Key Figures & Concepts in Western History: American to Industrial Revolution, Study notes of English

Download Key Figures & Concepts in Western History: American to Industrial Revolution and more Study notes English in PDF only on Docsity! Unit 5: Revolutions Vocabulary Worksheet Student Name: _______________________ Date: _________ Teacher Name: Doug Ferguson Score: _________ Define these terms: Abolition This term describes the movement to end the slave trade and emancipate American slaves during the 1800s. Adam Smith This 18th century economist coined the term "Invisible Hand," a metaphor representing the natural forces that drive individuals to succeed economically, which are the same forces that "invisibly" guide a large economy. Alexander In 1861, Russian Czar ___ I (the first) emancipated the country's serfs. American Revolution This was the first successful colonial independence movement against a European power, 1775-1783. Anarchy This is the absence of formal government in a state or area. Assembly Line This is a manufacturing process that uses interchangeable parts added in sequence to create a finished product. Bessemer Process This process for producing steel revolutionized the entire industry, because it allowed for cheap and fast production of large quantities. Patented in 1855, it is named for its discoverer. Bismarck Using the policy of "realpolitick," he ruled with "blood and iron" and helped unite Germany in the late-1800s, becoming the first chancellor of the second German Empire. Canal This is an artificial waterway or artificially improved river used for travel, shipping, or irrigation. Capitalism This is an economic system where the factors of production are privately owned. Cavour Was a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification and was the first Prime Minister of a unified Italy. Chartist This is the name of a 19th Century political and social movement in the United Kingdom that advocated reforms such as universal suffrage, the secret ballot, and equal representation Coal This resource is made mostly of carbon. It has for centuries and is still used widely as fuel. Communism This is an economic system proposed by Karl Marx in which all means of production are owned by the proletariat, but are controlled by the government when practiced by countries such as the Soviet Union and China. Congress Of Vienna This is a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, whose purpose was to settle issues and redraw the continent's political map after the defeat of Napoleonic France. Cottage Industry This is a system of manufacturing in which production is accomplished by many different people, usually working from their homes. Cotton Gin Mechanical device invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 to separate the seed from the cotton fibers. This allowed for the large-scale profitability and harvest of cotton. Declaration Of Independence This was an act passed by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, declaring the thirteen American Colonies independent of British rule. Declaration Of The Rights Of Man This is the name given to the document of the French Revolution that defined individual and governmental rights. Egypt This modern-day country was one of the most advanced ancient civilizations. Human habitation around the Nile river valley began at least 10,000 BCE. Eli Whitney This American inventor created the cotton gin and interchangeable parts. Elizabeth Cady Stanton This was a U.S. social reformer, women's suffrage leader, and author of the "Declaration of Sentiments" presented at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. Enclosure This name is given to the system of land ownership during the early years of the Industrial Revolution in which British landowners divided their fields into smaller units and charged rent to farmers or business owners. Engels He was collaborated with Karl Marx to produce such political works as "The Communist Manifesto" and "Das Kapital" in the 19th century. Erie Canal This is an artificial waterway used for travel and shipping from the Hudson River to Lake Erie. It facilitated the increased settlement in western New York and was first opened in 1825. Estates General This was the name of the legislative assembly of France prior to the French Revolution that consisted of people from each of the country's three legal classes. Factory This refers to the process of manufacturing that introduced powered machinery to the production of goods. First Estate This was the name of the group in Eighteenth Century France that was made up of the Clergy, making up around 1% of the population and controlling roughly 10% of the country's land. Fossil Fuels These are non-renewable resources that are primarily used as energy sources. Franco-Prussian War War that led to the defeat of Napoleon III and the complete unification of Germany. Frederick II He ruled the Holy Roman Empire from 1220-1250 CE, participated in two Crusades, and waged war against Pope Gregory IX. Frederick The Great This ruler of Prussia is perhaps best known for his role as an "Enlightened despot," and for his success in leading is country during the Seven Years' War. Free Trade This is the practice of goods being traded between countries without any (or with reduced) tariffs that might slow down trade. French Revolution This was a revolution from 1789-1800 that was inspired by revolution in North America. Garibaldi This is the person who is considered an Italian national hero for the role that he played in uniting Italy in the nineteenth century. Haiti This island in the Caribbean is located on the western side of the island of Hispaniola and was once a colony of France. Hargreaves This English inventor is credited with making the Spinning Jenny, a device used in textile mills in the mid-1700s. Henry Bessemer This 19th Century English inventor originated the process by which steel could be made cheaper and easier, without sacrificing its strength. Simon Bolivar He was one of the primary leaders for South America's independence from Spain in the early 1800s and is generally considered to be the "George Washington" of the continent. Social Contract Theory This is an agreement between the governed and the government defining and limiting the rights and duties of each. Socialism This is an economic system where the government controls the major means of production but property and other businesses may be privately owned. Spinning Jenny This device was created in the mid-1700s and was used in textile mills to greatly reduce the time it took to produce yarn. Standard Of Living This is the term used to describe the general way in which people live, focusing primarily on things like average income, health care availability, life expectancy, educational attainment, etc. Steam Engine This was an innovation made by James Watt in the late 18th century that greatly increased the demand for coal. Suez Canal This canal was built in the 19th century to connect the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea and is owned and operated by Egypt. Suffrage This is the right to vote. Technology This is a process, invention or method to interact with society, the environment or material objects. Telegraph This communication method- invented by Samuel Morse- was used widely in the in the mid-1800s and early-1900s and consisted of electrical pulses over long distances. Thames This river runs through southern England and the city of London. Third Estate Even though this group made up over 95% of the population in Eighteenth Century France they had very few political or economic rights, which caused them to begin a revolution in 1789. Thomas Jefferson He was the third president of the United States, a founding father, an Anti-federalist, and the author of the Declaration of Independence. Trans Siberian Railway This is the name of the network of rail transportation that stretched across Russia and was originally constructed in the late 19th- and early 20th Centuries. Transcontinental Railroad Completed by largely Chinese and Irish labor, this railway was completed in Promontory Point, Utah, 1869, linking the western and eastern parts of the United States. Universal Suffrage This term refers to a situation in a country in which all people who are citizens have the right to vote. Urbanization This is a rise in a society's population that is concentrated primarily in major cities. Victor Emmanuel II King of Sardinia from 1849 until, on 17 March 1861, he assumed the title King of Italy to become the first king of a united Italy. Voltaire He was an 18th century Enlightenment philosopher from France whose is known for both his prose (1759's "Candide") and his defense of civil liberties. Wealth Of Nations This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies. Wilberforce He was a 19th century British politician and lay minister who successfully lead the movement to abolish slavery and the slave trade. Wollstonecraft She was one of the most famous champions of women's rights in 18th century England, and was best known for her 1792 work " A Vindication of the Rights of Woman."