Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis: Key Concepts and Processes, Exams of Nursing

Download Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis: Key Concepts and Processes and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! loss of electrons . . . gain of electrons is gas exchange . . . produces ATP Study Guide Final Exam Questions with Answers Chapter 7: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation 1. The term anaerobic means A) Without bacteria. B) Without ATP. C) Without CO2. D) With O2. E) Without O2. 2. How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration? A) They produce ATP. B) They produce glucose. C) They store it in molecules of carbon dioxide. D) The energy is coupled to oxygen. E) They store it as thermal energy. 3. Respiration _, and cellular respiration _. A) produces ATP . . . is gas exchange B) C) produces glucose . . . produces oxygen D) uses glucose . . . produces glucose E) produces glucose . . . is gas exchange 4. Which of the following are products of cellular respiration? A) oxygen and carbon dioxide B) energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide C) oxygen and glucose D) oxygen and energy to make ATP E) glucose and carbon dioxide 5. Oxidation is the , and reduction is the . A) gain of electrons . . . loss of electrons B) C) loss of oxygen . . . gain of oxygen D) gain of oxygen . . . loss of oxygen E) gain of protons . . . loss of protons 6. Which of the following options lists the stages in cellular respiration in the correct order? A) glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation B) glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and the citric acid cycle C) the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis D) oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and the citric acid cycle E) oxidative phosphorylation, the citric acid cycle, and glycolysis 7. In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate . A) Two molecules of ATP are used and two molecules of ATP are produced. B) Two molecules of ATP are used and four molecules of ATP are produced. C) Four molecules of ATP are used and two molecules of ATP are produced. D) Two molecules of ATP are used and six molecules of ATP are produced. 15. Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) in aerobic cellular respiration? A)2 B)4 C) 18-24 D) 30-32 16. Which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism? A) the citric acid cycle B) oxidative phosphorylation C) chemiosmosis D) glycolysis E) electron transport chain 17. In yeast cells, A) Lactic acid is produced during anaerobic respiration. B) Lactic acid is produced during glycolysis. C) Alcohol is produced during the citric acid cycle. D) Alcohol is produced after glycolysis. E) Glucose is produced during photosynthesis. Chapter 8: Photosynthesis 18. The summary equation for photosynthesis is A) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6 O2. B) C5H12O6 + 6 O2 + sunlight → 5 CO2 + 6 H2O. C) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + sunlight → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O. D) The same as the equation for glycolysis written in reverse. E) 6 CH2O + 5 O2 + sunlight → CO2 + 2 H2O. 19. What is the name given to organisms that can make their own food and the food for the biosphere? A) chemotropism B) heterotrophs C) manufacturers D) synthesizers E) autotrophs 20. 33) CO2 enters and O2 escapes from a leaf via A) Stomata. B) Thylakoids. C) Grana. D) Stromal. E) Central vacuoles. 21. When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct by- product of . A) splitting water molecules B) chemiosmosis C) the electron transfer system of photosystem I D) the electron transfer system of photosystem II 22. In the thylakoid membranes, the pigment molecules in a light-harvesting complex . A)split water and release oxygen from the reaction-center chlorophyll B) absorb and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll C) synthesize ATP from ADP and i D) transfer electrons to ferredoxin and then NADPH 23. Which of the following are directly associated with photosystem me? A)receiving electrons from the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain B)generation of molecular oxygen C)extraction of hydrogen electrons from the splitting of water D)passing electrons to the cytochrome complex 24. Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack photosystem II, yet are able to survive. The best way to detect the lack of photosystem II in these organisms would be to . A)determine if they have thylakoids in the chloroplasts B) test for liberation of O2 in the light C) test for CO2 fixation in the dark D) do experiments to generate an action spectrum 25. What are the products of linear electron flow? A)heat and fluorescence B)ATP and P700 C) ATP and NADPH D) ADP and NADP+ 26. As a research scientist, you measure the amount of ATP and NADPH consumed by the Calvin cycle in 1 hour. You find that 30,000 molecules of ATP were consumed, but only 20,000 molecules of NADPH were consumed. Where did the extra ATP molecules come from? A)photosystem II B)photosystem I C)cyclic electron flow D)linear electron flow 27. Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stromal. This damage will most directly affect the . A)splitting of water B)flow of electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I C) synthesis of ATP D) Reduction of NADP+ 28. In a plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes located? A)thylakoid membrane only B)inner mitochondrial membrane only C)thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane 37. The energy that excites P680 and P700 is supplied by A) Electrons passing down the electron transport chain. B) The breaking of glucose bonds. C) ATP. D) Photons. E) NADPH. 38. Mitochondria transfer energy from to ATP; chloroplasts transform _ energy into the chemical energy of ATP. A) chemical . . . food . . . light B) food . . . light . . . chemical C) light . . . food . . . kinetic D) nuclear . . . light . . . food E) food . . . light . . . nuclear 39. Plant cells A) Lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. B) Lack mitochondria but have chloroplasts. C) Have mitochondria but do not have chloroplasts. D) Have mitochondria and chloroplasts. E) Have chloroplasts and vestigial mitochondria. 40. What is the main adaptive advantage of the C4 and CAM photosynthesis strategies over the C3 strategy? A) They help the plant conserve water and synthesize glucose efficiently under hot, dry conditions. B) They allow the plant to fix carbon more efficiently under conditions of low atmospheric CO2. C) They allow the plant to fix carbon more efficiently in dim or cool conditions. D) They make it possible for the plant to use the Calvin cycle at night. E) They allow the plant to avoid photorespiration by producing a four-carbon sugar in place of glucose. 41. CAM plants keep stomata closed in the daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they . A)fix CO2 into organic acids during the night B)fix CO2 into sugars in the bundle-sheath cells C)fix CO2 into pyruvate in the mesophyll cells D)use photosystem I and photosystem II at night Chapter 9 Cellular Division, Mitosis and Meiosis 42. Asexual reproduction requires individual(s). A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4 43. Eukaryotic chromosomes differ from prokaryotic chromosomes in that they A) Are simpler. B) Are circular in structure. C) Include fewer proteins. D) Are copied immediately after cell division. E) Are housed in a membrane-enclosed nucleus. 44. Prior to mitosis, each chromosome of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical structures called A) Chromatin. B) Sister chromosomes. C) DNA transcripts. D) Nucleoli. E) Sister chromatids. 45. The genetic material is duplicated during A) The mitotic phase. B) G1. C) The S phase. D) G2. E) Mitosis. 46. Which of the following occurs during interphase? A) a reduction in the size of the nuclear membrane B) duplication of the chromosomes C) cytokinesis D) cell growth and duplication of the chromosomes E) separation of newly formed DNA to opposite ends of the cell 1. The out of control of any cell during cell division result in a process known as A) Metastasis B) Apopto sis C) Cancer D) Cell differentiation E) Dysplasia 2. What means the term Apoptosis? A) Angiogenesis B) Programmed Cell death C) Carcinogenesis D) Cell differentiation E) Natural Cell Killer 3. What process occurs when cancer cells detach from tumors and spread to other parts of the body? A) Metastasis B) Angiogenesis C) Carcinogenesis D) Mutagenesis 47. The phase of mitosis during which the nuclear envelope fragments and the nucleoli disappear is called A) Interphase. B) Prophase. C) Metaphase. 55. If meiosis produces haploid cells, how is the diploid number restored for those organisms that spend most of their life cycle in the diploid state? A) DNA replication B) reverse transcription C) synapsis D) fertilization 56. The human X and Y chromosomes . A) are both present in every somatic cell of males and females B) are the same size and have the same number of genes C) include genes that determine an individual's sex D) Are called autosomes 57. Which of the following happens at the conclusion of meiosis I? A) Homologous chromosomes of a pair are separated from each other. B) The chromosome number per cell remains the same. C) Sister chromatids are separated. D) Four daughter cells are formed. 