protect minorities from discrimination. The tests associated with legal discrimination are the reasonable-basis test and the strict-scrutiny test. The first test stipulates that some inequalities (such as unequal tax rates for people of different income levels) are acceptable as long as they are related to legitimate government interests. The second test is premised on the belief that racial and ethnic-based classifications are unconstitutional almost by definition. There is a third form of judgment—an "intermediate" category, which has been used with regard to sex classifications, and is less rigid than the strict-scrutiny test but more rigid than the reasonable-basis test. For example, the - ANS>> What is the equal protection clause? What three tests are associated with discrimination in law? The 1964 Civil Rights Act entitles all persons to equal access to restaurants, bars, theatres, hotels, gasoline stations, and similar establishments serving the general public. It also bars discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in the hiring, promotion, and wages of employees of medium-size and large firms. However, this legislation did not immediately result in equality of opportunity of hiring practices. The Act did not require employers to prove that their employment practices were not discriminatory, and many continued to give preferential treatment to white males. The concentration of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 was equality in housing. To prevent discrimination in housing, this act prevented building owners from refusing to sell or rent housing because of a person's race, religion, ethnicity, or sex. An exception is allowed for owners of small multifamily dwellings who r - ANS>> Describe the provisions and impact of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Civil Rights Act of 1968. Affirmative action is a deliberate effort to counteract de facto discrimination and provide full and equal opportunity in areas such as education and employment for traditionally disadvantaged groups. This policy attempts to require providers of opportunities to show that their policies are not discriminatory. The Supreme Court has limited the application of affirmative action. In general, the Supreme Court has allowed practices seeking to redress instances of discrimination unless those practices infringe on the rights of individuals or unless they involve the strict use of quotas. - ANS>> What is affirmative action? What is the Supreme Court's general position on affirmative action? In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954), the Supreme Court justices overturned the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling. Chief Justice Warren stated that segregated schools were inherently unequal, and thus violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Chief Justice Warren stated that the maintenance of separate school systems generates feelings of social inferiority on the part of minority students. Because the Fourteenth Amendment applies only to acts of government, private firms are not affected by it. In the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Congress used its commerce power to entitle all persons equal access to establishments serving the general public, and to forbid discrimination in hiring, promotion, and payment of employees in medium and large firms. Congress's commerce power was utilized to 41 Page | 41 restrict discrimination in public places and employment. - ANS>> Discuss the racial problems addressed by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas decision and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. What provisions of the Constitution provided the basis for each of these policy decisions? Equality of result is the aim of policies intended to reduce or eliminate discriminatory effects so that members of traditionally disadvantaged groups may obtain the same benefits of society as members of traditionally advantaged groups. De facto discrimination is discrimination that is a consequence of social, economic, and cultural biases and conditions. De jure discrimination is discrimination based on law. Equality of result is intended to combat the effects of de facto discrimination. Busing and affirmative action are examples of policies designed to achieve equality of result. Many Americans, however, believe that the government should only address de jure discrimination. - ANS>> What is equality of result? What relation does it have to de facto and de jure discrimination? senior citizens tend to oppose increases in public school funding. - ANS>> In her book Young v. Old, political scientist Susan MacManus notes that religion - ANS>> Scholars have done the LEAST study into the political influence of which primary socializing agent on American citizens? a poll based on a random sample of constituents - ANS>> A member of Congress who wants to act on what the majority of his or her constituency thinks on a particular issue would be advised to respond to which of the following indicators? sampling error - ANS>> The accuracy of a poll is usually expressed in terms of less accurate than the idea that Americans form many publics, which differ greatly in such things as the level of attention they pay to politics. - ANS>> The term "public opinion" is frequently used in reference to all of American society. This perspective is are openly expressed - ANS>> In his definition of public opinion, the author claims that the opinions of private individuals become public opinion when they the size of the sample and whether the sample was selected from the population by a random method. - ANS>> The key factors in determining the accuracy of an opinion poll are a. question order. b. unrepresentative samples. c. respondents' lack of knowledge or interest in the issue. 42 Page | 42 d. poorly worded questions. - ANS>> Sources of polling error can include normally cumulative; political beliefs attained earlier in life tend to be retained to a substantial degree. - ANS>> The process of political socialization in the United States is major upheaval. - ANS>> Dramatic change in party identification is uncommon and is almost always a consequence of political socialization. - ANS>> The process by which individuals acquire their political opinions is called government committees that would decide which elderly patients would receive life- saving treatment and which would not. - ANS>> Of the 2009-2010 health care reform legislation, a Gallup poll found that nearly a third of the public mistakenly believed that the legislation package included an ideology. - ANS>> A consistent pattern of opinion on particular issues that stems from a coherent set of political beliefs is called Only a minority of Americans can be classified as true ideologues. - ANS>> Which of the following statements about Americans and ideology and political thinking is true? they believe that government should be used to promote traditional values. - ANS>> Each of the following statements could be considered true of either economic or social liberals, EXCEPT that George W. Bush attempted to privatize aspects of social security, only to back down in the face of determined resistance. - ANS>> Which of the following statements is true? On high-profile issues particularly, public opinion tends to affect policy to a greater degree than policymakers' agendas affect public opinion. - ANS>> Which of the following is true of the relationship between public opinion and shifts in major government policies? Political socialization is cumulative, and is most heavily developed during childhood. - ANS>> What are the two distinguishing characteristics of political socialization? 1948 Truman-Dewey. - ANS>> The only presidential election in which the Gallup poll erred badly was church - ANS>> Which of the following would NOT be considered a secondary socializing agent? 45 Page | 45 most individuals are reluctant to speak out against dominant opinion. - ANS>> Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's "spiral of silence" theory contends that A first characteristic of political socialization is that most people's political outlook is formed uncritically during childhood. A second characteristic of political socialization is that its effect is cumulative; political orientations usually grow firmer with age. Political socialization takes place through a number of agents of socialization, both primary and secondary. Primary agents include the family, school, and church, with family being the most powerful of all agents of socialization. Secondary agents have a less intimate relationship with the individual, and include peers, the media, and leaders. - ANS>> Discuss the major characteristics of the political socialization process through which Americans acquire their political opinions. The text outlines three of the major frames of reference through which Americans form their political opinions. Party identification is the first, referring to a person's ingrained sense of loyalty to a political party. It often remains stable through adulthood, but can be influenced or changed by the issues or candidates of the moment. Political ideology is another major frame of reference, and refers to an individual's coherent set of political beliefs (if they have them). In the United States, this can be broadly broken down into groups such as economic or social liberals or conservatives, libertarians, or populists. A third broad frame of reference is group thinking, in which individuals see politics through the lens of a group affinity. There are many different kinds of groups, including those defined by religion, economic class, region, race and ethnicity, gender, and age. - ANS>> Identify