Study Guide for Exam 2 - Humans and other Animals | BZ 101, Study notes of Botany and Agronomy

Download Study Guide for Exam 2 - Humans and other Animals | BZ 101 and more Study notes Botany and Agronomy in PDF only on Docsity! EF: BZCC101 STUDY GUIDE EXAM 2. FALL 2007 Lt QUESTIONS WILL NOT BE LIMITED TO THE QUESTIONS ON THIS STUDY Z\ GUIDE. sen fat 1. bree, feller. of te Wor Prom Q gertann Cenk &, general iy. Ody ‘rie leas, Gakly of \nahenayqatey ; ee. Ve ’ » wR CHAPTER 11 ( de @ watye) Why did Mendel choose to study the garden pea plant? * Many varieties of pea plants were available 8 ¢ Pea plants are small, easy to grow, produce large numbers of offspring and he » mature quickly. Cc Describe or define and know examples: true-breeding, not true-breeding, P Ry generation, F1 generation, F2 generation, monohybrid cross, dihybrid cross, ty homozygous, herterozygous, gene, allele, dominant, recessive, 3:1 phenotypic ratio, 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio, locus, homologous chromosomes, phenotype, q , cs 3, \ genotype. . ¢ True Breeding: Contin ober vat the trait, and so would produce only offspring of the same varie ry when it is self-pollinated. * P-Generation: P for parental, each flower produces offspring of its kind only; “true breeding”. [or groumoeles PP (ae other tort ebits), ¢ FI Generation: First generation of o fspring. no sign of white flowers. © F2 Generation: phenotype ratio 32-1. Physical expression (1 white out of 4). 9:3:3:1 f Tinybrid cross crossing of heterozygotes). 1:2:1 is the . genotypic ratid “genetic makeup” ep carsed wl #, ee = Yewtypic eahlip Bu) © Genotype: Theftotal set of genes presen in the cell of an organism gent ihe (a © Phenotype: The realized expression of the genotype. The observable t Soe expression of a trait results from the biological activity of proteins or RNA —— Dihybrid Cross: itividual hetero ‘ygous for two genes. dhy be ‘ » Wuekero tous © Homozygous: individuals have two of the same copies. ¢ Heterozygous: Individuals have two different copies. © Homologous Chromosomes: One of the two nearly identical versions of each chromosome. Chromosomes that associate in pairs in the first stage of meiosis. * Locus: Position of a gene on a chromosome. molecules transcribed from DNA? © Gene: The basic uni of heredity, Sequence of DNA nucleotides on a So ‘hromosome that encodes a polypeptide or RNA molecule and so Pn determines the nature of an individuals inherited traits. a *hy ¢ Allele: One of two or more alternative forms of a gene. ? © Dominant Allele: An allele that dictates the appearance of heterozygote. One allele is said to be dominant over another if an individual pu bedes heterozygote for that allele has the same appearance as an individual a oh get homozygous for it. R Ac ¢ Recessive Allele: An allele whose phenotype effects are masked in heterozygotes by the presence of a dominant allele. Ceverlaal 1auds Ss pred Nate 9 Seperate to yy te © Homozygote: A diploid individual whose two copies of a gene are the dv D same. An individual carrying identical alleles on both homologous chromosomes is said to be homozygous for that gene. ¢ Heterozygote: A diploid individual carrying two different alleles of a bh gene on its two homologous chromosomes. What is a Punnett square? How do we use it in genetics? Be familiar with crosses performed in class. Ye tury? v b «, * Way to determine all the possible|gehotypes|of a particular cross, unt) Visualize the genotypes of all potential offspring. . geben mes State and describe Mendel’s 2 laws. sf einry rR SF ¢ First Law of Segregation: Two alleles of a trait separate from each other tH, gates during the formation of gametes, so that half of the gametes will carry one copy and one will cafry the other copy. Only one allele specifying an alternative trait can be carried in a particular gamete, and gametes S oe combine randomly in forming offspring. e Second Law of Independent Assortment: Genes located on different chromosomes are inherited independently of one another. What is a testcross? *,u)A cross between a heterozygote and a recessive homozygote, ,A procedur ‘ Mendel used to further test his hypothesis «ot b Rito ethno? sit ow hawey- Describe the journey from DNA