58. Which of the following occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis? A) chromosome replication B) synapsis of chromosomes C) alignment of chromosomes at the equator D) condensation of chromosomes 59. Crossing over normally takes place during which of the following processes? A) meiosis II B) meiosis I C) mitosis D) mitosis and meiosis II 60. Homologous pairs of chromosomes align opposite of each other at the equator of a cell during . A) mitosis metaphase B) meiosis metaphase I C) meiosis telophase II D) meiosis metaphase II 61. When homologous chromosomes cross over, what occurs? A) Two chromatids get tangled, resulting in one re-sequencing its DNA. B) Two sister chromatids exchange identical pieces of DNA. C) Corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids are exchanged. D) Maternal alleles are "corrected" to be like paternal alleles and vice versa. Chapter 11: Molecular Biology of the Gene 62. Which of the following people conducted the experiments that demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material of bacteriophages? A) Watson and Crick B) Avery, Hershey and Chase C) Franklin D) Griffith E) Pauling 63. One type of virus that infects bacteria is called a A) phage. B) mage. C) rhinovirus. D) filovirus. E) coronavirus. 64. When a T2 bacteriophage infects an Escherichia coli cell, which part of the phage enters the bacterial cytoplasm? A) the whole phage B) only the RNA C) only the DNA D) the protein "headpiece" and its enclosed nucleic acid E) the tail fibers 65. The shape of a DNA molecule is most like A) a set of railroad tracks. B) a diamond ring. C) a twisted rope ladder. D) a gold necklace. E) the letter X. 66. DNA replication A) Occurs through the addition of nucleotides to the end of the DNA molecule. B) Results in the formation of four new DNA strands. C) Produces two daughter DNA molecules that are complementary to each other. D) Uses each strand of a DNA molecule as a template for the creation of a new strand. E) Begins when two DNA molecules join together to exchange segments. 67. If one strand of DNA is CGGTAC, the corresponding strand would be A) GCCTAG. B) CGGTAC. C) GCCAUC. D) TAACGT. E) GCCATG. 68. When one DNA molecule is copied to make two DNA molecules, the new DNA contains A) None of the parent DNA. B) 25% of the parent DNA. C) 50% of the parent DNA. D) 75% of the parent DNA. E) 100% of the parent DNA 69. Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand? A) helicase B) primate C) ligase D) single-stranded binding protein E) DNA polymerase 77. Which of the following takes place during translation? A) the conversion of genetic information from the language of nucleic acids to the language of amino acids B) the conversion of genetic information from DNA nucleotides into RNA nucleotides C) the addition of nucleotides to a DNA template D) the conversion of genetic information from the language of proteins to the language of enzymes E) DNA replication 78. Which of the following options most accurately lists the sequence of events in translation? A) codon recognition → translocation → peptide bond formation → termination B) peptide bond formation → codon recognition → translocation → termination C) codon recognition → peptide bond formation → translocation → termination D) codon recognition → peptide bond formation → termination → translocation E) peptide bond formation → translocation → codon recognition → termination 79. Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called A) A mutation. B) An advantage. C) A codon. D) A translation. E) An anticodon. 80. What kind of virus is HIV? A) a herpes virus B) a paramyxovirus C) a retrovirus D) a complex virus E) a provirus 81. Which of the following enzymes does HIV use to synthesize DNA on an RNA template? A) ligase B) RNA polymerase C) terminator enzyme D) reverse transcriptase E) DNA convertase 82. In the 1920s, Frederick Griffith conducted an experiment in which he mixed the dead cells of a bacterial strain that can cause pneumonia with live cells of a bacterial strain that cannot. When he cultured the live cells, some of the daughter colonies proved able to cause pneumonia. Which of the following processes of bacterial DNA transfer does this experiment demonstrate? A) transduction B) conjugation C) transformation D) transposition E) crossing over Chapter 12: How Genes Are Controlled 83. The fact that the nucleus from an adult somatic cell can be used to create all of the cell types in a new organism demonstrates that development depends upon A) the control of gene expression. B) the timing of mitosis and meiosis. C) the timing of meiosis and cell migrations. D) the deposition of materials in the extracellular matrix. E) the position of cells within an embryo. 