and discuss the frames of reference that Americans rely upon when forming their political opinions. Political ideology is a consistent pattern of opinion on particular issues that stems from a basic underlying belief or beliefs. Most Americans do not meet the test of consistency in their political preference on particular issues, so it has been concluded that no more than a fourth of Americans can be considered to have a true ideology. However, most Americans can be said to have ideological leanings, such as social or economic liberal or conservative, libertarian, or populist. Ideology can be a useful way of looking at how Americans think about government and in describing changes in public attitudes. - ANS>> Define what is meant by a political ideology. Why is ideology important to consider when discussing the political thinking of the American people? The American public has a generally low level of knowledge about politics and public affairs. Even citizens with college educations routinely flunk current affairs tests administered by pollsters. Yet the public's lack of information about specific issues is not as significant a factor as some might perceive. Citizens do not necessarily need to be well informed about a particular issue to have a reasonable opinion about it. The fact that the citizen is unaware of the government's economic policy options would not render his or her opinion irrelevant. - ANS>> How informed is American public opinion? Explain. 46 Page | 46 Public opinion has a powerful though inexact influence on government. Although public opinion rarely determines exactly what government will do, public opinion serves to constrain the policy choices of officials. Some policy actions are beyond the range of possibility because the public will not accept change in existing policy or will not support policy that clearly conflicts with basic values. Many policy issues are sufficiently complex to limit public understanding of their intricacies, and thus elected officials may not be able to rely on wider public opinion. In addition, officials must anticipate the public response to policy, since people may react negatively to policies that fail or are followed by unfavorable developments. Evidence indicates officials are reasonably attentive to public opinion, particularly on highly visible issues of public policy. - ANS>> Discuss the general relationship between public opinion and the policy actions of government. self-government - ANS>> The idea that ordinary people have a right and a duty to participate in public affairs is the essential component of the ideal of early in the 20th century - ANS>> Women gained the right to vote disenfranchise African Americans in the South - ANS>> The poll tax was used to increasing the personal effort needed to participate in all elections. - ANS>> The frequency of elections in the United States reduces voter turnout by Tuesdays - ANS>> Unlike in many other democracies, elections in the United States are traditionally held on U.S. registration laws place a greater burden on the individual. - ANS>> One of the reasons why voter turnout is lower in the United States than in Western European countries is that began as a way of preventing voters from casting more than one ballot on election day. - ANS>> Voter registration in the United States one's parents - ANS>> Civic duty and apathy are attitudes that are usually acquired from a strong sense of civic duty. - ANS>> Regular voters tend to be characterized by a general lack of interest in politics. - ANS>> As distinct from alienation, apathy is those with less income and education - ANS>> Which of the following groups of people is most adversely affected by the country's registration system? more in the United States than in Europe. - ANS>> Education and income affects voter turnout 47 Page | 47 vote in national elections. - ANS>> In comparison with citizens in Western European democracies, Americans are less likely to lack of personal motivation to get involved. - ANS>> The chief obstacle to Americans' participation in community activities is the Republicans - ANS>> Voter identification cards find the most support among sharp policy differences between major parties. - ANS>> All of the following tend to decrease voter turnout EXCEPT It was instrumental in helping Barack Obama defeat Hillary Clinton in their race for the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination - ANS>> Which of the following is true of the Internet organization MoveOn.org? social movement - ANS>> A sustained action by citizens disenchanted with government to express their opposition and work to bring about the change they seek is a not highly supportive of such activities, despite America's tradition of free expression. - ANS>> When it comes to protest activities, a majority of Americans are middle income voters - ANS>> Most candidates for office in the United States aim their appeals at a. allows elected officials to claim that their policies reflect the will of the people. b. provides citizens with a regular way to express themselves. c. is the most widespread form of political participation. d. is both a means by which government controls the people and a means by which the people control government. - ANS>> Voting will likely cause a decline in voter turnout. - ANS>> The adoption of voter identification cards by several states is more likely to involve younger citizens rather than older ones. - ANS>> Protest activity is a reversal to the pattern of voting in that it Belgium - ANS>> Which country has the highest estimated voter turnout in major national elections in recent decades? 50 Page | 50 certain responsibilities, one of which is voting. Citizens who tend not to vote have a weak sense of civic duty. Another factor is age. Because younger people are less likely to have the political interest that can come with home ownership, permanent employment, and a family, they are less likely to vote than older people. Finally, voting is closely related to socioeconomic status. The higher a person's socioeconomic status, the more likely he or she will vote. This relationship is particularly strong in the United States because there is no socialist or labor party to appeal to people of low socioeconomic status - ANS>> Give three reasons why some Americans vote regularly while others do not. Unconventional activism is another name for social movements and protest politics. Social movements are usually channeled through conventional forms of participation, such as political lobbying, but citizens sometimes take to the streets in protest against government policies. Protest politics can threaten established authority, and occasionally provoke a violent response from government, as the Kent State shootings illustrate. Through demonstrations, picket lines, and marches, protesters dramatize their opposition to official policies. The abolitionist, labor, women's suffrage, and civil rights movements all used unconventional activism to varying degrees. In general, most Americans are not highly supportive of protest politics. Protest politics have undergone changes in recent years, and are now much more likely to be planned events involving detailed coordination to bring higher attention to a particular cause. - ANS>> Define unconventional activism and its aims, and provide historical examples; describe Americans' attitudes toward unconventional activism. Americans of lower income and education levels tend to vote less than those at the top. People of higher income and education are more likely to possess the financial resources, communication skills, and time to engage in potentially rewarding political activities, such as voting. Also, the U.S. political system does not have structures (for example, a labor party or universal registration) that would encourage lower-income and less educated citizens to participate. In addition, it has been shown that most candidates for office and elected politicians make their appeals to middle and upper- income voters to a much greater degree than to lower-income voters. - ANS>> Why are people of higher income and education levels more likely to be politically active? a. link the public with its elected leaders. b. enable people with different backgrounds and opinions to act together. c. offer the public a choice between policies and leaders. d. narrow voters' electoral options. - ANS>> Political parties serve to small farmers and states' rights advocates, and those favoring commercial and wealthy interests - ANS>> The first American political parties emerged from the conflict between 51 Page | 51 formation of a new type of grassroots party organization. - ANS>> Andrew Jackson's contribution to the development of political parties was the win legislative seats even though they do not receive a majority of votes in elections. - ANS>> Proportional representation systems encourage the formation of smaller parties by enabling parties to their ability to adapt to changing circumstances - ANS>> Democrats and Republicans have endured as the two major U.S. parties primarily due to Bull Moose - ANS>> In 1912, a candidate for which minor party managed to earn more votes than one of his major party opponents? one or both major parties will absorb its issue, and the minor party will lose support. - ANS>> If a minor party gains a large following, it is almost certain that the existence of single-member election districts. - ANS>> The major reason for the persistence of the American two-party system is political parties - ANS>> The history of democratic government is virtually synonymous with the history of a very close electoral result. - ANS>> All of the following are characteristic of a party realignment EXCEPT the