to phenotype.....figure 11.11 6, « Each cell of an individual contains a set of DNA molecules (genome) — ey awe 5 Nw DNA molecules composed of two mirror image strands (long chains of Ne nucleotide subunits linked together) — 4 kinds of nucleotides — Human (ane genome contains 25,000 gends — Individual genes are read from ot . chromosomal DNA by enzymes that create an RNA strand of the same Ge sequence — this RNA transcripts leaves the cell nucleus and acts as a work order for protein production in other parts of the cell. Some traits don’t show Mendelian inheritance. Why? © The expression of the genotype is not straightforward. Most phenotypes teflect the action of faany genéSpand the phenotype can be affected by alleles that Jack complete dominance, are expressed together, or influence each other's expression. Define or describe and give examples: continuous variation, polygenic, pleiotropy, incomplete dominance, environmental effects, epistasis, multiple alleles, codominance. we Continuous Variation: Characters can show a range of small diff aX when multiple genes act jointly to influence a character, This type of poyae “ nie creating a histogram. Ma e Pleiotropy: An allele that-has more than one effect on alphenotype is fw considered pleiotropic. These effects are characteristics of many inherited disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and sickle-cell anemia. * Incomplete Dominance: Not all alternative alleles are either fully dominant or fully recessive in heterozygotes. In such cases the alleles inheritance is called polygenic. Height can be associated with this 22. What contributions did the following scientists make: Griffith, Avery, “ Hershey and Chase, Franklin, Watson and Crick? Ce ¢ Griffith: Found that extracts of dead pathogens strains of bacteriem can sf we “transform” live harmless strains into pathogenic strains. @ cai 5 hatteit AS v e Avery: DNA is the heredity material. Aya) =3 doit b ew by qua Orr l, . rshey and Chase: DNA, not protein, is the heredity material. ( ¢ Fraiiktin: had a shape like a coiled spring, a helix. e Watson and Crick: Form a double helix. 23. What is Chargaff’s rule? . « A=T and G=C, suggests that DNA had a regular structure. K eT & >t Why is DNA replication called semiconservative? Quik hoy Q 2 ¢ In semiconservative replication, the original DNA molecule separates and each strand serves as a template for forming a new strand so that the daughter DNA molecules contain one old and one new strand. hat is a replication fork? Primer? Leading strand? Lagging strand? Replication Fork: Where the-parent DNA molecule becomes unzipped. Primer: New strand with a section of nucleic acid. Leading Strand: At the replication fork, the polymerse very actively shuttles several hundred nucleotides up one strand, building a new strand of DNA called the leading strand. . e Lagging Strand: Each lagging strand se gmenf/beginghs ith a prime, and the DNA polymerse then builds it away from the replication fork until it encounters the previous section. 26. Define mutation. Are mutations always harmful? What is the significance of a germ-line mutation? What is a point mutation? Base substitution? Insertion? Deletion? Frame-shift mutation?, « Mutation: alter genetic message and cah affect protein synthesis) They are alwa’ detrimental. Germ-line cells: gametes or séX cells, pass down to generations. Somatic cells: cells of the body . AS ote “ Point of Mutation: Alterations inyolve only, One pr a ue coding sequence. 4 cat se ¢ Base substitution: identity of a base changes. ¢ Insertion: One or a few bases’ are added or lost (deleted) wis e Frame-shift mutation: If an insertion or deletion throws the reading of a gene message out of register. ¢ Transposition: Chromosomal rearrangement. Individual genes may move from one place in the genome fo another. 27. What are transpositions? « Chromosomal rearrangement. 28. Chapter 13 29. Describe transcription. Translation. 30. What is the central dogma of cell biology? 31, List and describe functions of the 3 types of RNA molecules. (fey base pairs in the 32. 33. 34, 35. 36. Define or describe: codon, anticodon, amino acid, ribosome, RNA polymerase. 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