84. The term "gene expression" refers to the A) fact that each individual of a species has a unique set of genes. B) fact that individuals of the same species have different phenotypes. C) process by which genetic information flows from genes to proteins. D) fact that certain genes are visible as dark stripes on a chromosome. E) flow of information from parent to offspring. 85. In a prokaryote, a group of genes with related functions, along with their associated control sequences, defines A) an allele. B) an operon. C) a locus. D) a transposon. E) a chromosome. 86. Proteins that bind to DNA and turn on operons by making it easier for RNA polymerase to bind to a promoter are called A) regulators. B) inhibitors. C) operators. D) activators. E) repressors. 87. In female mammals, the inactive X chromosome in each cell A) becomes a nucleotroph corpus. B) can be activated if mutations occur in the active X chromosome. C) is broken down, and its nucleotides are degraded and reused. D) is absorbed and used in energy production. E) becomes a Barr body. 88. Small pieces of RNA that can regulate mRNA transcription are called A) microRNA. B) minuteRNA. C) miniRNA. D) monoRNA. E) minorRNA. 89. A homeotic gene A) turns on the genes necessary for synthesis of proteins. B) serves as a master control gene that functions during embryonic development by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells. C) represses gene transcription and promotes mRNA translation. D) produces a product that controls the transcription of other genes. E) is found only in adult somatic cells. 90. Which of the following statements about microarrays is false? A) Microarrays enable scientists to determine the activity of thousands of genes at once. B) Microarrays use tiny portions of double-stranded RNA fragments from a large number of genes. C) Microarrays are used to determine which genes are active in different tissues or in tissues of different states of health. D) Microarrays use fluorescently labeled cDNA molecules to identify particular genes expressed at a particular time. E) Microarrays help scientists understand how genes interact, particularly during embryonic development. 91. To initiate a signal transduction pathway, a signal binds to a receptor protein usually located in the A) cytosol. B) nucleus. C) plasma membrane. D) ER. E) cytoplasm. 92. Transcription factors attach to A) DNA. B) signal molecules. C) plasma membrane receptors. D) proteins. E) mRNA. 93. The basis of cellular differentiation is A) the operon. B) cellular specialization. C) selective gene expression. D) cloning. E) mutation. 94. Which of the following processes occurs when a salamander regenerates a lost limb? A) Oncogenes that cause accelerated cell division are turned on. B) Certain cells in the limb dedifferentiate, divide, and then dedifferentiate to form a new limb. C) A new salamander develops from the lost limb. D) The homeotic genes of the regenerating cells turn off. E) The cell cycle is arrested and apoptosis begins. 95. The cloning of Dolly the sheep 1 Enzyme available with empty active site Enzymes Active site Substrate (sucrose) Glucose Enzyme (sucrose) 2 Substrate binds to enzyme with induced fit Fructose 4 Products are released 3 Substrate is converted to products Cellular Respiration Electrons via NADH Electrons via NADH and FADH2 GLYCOLYSIS PYRUVATE OXIDATION CITRIC OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl CoA ACID CYCLE (Electron transport and chemiosmosis) CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION ATP ATP ATP Substrate-level Substrate-level Oxidative Electron shuttles span membrane CYTOSOL 2 NADH 2 NADH or 2 FADH2 2 NADH MITOCHONDRION 6 NADH 2 FADH2 GLYCOLYSIS Glucose 2 Pyruvate PYRUVATE OXIDATION 2 Acetyl CoA CITRIC ACID CYCLE OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (Electron transport and chemiosmosis) + 2 ATP + 2 ATP + about 26 or 28 ATP Maximum per glucose: About 30 or 32 ATP Cellular R spiration Sugars CALVIN CYCLE Cellu lar respi ratio n Cellul ose Starc h Othe r orga nic com poun ds Cell Cycle (Canyegtet 20 Prarscr Eecation ne.