two-party system and the need to gain a plurality - ANS>> Which of the following encourages the two major parties to build broad coalitions? Republican - ANS>> The issue of slavery gave birth to the ________ party as a major political party. Hamilton and Jefferson - ANS>> Political parties in the United States originated partly as a political feud between the immediate post Civil War era - ANS>> The Democratic Party's long-time regional stronghold, "the Solid South," stemmed from a realignment during which historical period? straight ticket voting - ANS>> Which of the following is an indication of strong party loyalty? None of these answers is correct. - ANS>> Party dealignment is 52 Page | 52 choices based on what candidates promise to do if elected. - ANS>> Prospective voting is characterized by retrospective voting - ANS>> ________ is based on judgment about the past performance of an elected official or political party Barry Goldwater - ANS>> ________ lost the 1964 presidential election in a landslide because his views were seen as too extreme. the U.S. - ANS>> ________ does not have a competitive multiparty system. working class voters - ANS>> Most European parties on the political left tend to appeal mainly to George Washington - ANS>> ________ warned Americans of the "baneful effects" of factions (political parties) in his 1797 farewell address. Republican - ANS>> What party has made big gains in recent decades among white fundamentalist Christians, based on its positions on topics like abortion and school prayer? a poor televised debate performance - ANS>> Which of the following events/phenomena do some analysts consider to have cost Al Gore the presidential election in 2000? African Americans - ANS>> Which of the following groups is most closely aligned with the Democratic Party, voting about 85 percent Democratic in presidential elections? fundamentalist Christians - ANS>> Which of the following groups is NOT typically a part of the Democratic coalition? factional - ANS>> In twentieth-century American history, the most important minor parties were ________ parties. 1970s - ANS>> Ticket splitting was most prominent during which decade? Dwight Eisenhower - ANS>> ________ was the only Republican elected president from 1932-1964. closed - ANS>> Most states conduct ________ primaries. are still important, but their role in campaigns is secondary to that of candidates. - ANS>> American party organizations 55 Page | 55 A party realignment occurs when many significant social groups alter their voting behavior and switch their allegiance from one political party to another. Party realignments have four basic elements: The existing political order is disrupted; voters shift their support in favor of one party; a major change in public policy occurs as a result of the stronger party; and there is an enduring change in the party coalitions, which works to the lasting advantage of that party. - ANS>> What is meant by a party realignment? In Europe, where there are no primary elections, parties are stronger and have much tighter control over nominations, campaigns, candidate funding, and elections. American parties, due to federalism and a tradition of individualism, remain loose associations of local, state, and national organizations. European parties tend to divide along class lines, while America's two-party system requires each party to accommodate a wide range of interests in order to gain the voting plurality necessary to win elections. The European proportional representation system also results in the viability of smaller parties than can get representation in legislatures even with a small proportion of the vote. - ANS>> How do European parties differ from American parties? The overriding goal of a major American political party is to gain control of government by getting its candidates elected to office, which means that political compromise is essential. The major parties must appeal to different groups that may disagree on some issues; a reasonable amount of compromise is therefore necessary. The parties must also appeal to many of the same groups. The result is, in most circumstances though not all, a moderate form of political conflict in which the parties' coalitions overlap substantially in terms of the groups that comprise them. - ANS>> Explain how party coalitions in the U.S. reflect the nature of party competition. Does coalition formation tend to moderate or radicalize parties? Explain. Analysts believe that the durability of the Democratic and Republican parties is due to their remarkable ability to adapt during times of crisis. These two major parties have survived many periods of social, economic, and political unrest not by maintaining a consistent ideology, but by adapting to the changing needs of the maintaining and realigning elections (for example, the elections of the Great Depression of the 1930s produced fundamentally new Democratic and Republican parties). Instead of being destroyed by these elections, the parties emerged with new bases of support, new policies, and even new philosophies. Democrats and Republicans remained the dominant parties in America. After the Great Depression, the Democrats became the country's majority party and emphasized a new social and economic role for national government. The party survived—indeed succeeded—only by responding to the crisis and adapting i - ANS>> Why have the Democratic and Republican parties been so durable as to maintain existence since the Civil War? Explain. In a single-member district system, each constituency selects only one representative for an office on the basis of which candidate receives a plurality of the vote. This system 56 Page | 56 promotes a two-party system in America. It discourages minor parties because it is, essentially, a winner-take-all contest. For example, if a minor party receives 20 percent of the vote in each congressional district, it would win no seats in Congress. Despite the fact that one in five voters voted for the minor party, the winning candidate in each district would be the major-party candidate with the larger proportion of the remaining 80 percent of the vote. In contrast, a system of proportional representation is not a winner- take-all contest. In European democracies, for example, seats in the legislature are allocated according to a party's share of the popular vote. This system encourages minor parties; if a minor party wins 20 percent of t - ANS>> Explain why the single- member district system of elections tends to promote a two-party system. Candidates effectively control the candidate-centered campaign, while a party-centered campaign is dominated by parties. In the former, voters tend to select individuals; in the latter, voters tend to make their choices based on party traditions and party platforms. One advantage of candidate-centered campaigns is that they bring flexibility and new blood to electoral politics. This means the political system can more quickly adapt to new realities. Also, candidate-centered campaigns encourage national officeholders to be more responsive to local interests, because personal support among local constituents is the key to re-election. A disadvantage is that such campaigns are heavily influenced by the contributions of special interests. Another disadvantage is that officeholders' accountability to the public is reduced because an incumbent can always blame other officeholders for policy problems. Party-centered campaig - ANS>> What is a candidate-centered campaign, and how does it differ from a party-centered one? Identify some advantages and disadvantages of candidate-centered campaigns. A primary election is a method of nominating party candidates in which the party nominee is chosen by voters rather than by party leaders. Primary elections weaken party organization by depriving the party of control over the candidates who will run under its banner. - ANS>> What are primary elections and what impact have they had on party organizations? exercise too much power in the American system. - ANS>> Economist Mancur Olson concluded that groups pluralist theory - ANS>> The theory that society's interests are most effectively represented through group action is a. the American tradition of free association. b. the extent of diverse interests in American society. c. America's federal system of government. d. the separation of powers in American government. - ANS>> A basic reason for the existence of so many interest groups in the United States is 57 Page | 57 unequal distribution of property. - ANS>> According to James Madison, the source of most factions is the economic activity - ANS>> The most fully organized interests are those that have which of the following as their primary purpose? allows corporations and labor unions to spend unlimited funds on campaigns. - ANS>> The Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) the opportunity to contribute to a worthy goal or purpose. - ANS>> A purposive incentive is defined as their members receive no direct economic benefit from attainment of the group's goals. - ANS>> Citizens' interest groups are distinguished from economic interest groups by the fact that a single issue group - ANS>> An interest group that focuses on policy benefits for senior citizens would be an example of He was implicated in a scandal involving campaign donations from lobbyist Jack Abramoff. - ANS>> Why did Representative Tom DeLay lose his post as House majority leader? the increasing complexity of policy problems - ANS>> Why have issue networks become more prevalent than iron triangles? cannot be selectively granted or denied to individuals; it must be shared. - ANS>> Some groups pursue collective goods. A collective good is one