Study Guide for Exam 1 - World History Since 1500 | HIST 1007, Study notes of World History

Download Study Guide for Exam 1 - World History Since 1500 | HIST 1007 and more Study notes World History in PDF only on Docsity! Study Guide Exam 1 Map Questions 20 points: A selection of based questions based on maps 22.4, 24.1, 25.1, 27.1 Short Answers 15 points: A collection of terms that you will have to match to the definition provided Short Essay 25 points: This question will be answered using Tastes of Paradise. One of the following will appear on your exam. 1. What is the importance of ritual in the context of the use of tobacco, tea and chocolate?  Chocolate = Catholic; chocolate, the predestined counter-part for coffee. Chocolate houses were the meeting places for an odd mixture of aristocrats and demimonde, what marx later refers to as the Boheme, anti-puritanical bordello like places.  Chocolate is considered the catholic drink. In the 17th and 18th centuries it was drank as a hot liquid beverage. It didn’t provide the stimulation that coffee did, it was a good nutrient supplement during times of fasting therefore it was a very popular clerical drink.  Chocolate started off as a clerical fasting drink in Catholic Spain and Italy, then it moved to the secular Spanish court where it became a fashionable drink, in the 17th century chocolate made its way to the French courts when anna of Austria married Louis XIII in 1615. In the French courts it loses its clerical after taste and becomes a representative of rococo elegance. It became the drink of the European aristocracy. They liked to have it in bed as “breakfast coffee” it was meant to creat an intermediary state between laying down and sitting up. The ritual of drinking chocolate was fluid, lazy, languid motion  2. What were the factors and beliefs that caused coffee to be associated with industry and sobriety?  Coffee = panacea; it had the power to sober a person upthe late 17th c. middle classes welcomed coffee as the great soberer  Coffee awakened a drowsing humanity from its alcoholic stupor to middle-class common sense and industry  Coffee replaced sexual arousal with intellectual stimulation  Coffee was thought to contain all the properties of the fourfold scheme; it cheered the melancholy, subdued the choleric, and animated the phlegmatic; coffee was thought to have special relationship with one of the bodily fluids, namely mucus or phlegm, associated with the phlegmatic temperament  Coffee allowed a person to get up earlier and work later 3. What was the concern for solitary drinking among the lower classes?  The solitary concern for drinking among the lower classes was escapism. The workers wanted to cast off the misery of their lives for a few hours a day. The workers had to drink in order to compensate for his toils and make the next day tolerable. Essay 40 points: This question can be answered primarily using materials from the lectures. 1. What is the Columbian Exchange? What were the positive and negative impacts of the exchanges?  The Columbian Exchange was the exchange of food crops, animals, diseases, and People between the old world (Eurasia and Africa) and the new world ( the Americas) during exploration in the 16th c.  Called the Columbian Exchange because it follows the route Columbus took to the Americas.  Positives: the exchange of animals and food crops. This exchange is what ultimately increased the human population. From Eurasia to the new world: wheat, rice, sugar, bananas, apples, cherries, peaches, peas, and Citrus fruits. Wheat grew well in the plains of N. America. From Africa: yams, okra, collard greens, and coffee. From Europe: Dairy and meat yielding animals- horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and chickens…….From the Americas to the old world: maize, potatoes, beans, tomatoes, peppers, peanuts, manico, papayas, guavas, avocados, pineapples, and cacao ( tobacco important as a cash crop because of how popular tobacco gets). In the 18th c Maize and potatoes contribute to the increase in the number of calories in Eurasian diets. Maize became important in China because it grew in places rice and millet could not. American beans varieties added protein and tomatoes and peppers added vitamins and zesty flavors in lands from western Europe to china. Americas also provided medical plants ( Peruvian cinchona tree provided a quinine the was effective in treating malaria and aided the Europeans trying to survive in tropical mosquito ridden areas)  Migration of people: neither positive nor negative. Between the 16th and 19th c. the largest contingent of migrants consisted of enslaved Africans transported involuntarily to the Americas ant the Caribbean. During the 19th c. massive numbers of European peoples traveled to the western hemisphere, south Africa, Australia, and the pacific islands where epidemics had subsided.  Negatives: the exchange of infectious and contagious diseases. The diseases that were exchanged from the old world to the new world were smallpox, measles, influenza, diphtheria, and whooping cough. The worst of these diseases was smallpox. Small pox caused the Aztec population to decline by 90% in just a little over a century. These diseases were extremely devastating to the native peoples of the lands explored and conquered by the Europeans because the native had never been exposed to the diseases. Therefore the Native populations had no immunity to these diseases. The devastating effect of mainly smallpox on the native people made it easy for European powers to oppress and subject them to their rule. 2. In 1500, there was one church, in 1550 there were many. Discuss. - The Protestant Reformation  In 1500 there was only the roman catholic church  People are unhappy with the way the church is being ran. Its practices are starting to be critiqued.