that the free rider program - ANS>> The situation in which individuals are tempted not to contribute to a cause because they will get the benefits even if they do not participate is called used Internet resources and computer-assisted mailing lists to target potential donors. - ANS>> In order to overcome the free-rider problem, non-economic groups have one in eight - ANS>> Roughly how many American workers currently belong to unions? they have greater access to financial resources. - ANS>> Economic groups have an advantage over non-economic groups because regulatory agencies side with the industries they are supposed to regulate rather than with the public. - ANS>> "Agency capture" occurs when 60 Page | 60 AFL-CIO - ANS>> The limits of interest groups' influence might be gauged by the Democratic backlash against the ________, which tried to block the North American Free Trade Agreement in 1993. AARP - ANS>> Members of the ________ generate more mail to Congress than any other group. pressure group - ANS>> Another name for an interest group is joiners - ANS>> During his visit to this country in the 1830s, Alexis de Tocqueville described the United States as "a nation of ________." the U.S. - ANS>> The citizens of ________ are most actively involved in interest groups and community causes. MoveOn.org - ANS>> Which of the following organizations is NOT an example of a single-issue group? the collective good - ANS>> The air we breathe is an example of a James Madison - ANS>> ________ wrote that "Liberty is to faction what air is to fire." $5,000 - ANS>> Under federal law, PACs can contribute no more than ________ per candidate in a primary election. information - ANS>> Most lobbyists receive support from elected officials in direct exchange for United Auto Workers - ANS>> The dominant labor interest group is 90 - ANS>> About ________ percent of people who regularly listen to National Public Radio do not donate money to their local station. strong upper-class bias. - ANS>> According to E. E. Schattschneider, the interest- group system has a emphasizes dramatic and compelling news stories. - ANS>> The news provides a refracted version of reality because it could not have survived without political party support. - ANS>> In comparison with today's newspapers, early American newspapers invention of the high-speed rotary press. - ANS>> The technological change that brought about the decline of the partisan press was the 61 Page | 61 the emphasis on sensationalism as a way of selling newspapers. - ANS>> The yellow journalism of the late nineteenth century was characterized by report the facts and cover alternative sides of a partisan debate. - ANS>> Objective journalism is based on the idea that the reporter's job is to mposed on broadcasters an "equal time" restriction that prevented preference for some political candidates over others. - ANS>> The Communications Act Age differences in news consumption shrink for Internet-based news but do not disappear. - ANS>> Which of the following is true of age differences in news consumption? the scarcity of broadcasting frequencies. - ANS>> The federal government's licensing of broadcasting is based primarily on have a liberal bias. - ANS>> Most successful Internet blogs the process of selecting certain aspects of reality and making them the most salient part of the communication, thereby conveying a particular interpretation of a situation. - ANS>> The term "framing" is used to describe the presidential strategy of controlling communications by making nearly all pronouncements from the same location - ANS>> What is the "Rose Garden strategy"? prohibits broadcasters from selling or giving time to political candidates and denying it to their opponents. - ANS>> The FCC's equal time requirement the rapid spread of cable - ANS>> What development brought about a dramatic reduction in television's capacity to generate an interest in news? a small number of news organizations and news services generate most of the news. - ANS>> One of the reasons the reporting of national news is relatively uniform among news sources is that after the September 11th terrorist attacks - ANS>> At which of the following times did the American media step back from their watchdog role? It has expanded the watchdog capacity of the media. - ANS>> How has the Internet affected the watchdog capacity of the media? act primarily as neutral transmitters of information. - ANS>> In contrast with European news media, American news media are more likely to 62 Page | 62 informing the public of breaking events and new developments. - ANS>> The media perform the signaling role by have been less informed than older ones. - ANS>> In terms of news consumption, since the 1980s young adults the press should provide a channel through which political leaders can communicate their views to the public. - ANS>> The news media's common-carrier role is based on the idea that the presidency - ANS>> Which institution receives the most news coverage from the national press? power of the media to serve as watchdog to safeguard against abuses of power. - ANS>> The Watergate scandal illustrates the signaling - ANS>> Agenda-setting is an action that falls under which of the major roles played by the press? The political game is a constant source of fresh material. - ANS>> Which of the following is one of the two major advantages of journalists in covering the political game and strategic aspects of news instead of the policy frame? news organizations are fundamentally businesses and must obtain revenue to survive. - ANS>> The reason the news product is designed to fascinate as well as to inform is because have been hosted by conservatives - ANS>> On both radio and television, most successful partisan talk shows installing talk-show hosts with partisan or hard-edged appeals. - ANS>> CNN and MSNBC have responded to Fox's ratings success by Objective journalism is based on communication of facts and fairness. - ANS>> Which of the following statements is true? George Washington - ANS>> The Gazette of the United States was founded to promote the policies of President provides the ordinary citizen with an opportunity to be part of the news system - ANS>> One special contribution of Internet-based news is that it New York Sun - ANS>> Which newspaper was the first to reduce the price of a daily copy to a penny? 65 Page | 65 factors that account for the relative uniformity in news reporting among major American news institutions. State and local governments - ANS>> In America today, public education is primarily the responsibility of The states. - ANS>> The Constitution was ratified by Control rests with a small group, such as military officers or a few wealthy families. - ANS>> In an oligarchy, Political pressure from the Progressives. - ANS>> The direct election of U.S. senators came about due to Foreign affairs. - ANS>> From 1945 until the late 1960s, there was the highest degree of bipartisanship in the area of The states already existed as established entities and had to be preserved. - ANS>> The writers of the Constitution established a federal system of government in part because None of these answers are correct. - ANS>> The 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Ruled that Congress could not outlaw slavery anywhere in the United States. - ANS>> Through its Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court War by other means - ANS>> French philosopher Michel Foucault referred to politics as "________." Five - ANS>> Roughly one in every ________ dollars spent by local and state governments in recent decades was raised not by them but by the government in Washington. Business firms. - ANS>> Roughly two-thirds of all lobbyists in the nation's capital represent Medicaid Correct - ANS>> ________ is an illustration of cooperative federalism. The consent of the governed. - ANS>> According to the Declaration of Independence, governments get their "just powers" from The first ten amendments - ANS>> Where is the Bill of Rights found in the Constitution? 66 Page | 66 Is evidenced when government officials use their right to exercise power. - ANS>> A government's authority A solid understanding of public affairs. - ANS>> In a survey of college students, the Intercollegiate Studies Association found that the best predictor of a student's later participation in the nation's civic and political life is Asserted the power of the judiciary without creating the possibility of its rejection by either the executive or the legislative branch. - ANS>> Marbury v. Madison was an ingenious decision because it Affirmed that national law is supreme to conflicting state law. - ANS>> McCulloch v. Maryland Comply with federal restrictions on its use. - ANS>> If a state accepts a federal grant- in-aid, it must Ensure that the powers of the separate branches overlap, so that each could better act as a check on the others. - ANS>> The framers' most significant modification of the traditional doctrine of the separation of powers was to George Washington - ANS>> ________ presided over the Philadelphia convention of 1787. Selected by votes of the Electoral College. - ANS>> Presidents are National defense - ANS>> Which of the following is a national power only? Large corporations. - ANS>> Enormous concentrations of wealth and power exist in the U.S. private sector, primarily in the hands of All of these answers are correct. - ANS>> Which of the following is an example of checks and balances? America's origins as a wilderness society led to the belief that government is responsible for providing material assistance to its citizens. - ANS>> Which one of the following is NOT true of cultural or political beliefs in America? Was attended by less than half the thirteen states. - ANS>> The Annapolis convention A mixed economy, with free market capitalism and government regulation. - ANS>> The United States' economy operates primarily as a 67 Page | 67 Plessy v. Ferguson - ANS>> Which decision is indicative of how the Supreme Court interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment and state discretion in civil rights matters in the decades after the Civil War? Involves the careful gathering and sifting of information in the process of forming a knowledgeable view about a political issue. - ANS>> As described in the text, "political thinking" John C. Calhoun. - ANS>> The doctrine of nullification is most closely associated with Set the precedent for judicial review. - ANS>> Marbury v. Madison is a landmark Supreme Court decision because it Supreme and final governing authority. - ANS>> Sovereignty refers to Enlightenment - ANS>> Which important aspect of European thought had a big impact on the formation of the political culture of America? Six; two - ANS>> The term of office for a U.S. senator is ________ years, while that of a member of the U.S. House is ________ years. Military policy - ANS>> In which of the following policy areas does the U.S. spend more than European nations? Boston Tea Party (1773) First Continental Congress (1774) Beginning of the American Revolution (1775) - ANS>> Which of the following chronologies is correct? Tenth and Eleventh. - ANS>> Starting in the 1990s, the Supreme Court has rolled back some of the power of the national government, basing its decisions primarily on interpretations of these two amendments: Corporate power - ANS>> The average incomes of minimum-wage workers in the United States and Europe reflect a greater influence of which of the following in the United States, when compared to Europe? It created dominant business interests that raised questions about the suitability of dual federalism as a governing concept. - ANS>> What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution upon the concept of dual federalism? Elitism. - ANS>> Sociologist C. Wright Mills was a proponent of the theory of Invalidated key pieces of FDR's New Deal legislation. - ANS>> In key decisions early in the New Deal era, the Supreme Court 70 Page | 70 false - ANS>> John Locke maintained that a government, if originally put into place by legitimate means, could never be revoked legitimately. true - ANS>> The case of Marbury v. Madison established the power of the Supreme Court to decide the constitutionality of an act of false - ANS>> In a parliamentary democracy, policy is made by direct referendum from the people, since there is no legislature. true - ANS>> There is no provision in the U.S. Constitution for any form of direct popular participation in public policymaking, such as a national referendum. false - ANS>> The staggered terms of office for the House, Senate, and president were devised by the writers of the Constitution in order to provide the majority position of the voting public more opportunities to influence the government. true - ANS>> The U.S. Constitution was an attempt to strike a balance between representative government and limited government. true - ANS>> Over time, the American national political system has become more responsive to popular majorities. true - ANS>> Federal justices are allowed to hold office for life, unless they commit a crime. false - ANS>> Since presidential electors have been chosen on the basis of popular vote, there has not been a president elected who lost the popular vote and won the electoral vote. true - ANS>> Thomas Jefferson's "Revolution of 1800" was based on rejection of the elite-centered politics of President John Adams. a. was passed in 1993. b. made it easier for citizens to register to vote. c. linked voter registration to the vehicle registration process. d. linked voter registration to the public assistance application process. e. All of these answers are correct. CORRECT - ANS>> The "motor voter" law Florida - ANS>> Which of the following states is a competitive, meaning that it could potentially vote either Democratic or Republican? Disenfranchise African Americans in the South. - ANS>> Literacy tests were used to After the abolition of the Fairness Doctrine. - ANS>> Partisan talk radio got its start 71 Page | 71 15% - ANS>> About __ percent of voters are true independents in that party loyalty plays little or no part in their voting decisions. White Southerners - ANS>> Which of the following groups is LEAST likely to identify with the Democratic Party? The emphasis on sensationalism as a way of selling newspapers. - ANS>> The yellow journalism of the late nineteenth century was characterized by Have no substantial bias. - ANS>> Scholarly research has shown that, overall, the traditional media Media. - ANS>> During the 2012 presidential election, this accounted for the greatest percentage of expenditures of the two campaigns: The cell phone cannot be searched, unless police believe that doing so could prevent a serious imminent crime, such as a terrorist attack. - ANS>> In deciding two 2014 cases involving the legality of searching a suspect's cell phone, the Supreme Court ruled that Television. - ANS>> The main battleground for votes is Individual. - ANS>> In the United States, the primary responsibility for registration of the individual voter rests with the e. All these answers are correct. - ANS>> 1) A basic reason for the existence of so many interest groups in the United States is a. the American tradition of free association. b. the extent of diverse interests in American society. c. America's federal system of government. d. the separation of powers in American government. e. All these answers are correct. a. unequal distribution of property. - ANS>> 2) According to James Madison, the source of most factions is the a. unequal distribution of property. b. American political tradition of association. c. system of separation of powers in the U.S. d. spirit of individualism. e. concept of majority rule. b. economic activity - ANS>> 3) The most fully organized interests are those that have which of the following as their primary purpose? a. agriculture b. economic activity 72 Page | 72 c. civil liberties d. labor reform e. reform of government b. their members receive no direct economic benefit from attainment of the group's goals. - ANS>> 4) Citizens' interest groups are distinguished from economic interest groups by the fact that a. their leaders are elected by secret ballot of the group's members. b. their members receive no direct economic benefit from attainment of the group's goals. c. they do not lobby government officials directly, but rely instead on public service announcements to get their views across to society. d. they always pursue goals in which there is a high level of agreement among society members. e. All these answers are correct. e. the increasing complexity of policy problems - ANS>> 5) Why have issue networks become more prevalent than iron triangles? a. the increasing power of corporate lobbying b. the increasing diversity of interest groups c. the increasing influence of PACs d. the instability of candidates' positions e. the increasing complexity of policy problems b. the free-rider problem. - ANS>> 6) The situation in which individuals are tempted not to contribute to a cause because they will get the benefits even if they do not participate is called a. the size factor. b. the free-rider problem. c. the special-interest paradox. d. the disincentive factor. e. the zero-sum game False - ANS>> 7) Roughly one in six American workers currently belong to unions. True or False d. they have greater access to financial resources. - ANS>> 8) Economic groups have an advantage over non-economic groups because a. they nearly always have larger memberships. b. they are organized primarily for political purposes. c. they have better leadership. d. they have greater access to financial resources. e. their members are committed to their causes. 75 Page | 75 a. the AARP b. Greenpeace c. the ACLU d. the NAACP e. the ABA c. business. - ANS>> 19) The largest number of PACs are those associated with a. single-issue groups, such as environmental groups and right-to-life groups. b. labor. c. business. d. agriculture. e. education. c. joiners - ANS>> 20) During his visit to this country in the 1830s, Alexis de Tocqueville described the United States as "a nation of ________." a. freeloaders b. loners c. joiners d. fighters e. stalwarts a. emphasizes dramatic and compelling news stories. - ANS>> 1. The news provides a refracted version of reality because it a. emphasizes dramatic and compelling news stories. b. is biased in favor of a Republican viewpoint. c. is biased in favor of a Democratic viewpoint. d. is biased in favor of a liberal perspective. e. is biased in favor of a conservative perspective. b. the emphasis on sensationalism as a way of selling newspapers. - ANS>> 2. The yellow journalism of the late nineteenth century was characterized by a. the use of the telegraph. b. the emphasis on sensationalism as a way of selling newspapers. c. prejudice against Asian people and countries. d. an unwillingness to take editorial positions because of a fear of losing circulation. e. the desire to present the news in an objective manner. a. report the facts and cover alternative sides of a partisan debate. - ANS>> 3. Objective journalism is based on the idea that the reporter's job is to a. report the facts and cover alternative sides of a partisan debate. b. report what political leaders want them to report. c. discover what other reporters are saying and provide a uniform interpretation of events. d. scrutinize the partisan debate, and inform the news audience about which party has the better argument. 76 Page | 76 e. All these answers are correct. b. the scarcity of broadcasting frequencies. - ANS>> 4. The federal government's licensing of broadcasting is based primarily on a. the fact that broadcasting is a national medium. b. the scarcity of broadcasting frequencies. c. the fact that broadcasting was invented after the First Amendment was adopted. d. the desire of national officials to control the content of broadcast news and entertainment. e. a desire to censor reporters so that they will stop criticizing governmental officials. b. the process of selecting certain aspects of reality and making them the most salient part of the communication, thereby conveying a particular interpretation of a situation. - ANS>> 5. The term "framing" is used to describe a. the media's ability to influence what is on people's minds. b. the process of selecting certain aspects of reality and making them the most salient part of the communication, thereby conveying a particular interpretation of a situation. c. the media's obligation to convey a uniform and standard interpretation of a situation. d. the nature of media reporting when objectivity has weakened and the system has tilted in favor of yellow journalism. e. the primary right of the media that is protected by the First Amendment. c. the rapid spread of cable - ANS>> 6. What development brought about a dramatic reduction in television's capacity to generate an interest in news? a. an increase in newspaper circulation b. the loss of objective journalistic standards c. the rapid spread of cable d. the rise of Internet news consumption e. a drop in education levels in the United States c. a small number of news organizations and news services generate most of the news. - ANS>> 7. One of the reasons the reporting of national news is relatively uniform among news sources is that a. the government dictates much of what is reported. b. there are only a few important events each day that merit news coverage. c. a small number of news organizations and news services generate most of the news. d. reporters are not given much freedom by their editors. e. journalists have a tendency to be fairly lazy. b. It has expanded the watchdog capacity of the media - ANS>> 8. How has the Internet affected the watchdog capacity of the media? a. It has diluted the watchdog capacity with an overflow of opinions. b. It has expanded the watchdog capacity of the media. c. It has tainted the watchdog role with a partisan bent. d. It has almost completely usurped the watchdog role from the traditional media outlets. 77 Page | 77 e. It has had little to no effect because it lacks the objective standards of traditional media outlets. a. did not extend to their editorializing. - ANS>> 9. During the era of objective journalism, the commitment of newspapers to two-sided news reporting a. did not extend to their editorializing. b. was enshrined in the editorial section. c. was uniform throughout the sections of a newspaper. d. deteriorated democracy in the United States. e. All these answers are correct. b. the 1980s - ANS>> 10. During what decade did the American news audience change from a growing to a shrinking one? a. the 1960s b. the 1980s c. the 1990s d. the 1970s e. The audience has not yet begun to shrink. d. had longer sound bites, on average, in broadcast television newscasts. - ANS>> 11. In the 1960s, presidential candidates a. received more negative coverage than they do today. b. were largely ignored by the media. c. were hounded by the media incessantly. d. had longer sound bites, on average, in broadcast television newscasts. e. None of these answers is correct. b. infusing it with more stories about celebrities, crime, and the like. - ANS>> 12. The traditional media have "softened" their news by a. infusing it with more partisan talk shows. b. infusing it with more stories about celebrities, crime, and the like. c. infusing it with more coverage of international affairs. d. focusing on editorials instead of nonpartisan facts. e. None of these answers is correct. a. Spanish-American War. - ANS>> 13. Yellow journalism contributed to public support for the a. Spanish-American War. b. Civil War. c. War of 1812. d. Mexican War of 1848. e. American Revolution. a. provides the ordinary citizen with an opportunity to be part of the news system. - ANS>> 14. One special contribution of Internet-based news is that it 80 Page | 80 e. All these answers are correct. a. conference committee. - ANS>> 5. When the House and Senate pass different versions of a bill, the differences are resolved by a a. conference committee. b. standing committee. c. select committee. d. rules committee. e. joint committee. c. 25; 30 - ANS>> 6. One must be ________ years of age to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives, and ________ years of age to serve in the U.S. Senate. a. 18; 21 b. 21; 25 c. 25; 30 d. 35; 45 e. 40; 50 c. the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. - ANS>> 7. The second most powerful federal official (after the president) is often said to be a. the chair of the House Appropriations Committee. b. the president pro tempore of the U.S. Senate. c. the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. d. the chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. e. the Senate majority leader. c. service in Congress was not seen as a lifetime career for most of its members. - ANS>> 8. In the nation's first century, a. service in Congress was even more of a lifetime career than it is now. b. members of Congress would move from House to Senate and back with little concern for the relative power and prestige of the chambers. c. service in Congress was not seen as a lifetime career for most of its members. d. service in Congress was restricted by the imposition of term limits in many states. e. service in Congress was greatly preferred to service in state government. a. are now professional politicians who want to stay in Congress. - ANS>> 9. The modern Congress is different from the nineteenth century Congress in that most members a. are now professional politicians who want to stay in Congress. b. are now amateur politicians who want only to spend a short time in Congress. c. are now minorities or women. d. now have previously been governors of their home states. e. return to their respective state legislatures after their congressional service is over. 81 Page | 81 b. power in the Congress is widely fragmented. - ANS>> 10. Because of the inherent tension in Congress between the need for strong leadership at the top and the individual congressional member's need to act according to local concerns, a. Congress is unable to take effective action to counter the growth in the power of the president. b. power in the Congress is widely fragmented. c. power in the Congress is highly centralized in the Speaker and Senate president pro tempore. d. members of Congress prefer to address international issues because the tension between local and national issues is less substantial in this situation. e. Congress has been unable to take effective action to counter the growth in the power of the Supreme Court. c. the United States - ANS>> 11. Which nation does NOT have a one-house dominant legislature? a. Canada b. Germany c. the United States d. Great Britain e. None of these answers is correct, as all these nations have one-house dominant legislatures. b. can end a filibuster. - ANS>> 12. Through a vote for cloture, the Senate a. confirms presidential appointees. b. can end a filibuster. c. overrides a presidential pocket veto. d. accepts the House version of a bill. e. closes its legislative session for the year. b. the fragmented nature of Congress. - ANS>> 13. Congress's inability to consistently provide leadership on broad national issues is due to a. the lack of talented leadership in Congress. b. the fragmented nature of Congress. c. constitutional restrictions on Congress's lawmaking powers. d. the constant threat of a presidential veto. e. opposition from the mass media. a. only as a starting point. - ANS>> 14. Congress typically takes presidential proposals a. only as a starting point. b. only if the dominant party is the same as the president's party. c. and most often fast-tracks them into law. d. and tables them until they expire. e. None of these answers is correct. 82 Page | 82 b. the president being granted more authority by the Constitution in the area of lawmaking. - ANS>> 15. In initiating broad legislative proposals, the president enjoys all the following advantages over Congress EXCEPT a. the president being more likely to take a national perspective on policy issues. b. the president being granted more authority by the Constitution in the area of lawmaking. c. the president's actions receiving more attention from the national media. d. the president having the authority to make policy decisions even when there are conflicting views within the executive branch, while congressional leaders cannot impose their views on other members who disagree with them. e. a lack of fragmentation. a. concerned with national issues, but even more concerned with local ones. - ANS>> 16. Most members of Congress are a. concerned with national issues, but even more concerned with local ones. b. controlled by special interest groups. c. interested only in the work of the subcommittee on which they serve. d. opposed to the seniority system. e. more interested in oversight than in making laws. b. a huge source of both cohesion and division within Congress. - ANS>> 17. By and large, partisanship is a. irrelevant to the work of Congress. b. a huge source of both cohesion and division within Congress. c. relevant only in the context of local representation. d. important in lawmaking and representation but not in oversight. e. more important in foreign policy than in domestic policy. a. lawmaking - ANS>> 18. Which of the following is one of the three major functions of Congress's policymaking role? a. lawmaking b. check the president c. appease special interests d. inform the people e. check the Supreme Court a. by committees and their respective subcommittees. - ANS>> 19. Most of the work on legislation in Congress is done a. by committees and their respective subcommittees. b. on the floor of the House and Senate. c. by conference committees. d. by the president. e. by bureaucratic agencies. 85 Page | 85 c. One must be a natural-born citizen - ANS>> 11. Which of the following is a formal constitutional requirement for becoming president? a. One must be at least 40 years of age. b. One must be a resident in the United States for at least 10 years. c. One must be a natural-born citizen. d. One must be a white male. e. One must be a Protestant. b. It requires hostilities to end within sixty days unless Congress extends the period. - ANS>> 12. Which of the following was a provision of the War Powers Act? a. It prohibits the president from sending troops into combat. b. It requires hostilities to end within sixty days unless Congress extends the period. c. It requires Congress to consult with the president whenever feasible before passing measures that will restrict president-ordered military action. d. It requires the president to inform Congress within one month of the reason for the military action. e. It removes from Congress the power to restrict the timing or size of president-initiated military actions. the first part of a president's term. - ANS>> 13. The honeymoon period occurs during d. limit the president's war-making power. - ANS>> 14. The War Powers Act was enacted in order to a. guide the military in its use of force in field situations where it is impractical to seek direction from the president. b. allow the president more leeway in committing U.S. troops to combat. c. define the relationship between the United States and its allies. d. limit the president's war-making power. e. weaken Congress in foreign policy matters. d. House and Senate in separate proceedings. - ANS>> 15. The forced removal of a president from office through impeachment and conviction requires action by the a. House of Representatives only. b. Senate only. c. House and Senate in a joint session. d. House and Senate in separate proceedings. e. Supreme Court in a judicial proceeding. b. the presidential image-building through public relations that contributes to the idea that the president is in charge of the national government - ANS>> 16. Which of the following describes what political scientist Hugh Heclo calls "the illusion of presidential government"? a. the inability of the president to influence the legislative priorities of Congress, even though the party in power pays lip-service to the president's agenda 86 Page | 86 b. the presidential image-building through public relations that contributes to the idea that the president is in charge of the national government c. the belief by the public that Congress should follow the presidential agenda, regardless of whether or not the majority part is the same party of the president d. the image-building that the president's foreign policy strength lends to the rest of his agenda c. had an 81 percent success rate with Congress. - ANS>> 17. During 2006, the year before Democrats took back control of Congress, George W. Bush a. broke most of his campaign promises. b. enjoyed Republican majorities in both houses of Congress. c. had an 81 percent success rate with Congress. d. had a 37 percent success rate with Congress. e. None of these answers is correct. a. Andrew Johnson. - ANS>> 18. Congress authorized an official impeachment investigation of a. Andrew Johnson. b. John Quincy Adams. c. Theodore Roosevelt. d. Warren Harding. e. Calvin Coolidge. a. going public - ANS>> 19. In the modern era, the equivalent practice of using the presidency as a bully pulpit (Theodore Roosevelt) could best be summed up in the phrase, "________." a. going public b. spin control c. air wars d. lobbying the bureaucracy e. manipulating the media a. They are legally binding in the same way that treaties are. - ANS>> 20. What did the Supreme Court rule about executive agreements in 1937? a. They are legally binding in the same way that treaties are. b. They can only be issued in matters of national security. c. They will only be binding if reviewed and approved by both houses of Congress. d. They can only be made with the approval of a president's entire cabinet. e. They were ruled unconstitutional and are no longer used by the executive. e. All these answers are correct. - ANS>> 1. Which of the following is a principle of bureaucratic organization? a. hierarchical authority b. job specialization c. formalized rules 87 Page | 87 d. both hierarchical authority and formalized rules e. All these answers are correct. c. has a more direct impact on the daily lives of Americans. - ANS>> 2. Compared to the president and Congress, the bureaucracy a. is held in higher esteem by the public. b. is authorized by a constitutional amendment rather than by the original Constitution. c. has a more direct impact on the daily lives of Americans. d. has changed very little during the nation's history. e. is more easily controlled by the voters. a. regulatory agency. - ANS>> 3. Whenever Congress has a perceived need for ongoing control of an economic activity, it has tended to create a a. regulatory agency. b. cabinet department. c. presidential commission. d. government corporation. e. blue ribbon panel. e. respectively, an agency within a cabinet department, an independent agency, and a regulatory agency. - ANS>> 4. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are a. all agencies within cabinet departments. b. all independent agencies. c. respectively, an independent agency, an agency within a cabinet department, and a regulatory agency. d. two cabinet departments and a regulatory agency. e. respectively, an agency within a cabinet department, an independent agency, and a regulatory agency a. executive, legislative, and judicial functions. - ANS>> 5. Regulatory agencies have a. executive, legislative, and judicial functions. b. legislative and executive functions, but no judicial functions. c. adjudicative and law enforcement functions. d. multilateral, law enforcement, and executive functions. e. All these answers are correct. a. merit criteria. - ANS>> 6. Most federal employees are hired on the basis of a. merit criteria. b. patronage. c. previous job experience in the private sector. d. the personal preferences of immediate supervisors. e. a lottery system. 90 Page | 90 e. It has moved from a limited role of keeping track of agency spending to also monitoring whether the agency is implementing policies in the way Congress intended. - ANS>> 15. How has the Government Accountability Office's role changed? a. It has acquired wide judicial and adjudication powers to deal with inter-agency disputes. b. It has changed from a presidential-executive support agency to largely a congressional support agency. c. It has been given broader powers over time to actually grant additional funds or take away funds directly from agencies. d. It has had its broad powers limited from general oversight down to keeping track of agency spending. e. It has moved from a limited role of keeping track of agency spending to also monitoring whether the agency is implementing policies in the way Congress intended. e. Homeland Security - ANS>> 16. The Department of ________ was created in 2002. a. Transportation b. Energy c. Education d. Veterans Affairs e. Homeland Security b. Defense. - ANS>> 17. The cabinet department with the largest number of full-time civilian employees is the Department of a. State. b. Defense. c. Labor. d. Health and Human Services. e. Education. b. can apply a reasonable interpretation of a statute. - ANS>> 18. The courts have tended to support administrators as long as their agencies a. choose rules that save money. b. can apply a reasonable interpretation of a statute. c. follow what the president demands of them. d. have adequate funding. e. don't come into conflict with state governments. e. Agriculture - ANS>> 19. The Department of ________ was founded in 1889. a. Health and Human Services b. State c. Labor d. Homeland Security e. Agriculture 91 Page | 91 d. all of these: their expert knowledge; the backing of the president and Congress; and the support of clientele groups. - ANS>> 20. In promoting their agency's goals, bureaucrats rely on a. their specialized knowledge. b. the backing of the president and Congress. c. the support of clientele groups. d. all of these: their expert knowledge; the backing of the president and Congress; and the support of clientele groups. e. None of these answers is correct. d. precedent. - ANS>> 1. A judicial decision that establishes a rule for settling subsequent cases of a similar nature is a a. writ of certiorari. b. landmark decision. c. writ of mandamus. d. precedent. e. writ of error. b. is a separate view written by a justice who votes with the majority but disagrees with its reasoning. - ANS>> 2. A concurring opinion a. explains the chief justice's position on a case. b. is a separate view written by a justice who votes with the majority but disagrees with its reasoning. c. is delivered when the Court interprets a constitutional issue. d. is delivered when at least two justices, but less than a majority, hold the same opinion in a case. e. explains why the Court accepted the case in the first place. e. All these answers are correct. - ANS>> 3. The federal district courts a. are the chief trial courts of the federal system. b. are the only federal courts where the two sides present their case to a jury for a verdict. c. are the courts that, in practice, make the final decision in most federal cases. d. exist in each state. e. All these answers are correct. b. review trial court decisions. - ANS>> 4. The U.S. courts of appeals a. hear new evidence in appealed cases. b. review trial court decisions. c. are the highest courts to use juries. d. decide for the Supreme Court the cases it will review. e. None of these answers is correct. d. most cases arise under state law, not federal law; nearly all cases that originate in state courts are never reviewed by federal courts; and federal courts must normally 92 Page | 92 accept the facts of a case as determined by a state court when reviewing its decision. - ANS>> 5. The "federal court myth" overlooks the fact that a. most cases arise under state law, not federal law. b. nearly all cases that originate in state courts are never reviewed by federal courts. c. federal courts must normally accept the facts of a case as determined by a state court when reviewing its decision. d. most cases arise under state law, not federal law; nearly all cases that originate in state courts are never reviewed by federal courts; and federal courts must normally accept the facts of a case as determined by a state court when reviewing its decision. e. None of these answers is correct. a. defer to precedent and to decisions made by legislature. - ANS>> 6. According to the doctrine of judicial restraint, the judiciary should a. defer to precedent and to decisions made by legislature. b. deny most appeals for retrials. c. deny individual rights when they conflict with the majority's desires. d. decline to make any decision that requires judges to give added meaning to the words of the Constitution. e. conform to the will of the people as measured by public opinion polls. a. blocked a manual recount of the Florida presidential vote. - ANS>> 7. In Bush v. Gore (2000), the Supreme Court a. blocked a manual recount of the Florida presidential vote. b. declined to get involved in the electoral process. c. cast a unanimous vote. d. deferred to the Florida Supreme Court in the election dispute between the two major party candidates. e. decided that there was no federal question in the dispute. e. None of these answers is correct. - ANS>> 8. Compared to Supreme Court nominations, those for the lower federal courts a. are, although much greater in number, irrelevant to a president's policy agenda. b. are not subject to partisan consideration. c. have a much greater probability of being rejected by the Senate. d. are not subject to senatorial courtesy. e. None of these answers is correct. d. had all these effects: Federal judges and justices serve, effectively, until they die or choose to retire; they are provided the opportunity to carry out their duties without immediate fear of reprisal by the president or Congress; and presidents are able to influence judicial policy through their appointments long after leaving the White House. - ANS>> 9. The constitutional provision that federal judges and justices hold office "during good behavior" has a. meant, in effect, that they will serve until they die or choose to retire. 95 Page | 95 d. the American Bar Association. e. the solicitor general. d. invalidate the actions of other institutions when judges believe they have acted unconstitutionally. - ANS>> 20. The judiciary's status as an independent branch of national government depends on judicial review, which grants the judiciary the authority to a. make political decisions; judges can overturn any congressional or presidential decision they personally dislike. b. decide which laws apply to a particular case. c. ignore public opinion when making decisions. d. invalidate the actions of other institutions when judges believe they have acted unconstitutionally. e. strike down certain sections of the Constitution. d. The government has an important role in regulating and maintaining the U.S. economy. - ANS>> 1. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship today between government and the economy in the United States? a. The economy is largely self-regulating. b. The government subsidizes economic interests but otherwise leaves them to operate as they please. c. The government is the driving force in the U.S. economy; business has a secondary role. d. The government has an important role in regulating and maintaining the U.S. economy. e. The government owns most of the means of production in the United States. a. it had no role in the management of the nation's economy. - ANS>> 2. When the Fed was created in 1913, a. it had no role in the management of the nation's economy. b. it was restricted to providing emergency loans to financial institutions. c. it adhered to a strictly supply-side policy focus. d. its primary economic management tool was to reduce inflation by restricting the money supply. e. it was far more likely to increase the money supply by lowering interest rates than to restrict it by raising them. d. minimum-wage laws. - ANS>> 3. Government benefits for business include all of the following EXCEPT a. low-interest loans and government-guaranteed loans. b. corporate tax breaks. c. a national transportation system. d. minimum-wage laws. e. a national education system. 96 Page | 96 c. the government's taxing and spending decisions. - ANS>> 4. Fiscal policy is a mechanism the government employs to influence the economy. Fiscal policy is based on a. the idea that a balanced budget is the key to a healthy economy. b. the money supply. c. the government's taxing and spending decisions. d. the importance of maintaining a 12-month (fiscal year) economic cycle. e. the projections of the Federal Reserve Board. a. government spending programs. - ANS>> 5. In John Maynard Keynes's demand- side economic theory, an economic recession can be shortened through a. government spending programs. b. the natural workings of the free-market system. c. a lowering of tariffs in the global economy. d. a determination on the part of government not to spend any more than it receives in taxes. e. tax cuts for the wealthy. c. stressing the importance of tax cuts for the wealthy. - ANS>> 6. Supply-side economics, as implemented by President George W. Bush's administration, involved a. the supply component of the supply-demand equation. b. stressing the importance of tax cuts for businesses. c. stressing the importance of tax cuts for the wealthy. d. an increase in the size of the national debt. e. All these answers are correct. e. are appointed by the president and are not subject to removal. - ANS>> 7. Members of the Federal Reserve Board a. serve for variable terms and are exposed to high levels of political pressure. b. have no power to refuse congressional requests for information. c. are appointed by the president and can be removed by the Senate. d. are appointed by Congress and can be removed by Congress. e. are appointed by the president and are not subject to removal. e. stopping the unfair business practices of the new monopolies, such as the railroads. - ANS>> 8. The Progressive Era of government regulation focused on a. strengthening consumer protection by preventing credit agencies from gouging individuals with high levels of debt. b. bolstering worker safety by increasing the power of unions and forcing better safety practices on businesses. c. increasing environmental protection and strengthening the EPA. d. regulating troubled economic sectors, such as banking. e. stopping the unfair business practices of the new monopolies, such as the railroads. 97 Page | 97 e. lowering the tax rate on individuals. - ANS>> 9. The Federal Reserve controls the money supply through all of the following actions EXCEPT a. raising the cash reserve that member banks are required to deposit with the Federal Reserve. b. raising the interest rate that member banks are charged when they borrow from the Federal Reserve. c. lowering the cash reserve that member banks are required to deposit with the Federal Reserve. d. lowering the interest rate that member banks are charged when they borrow from the Federal Reserve. e. lowering the tax rate on individuals. a. the Fed's political accountability. - ANS>> 10. A major point of debate surrounding the Federal Reserve's role in economic policy is a. the Fed's political accountability. b. whether the president should be able to veto the Fed's decisions. c. the issue of competence. d. whether Congress should be able to reject the Fed's decisions. e. None of these answers is correct. e. All these answers are correct. - ANS>> 11. Which of the following is true regarding the Kyoto agreement and greenhouse gas emissions? a. The United States is the largest single producer of greenhouse emissions in the world, on a per-capita basis. b. President George W. Bush rejected the agreement. c. It was a multinational effort to reduce carbon emissions. d. The burden of addressing the global warming problem will fall unevenly on nations. e. All these answers are correct. b. Franklin Roosevelt - ANS>> 12. Which president's use of government policy as economic stimulus ushered in the modern era of U.S. government fiscal policy? a. Thomas Jefferson b. Franklin Roosevelt c. Lyndon Johnson d. Woodrow Wilson e. William Clinton c. increase spending. - ANS>> 13. If the economic problem is low productivity and high unemployment, the fiscal policy action on the demand side would be to a. increase taxes. b. cut business taxes. c. increase spending. d. decrease spending. e. None of these answers is correct.